Abstract Children start to use the Internet ever-earlier, which is problematic as it has not been established that young children have the capacity to engage online safely. In this thesis I concentrate on how Finnish children aged 10-12 approach and enact online safety, how their online safety is mediated at home and in schools, and how this mediation could be supported. I use mostly qualitative data collection and analysis methods. I use Nexus analysis as my theoretical lens, as it suits research where focus is on complex social action. Children who participated in my research reported being skilled in online safety. They have confidence in their skills; as do parents and teachers, to a lesser extent. Children also mediate online safety within their own groups. At home, children’s Internet use is monitored and restricted, but parents favour active mediation such as talking and offering help. Technical parental controls are unpopular. To some extent, children and parents disagree on how much parental mediation is provided. In schools, restriction and monitoring are employed, e.g., concerning smartphones, but focus is on active mediation. Teachers believe the message is best received when tied to children’s experiences. Children say they like learning while doing, and hope for a positive tone and concrete advice from online safety education. Schools connect different actors in a dialogue concerning children’s online safety, but division of responsibilities seems blurry. Teachers feel alone in deciding how online safety is taught and wish for support. My results provide implications regarding how we design mediational means for ensuring children’s online safety. When mediating online safety, adults are balancing between necessary control, loving trust, and involvement. While some control is called for, I encourage adults to become involved in children’s online lives, and to build trusting relationships. To support online safety mediation at home, I suggest a combination of technical and active mediation that serves both parents’ and children’s interests, gives parents tools for ensuring children’s safety, and facilitates trust building between family members. To support online safety mediation at school, I suggest a more systematic approach to online safety, as well as teaching practices that facilitate active mediation, fit the children's world, and appeal to teachers. / Tiivistelmä Lapset aloittavat netinkäytön yhä nuorempana, mikä on ongelmallista, koska pienten lasten kyky toimia verkossa turvallisesti on vaillinaista. Väitöskirjassa tarkastelen kuinka suomalaiset 10-12-vuotiaat lapset lähestyvät nettiturvallisuutta, kuinka sitä toteutetaan kotona ja kouluissa ja kuinka nettiturvallisuuden toteuttamista voidaan tukea. Käytän tutkimuksessa pääosin laadullisia tiedonkeruu- ja analysointimetodeja. Teoreettisena linssinä käytän monimutkaisen sosiaalisen toiminnan tutkimiseen soveltuvaa neksusanalyysiä. Tutkimukseeni osallistuneet lapset suhtautuvat itse luottavaisesti taitoihinsa nettiturvallisuuden suhteen, kuten myös vanhemmat ja opettajat, joskin vähäisemmässä määrin. Lapset toteuttavat nettiturvallisuutta myös omissa ryhmissään. Kotona seurataan ja rajoitetaan lasten netinkäyttöä, mutta suositaan nk. aktiivista lähestymistapaa, kuten lapsille puhumista ja avun tarjoamista. Tekninen valvonta ei ole suosittua. Lapset ovat jossain määrin eri mieltä vanhempien kanssa siitä, kuinka paljon vanhemmat tukevat heidän nettiturvallisuuttaan. Kouluissa seurataan ja rajoitetaan mm. älypuhelinten käyttöä, mutta suositaan aktiivista lähestymistapaa. Opettajat uskovat lasten omaksuvan viestin parhaiten sidottuna omiin kokemuksiin. Lapset kertovat pitävänsä tekemällä oppimisesta. Opetukselta he toivovat positiivista sävyä ja konkreettisia neuvoja. Koulut yhdistävät toimijoita vuoropuheluun lasten nettiturvallisuudesta, mutta vastuunjako on epäselvää. Opettajat kokevat olevansa yksin päättämässä siitä, miten nettiturvallisuutta opetetaan ja he kaipaavat tukea. Tuloksillani on vaikutusta siihen, millaisia keinoja kehitämme lasten nettiturvallisuuden varmistamiseksi. Vaikka valvonta ja rajoitukset ovat joskus tarpeen, kannustan tarpeellisen valvonnan, rakastavan luottamuksen ja yhdessä tekemisen välillä tasapainoilevia aikuisia osallistumaan lasten nettielämään ja rakentamaan heihin luottamuksellisia välejä. Nettiturvallisuuden tukemiseksi kotona ehdotan teknisen ja aktiivisen lähestymistavan yhdistelmää, joka palvelee sekä vanhempien että lasten etuja, auttaa vanhempia varmistamaan lasten turvallisuutta ja helpottaa luottamuksen rakentamista. Nettiturvallisuuden tukemiseksi kouluissa ehdotan järjestelmällistä otetta sekä opetuskäytäntöjä, jotka vetoavat opettajiin, helpottavat aiheen aktiivista lähestymistä ja sopivat lasten maailmaan.

The introduction of cyber technology, accompanied by its fast developing nature, has not only resulted in numerous advantages to its user and society as a whole but has also produced harmful consequences specifically impacting on cyber crime. One of these harmful effects is cyber stalking. Cyber stalking is the use of the Internet or any electronic medium to stalk, harass and pursue victims. This unwanted perusal has various negative implications for the victim, as cyber stalking can disrupt many aspects of an individual’s lifestyle. In this study, the occurrence, nature and the impact of cyber stalking among the victims of cyber stalking were explored. Additionally, protective measures available to victims of cyber stalking were examined as a way to facilitate the operational efficiency of related legislation. This was done through determining the occurrence, nature and the impact of cyber stalking as well as the extent of the usage of social networks in the commission of cyber stalking. Legislation specific to South Africa and the effectiveness of such legislation were examined. The study implemented a qualitative approach. Twelve research participants who met the requirements of the study were selected by means of purposive and snowball sampling methods. The study was publicised on the Internet through current popular social network sites. In conjunction to the cyber theme of the study, the research participants were requested to complete an online e-mail interview to share their personal cyber stalking victimisation experiences. Within the constraints of the e-mail interview, a semi-structured interview schedule was incorporated in order to guide the research participants in sharing their cyber stalking victimisation experiences. The findings of the study were extensive; ranging from emerged patterns to unique and exclusive experiences. In brief, the study concludes that cyber stalking is occurring in South Africa, its nature and impact is complex and although there are many common themes within cyber stalking, it is uniquely situated to individual cyber stalking incident(s). Although there is no current South African legislation specifically aimed at addressing cyber stalking, South African legislation comprehensively deals with addressing the problem of cyber stalking within various related legislation. It was determined that although cyber stalking is effectively addressed in the drafting of legislation, it is ineffectively administered at grass roots level, where the police act as the gatekeepers and vital role players in the reporting and intervention of crime. Based upon the findings, as guided by the aims and objectives of the study, recommendations for the prevention and intervention of cyber stalking as well as recommendations for future research were made. As derived from the research participants’ responses as well as from current literature, recommendations focused on all victims of cyber stalking while specifically paying attention to young victims and victims who are business users. Recommendations were also made to assist in dealing with cyber stalking as well as recommendations aimed at assisting professional role players. In the final chapter of the study, emphasis is placed on awareness and educational campaigns aimed at informing the cyber community of cyber stalking. / Criminal & Procedural Law / Masters of Arts (Criminology)

The introduction of cyber technology, accompanied by its fast developing nature, has not only resulted in numerous advantages to its user and society as a whole but has also produced harmful consequences specifically impacting on cyber crime. One of these harmful effects is cyber stalking. Cyber stalking is the use of the Internet or any electronic medium to stalk, harass and pursue victims. This unwanted perusal has various negative implications for the victim, as cyber stalking can disrupt many aspects of an individual’s lifestyle. In this study, the occurrence, nature and the impact of cyber stalking among the victims of cyber stalking were explored. Additionally, protective measures available to victims of cyber stalking were examined as a way to facilitate the operational efficiency of related legislation. This was done through determining the occurrence, nature and the impact of cyber stalking as well as the extent of the usage of social networks in the commission of cyber stalking. Legislation specific to South Africa and the effectiveness of such legislation were examined. The study implemented a qualitative approach. Twelve research participants who met the requirements of the study were selected by means of purposive and snowball sampling methods. The study was publicised on the Internet through current popular social network sites. In conjunction to the cyber theme of the study, the research participants were requested to complete an online e-mail interview to share their personal cyber stalking victimisation experiences. Within the constraints of the e-mail interview, a semi-structured interview schedule was incorporated in order to guide the research participants in sharing their cyber stalking victimisation experiences. The findings of the study were extensive; ranging from emerged patterns to unique and exclusive experiences. In brief, the study concludes that cyber stalking is occurring in South Africa, its nature and impact is complex and although there are many common themes within cyber stalking, it is uniquely situated to individual cyber stalking incident(s). Although there is no current South African legislation specifically aimed at addressing cyber stalking, South African legislation comprehensively deals with addressing the problem of cyber stalking within various related legislation. It was determined that although cyber stalking is effectively addressed in the drafting of legislation, it is ineffectively administered at grass roots level, where the police act as the gatekeepers and vital role players in the reporting and intervention of crime. Based upon the findings, as guided by the aims and objectives of the study, recommendations for the prevention and intervention of cyber stalking as well as recommendations for future research were made. As derived from the research participants’ responses as well as from current literature, recommendations focused on all victims of cyber stalking while specifically paying attention to young victims and victims who are business users. Recommendations were also made to assist in dealing with cyber stalking as well as recommendations aimed at assisting professional role players. In the final chapter of the study, emphasis is placed on awareness and educational campaigns aimed at informing the cyber community of cyber stalking. / Criminal and Procedural Law / M. A. (Criminology)

The research area of this work is online threat awareness within an information security context. The research was carried out on secondary school learners at boarding schools in Grahamstown. The participating learners were in Grades 8 to 12. The goals of the research included determining the actual levels of awareness, the difference between these and self-perceived levels of the participants, the assessment of risk in terms of online behaviour, and the determination of any gender differences in the answers provided by the respondents. A review of relevant literature and similar studies was carried out, and data was collected from the participating schools via an online questionnaire. This data was analysed and discussed within the frameworks of awareness of threats, online privacy social media, sexting, cyberbullying and password habits. The concepts of information security and online privacy are present throughout these discussion chapters, providing the themes for linking the discussion points together. The results of this research show that the respondents have a high level of risk. This is due to the gaps identified in actual awareness and perception, as well as the exhibition of online behaviour patterns that are considered high risk. A strong need for the construction and adoption of threat awareness programmes by these and other schools is identified, as are areas of particular need for inclusion in such programmes. Some gender differences are present, but not to the extent that, there is as significant difference between male and female respondents in terms of overall awareness, knowledge and behaviour.