Transportation has become an essential part of people's lives to move from one place to another, increasing the transport mobility for passengers. Therefore, road transport accounts for the second largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in Europe, and to increased congestion. Hence, reducing the share of car use can lead to reduced greenhouse gas emissions, congestion, etc. However, not all types of car travel could be reduced, therefore there is a need to maintain certain transport demand. Instead, passenger transport could be made more efficient, such as utilizing time, space, vehicles, and fuel in the movement without any waste. Efficiency in passenger transport could be achieved through a variety of interventions that aim to decrease the share of car use. The aim of this master thesis is to state interventions that reduce the share of car use and achieve efficient passenger transport. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

Over the last two decades the frequency of humanitarian interventions in Africa, delivered by a wide range of actors, has increased. The British military intervention in the Sierra Leonean civil war in the early 2000s is often cited as an example of successful intervention and solidified Security Sector Reform (SSR) as a key component of state-building and development. Yet in-depth analysis of the long-term legacies of this ‘successful’ intervention are sparse and there remains a notable dearth in research exploring the British involvement from the perspectives of those directly involved or affected. This qualitative research provides a novel outlook by exploring micro-level experiences, thus addressing this lacuna through examining the legacies within Sierra Leone and in British foreign policy from an experiential perspective. The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is used as a framework in order to draw out implications for global intervention practice, as arguably R2P must also be accompanied by a responsibility to fully understand the legacy of this social phenomenon. A themed analysis of original data explores the link between official narratives and the perspectives of those on the ground, often exposing a disconnect and identifying important nuances within the interpretation of the success of the British intervention. Through a critical analysis of these experiences significant questions are raised regarding the dynamics between intervening forces and the affected population; perceptions of legitimacy; accountability; and the implications for R2P more broadly.

Despite national guidelines, the management of difficult asthma remains suboptimal, and there may be opportunities for pharmacists to improve asthma outcomes. This six-month prospective, randomised, open study investigated the effects of pharmaceutical care across primary and secondary care on difficult asthma. Fifty-two patients attending a hospital difficult asthma clinic were randomised (1:1) to receive usual medical care (UC), or pharmacist interventions (PI) comprising asthma review, education, and medicines optimisation from a hospital advanced clinical pharmacist, plus follow-up targeted Medicines Use Review (t-MUR) from community pharmacists. Forty-seven patients completed the study. More interventions were performed in the PI group at baseline (total 79 vs. 34, p<0.001), but only six patients received a t-MUR. At six-months, PI were non-inferior to UC for all outcomes. The primary outcome measure was Juniper’s Asthma Control Questionnaire score and reduced (improved) from a median (IQ) score of 2.86 (2.25, 3.25) and 3.00 (1.96, 3.71) in the PI and UC groups respectively to 2.57 (1.75, 3.67) and 2.29 (1.50, 3.50). At baseline, 58.8%, 46.9% and 17.6% of patients had optimal inhaler technique using Accuhalers, Turbohalers or pMDIs; education improved technique but this was not maintained at six-months. Adherence rates <80% were observed in 57.5% of patients at baseline, and was improved in the PI group at six-months (10/20 PI vs. 3/21 UC had adherence rates of 80-120%, p=0.020). This study demonstrates that the management of difficult asthma by specialist pharmacists is as effective as usual medical care. Future research should investigate whether pharmacist-led follow-up produces further improvements. / The Pharmaceutical Trust for Educational and Charitable Objects (PTECO) (now known as Pharmacy Research UK).

The purpose of this study is to examine how social workers and police work to prevent juvenile delinquency, and how the cooperation between professional work functions to identify and support young people at risk of crime. Using a qualitative approach, we conducted interviews with six respondents with experience in preventive measures against juvenile delinquency. By identifying and addressing these factors, the professionals strive to tailor interventions and allocate resources to effectively meet the challenges that youth face. By integrating knowledge of risk and protective factors into their daily work, social workers and police aim to create a protective and preventive strategy to reduce juvenile delinquency and promote youth well-being. The study emphasizes the importance of identifying and understanding, in order to implement effective preventive measures and support to reduce the risk of juvenile delinquency. The study highlights the collaboration between social workers and police and emphasizes the importance of early interventions and relationships-building to prevent young people from engaging in criminal activities. With the help of the results, we gained an overall understanding of the working methods used by both social workers and police and the challenges that arose in preventive work.

Denna studie syftar till att analysera och sammanställa tidigare forskning till vilka metoder, insatser och effekter som tillämpas i dagsläget, detta är för individer som tidigare har befunnit sig inom kriminalitet eller har begått olagliga handlingar. Forskningen har sammanställt via en litteraturstudie där sökningsmetoder har genomförts inom begränsade utformningar, detta är för att öka sökningens koppling till forskningens relevans. Dessa begränsningar dokumenteras både i säkringstabeller och en kvalitetsgranskad tabell. Studiens undersökningsmetod grundas genom en tematisk analys där forskningen har delats in i tre subjektiva teman. Dessa teman inkluderar fokus på individen, fokus på omgivningen samt fokus på båda. Vidare analyseras även effektiviteten av insatserna inom subteman, dessa teman inkluderar återfallsfrekvens, kriminella tankemönster och sociala faktorer. Resultatet har visat att de förekommande insatser tillkommer oftast inom anstalt, frivård eller program inom individuella respektive gruppbehandlingar. Dessa behandlingar tillämpas främst inom terapiprogram, kognitiva- och frivilliga öppenvårdsbehandlingar. Effekterna utav dessa insatser har visat att de individfokuserade insatserna resulterade främst inom signifikanta minskningar av kriminella och brottsliga återfall, men även de studier som undersöker både individen och omgivningen. Här inkluderas insatser som både fokuserar på högriskindivider, förändringar inom kriminella tankemönster samt psykiska eller antisociala beteenden. Slutligen har resultatet har även påvisat att ytterligare forskningskunskap, utveckling och tillfrågan av insatser krävs för att skapa ett förbättrat och effektivt resultat.

Title: Spiritual Care Interventions and Quality of Life in Cancer Patients Receiving Palliative Care Background: Despite the evidence supporting spiritual care in nursing and an increased quality of life among patients, patients feel that their spiritual needs are not being supported by medical professionals. Nurses agree that the role they play is significant in addressing the needs of cancer patients; however, they feel that they lack the knowledge for addressing spirituality concerns at the end of life. The purpose of this study is to identify spiritual care interventions that nurses can implement to improve quality of life (QOL) in patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative care. Method: This literature review consisted of articles retrieved from several databases, including CINAHL, PubMED, and PsychINFO, PsychARTICLES, ATLA Religion databases using the key words "cancer'" and "quality of life" "therapeutic communication", "spirit' therapy", "relaxation therapy", and "self-care". Inclusion criteria consisted of research conducted after the year 2000, peer reviewed work and research studies written in the English language. Results: Results from this literature review include recommended nursing interventions that provide spiritual care to patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative care for the purpose of improved quality of life. Spiritual care interventions identified in this study include Meaning Centered Group Psychotherapy (MCGP), Supportive Group Psychotherapy (SGP), mental relaxation, mental images, TM, art therapy, socializing, communicative acts, aromatherapy, massage, exercise, hatha yoga, meditation, and activities such as gardening, watching TV, resting/sleeping and socializing.

Childhood obesity is a growing epidemic in the United States that has short-term and long-term health consequences for the children affected. Nurses are patient advocates and are responsible for speaking up for the patient; in the pediatric population, a nurse must act as an advocate on behalf of the child. The purpose of this literature review is to look at different barriers to nursing interventions in regard to childhood obesity. A literature review was done by using different databases, with 11 articles having similar themes and interventions used. The main themes from the literature review were parental willingness and involvement in weight loss strategies with their child, a lack of training for nurses in the area of childhood obesity, and a lack of standardized assessment methods for charting and tracking children's weight status. The research suggests that the more involved a parent is, the more successful the child's weight loss will be. Additionally, an overall lack of training in health promotion was noted among nurses alone with a feeling of discomfort when speaking to parents and children about the child's weight, indicating a need for further education in health promotion techniques. Finally, articles did not commonly use a standardized assessment method to track weight status in the pediatric population, making cross-examination of different result difficult and points to a need for a standardized measure that is as objective as possible, such as a body fat percentage measure.

Children with Down syndrome often have high body mass index scores, brought on by hypothyroidism, poor mastication, decreased metabolic rates, and inconsistent physical fitness routines. Along with various genotypic characteristics, several behavioral tendencies accompany the diagnosis of Down syndrome. People with this condition often engage in noncompliant behaviors in an attempt to escape work-related tasks such as exercising. A lack of a consistent fitness regimen may result in additional health complications for this particular group of people, as well as ensuing concerns from the parents or guardians who care for them. Because of the propensities for poor physical health in people with Down syndrome, it is imperative that this group of people include exercise-related activities in their health-care routines to help promote a positive well-being from childhood to adulthood.The purpose of this study is to report on the results of an intervention which utilized high-probability tasks and principles of generalization to address noncompliant behaviors in a 9-year-old boy who had Down syndrome and a history of engaging in refusal towards exercise-related activities. Gross motor skills adapted from the Test of Gross Motor Development assessment were used throughout the study to evaluate both compliance and accuracy of the pre-selected movements. This study used a changing conditions design to assess John’s growth throughout 5 distinct phases. Results from both the high-probability tasks and generalization interventions showed an overall increase in the participant’s compliance and accuracy of skill development throughout all stages of the experiment. Implications from this study provide positive support for using antecedent-based interventions to help individuals with Down syndrome engage in exercise-related activities.

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