Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att göra en översikt av vilka arbetsterapeutiska interventioner som finns vid fatigue hos barn och ungdomar. Metod: För att svara på syftet valde författarna att basera litteraturöversikten på kvalitativ och kvantitativ forskning. Sökningar gjordes i databaserna PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, CINAHL och PsycINFO under perioden januari-februari 2024. Författarna analyserade totalt elva artiklar och tre interventionskategorier skapades utifrån studiens syfte. Resultat: Resultatet innefattar arbetsterapeutiska interventioner för målgruppen utifrån tre kategorier; förbättra färdigheter genom lek och ADL (uppgiftsorienterad kognitiv träning genom lek, lekbaserad arbetsterapi och uppgiftsorienterad träning genom ADL), anpassning av aktivitetsnivå (aktivitetshantering, activity pacing och strukturering av aktiviteter) och psykoedukation (utbildningsinsatser för barn och deras familjer). I flera av interventionerna inkluderades familjen, där föräldrarna utbildades gällande fatigues påverkan på barnet. Interventioner som genomfördes digitalt återfanns i två av artiklarna. Detta gjorde arbetsterapin mer tillgänglig för personer med bristande energi samt där geografiska avstånd och långa väntetider begränsade tillgången till specialiserad vård. Slutsats: Litteraturöversikten visar på att det finns arbetsterapeutiska interventioner kopplat till målgruppen men att forskningen inom detta område är begränsad. Författarna ser behov av fler omfattande RCT-studier för att undersöka effekten av interventionerna samt kvalitativa studier som lyfter arbetsterapeuters erfarenheter av området. Utöver detta ser vi att det finns potential att kunna anpassa befintliga interventionsprogram för vuxna utifrån målgruppen barn och unga med fatigue. / Aim: The aim of this literature review was to make an overview of which occupational therapy interventions are available for children and adolescents with fatigue. Method: To reach the aim, the authors chose qualitative and quantitative research as a basis for this literature review. Several searches were made in databases PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO during the time period January to February 2024. The authors analysed eleven articles and three intervention categories were created based on the aim of this study. Results: The result contains occupational therapy interventions within three categories; improving skills through play and ADL (task-oriented cognitive rehabilitation through play, play-based occupational therapy and task-oriented training through ADL), adaptation of activity (activity management, activity pacing and structuring of activities) and psychoeducation of children and the families. Several of the rehabilitation interventions included both the child and the family, with focus on how fatigue affects the child and the daily living. Two of the studies were based on digitally delivered interventions making the interventions more available for children and adolescents with limited energy, geographic distance and long waiting lists. Conclusion: This literature review results in several occupational therapy interventions for the target group, but the research in this area is limited. The view of the authors is that several comprehensive RCT-studies are needed to investigate the effectiveness of the interventions, as well as qualitative studies raising the experiences of the occupational therapists working with children and adolescents with fatigue. In addition, there is a potential to adapt current intervention programs made for adults to suit children and adolescents with fatigue.

Washington, DC, is one of the most stunning and vital cities globally. It is not just because of historical sites, monuments, and political power, but it is a home for a diverse population and an increasingly diverse economy. Almost twenty years ago, the city planning department envisioned the plan of "Living Downtown," which is now significantly applied as a "mixed-use development" in the central Washington district. Looking back to downtown DC's history, central Washington is changing enormously from commercial to residential and Mixed-used sectors. Now it is essential to consider the reflection of those changes on the city's urban fabric and street life. / Master of Science / Downtown, in 2017, was the most important job center and home to a total of 91 million square feet. Almost 78% is occupied with office spaces, and the rest of the area is open for people to visit as a "public space." However, the recent COVID pandemic wave and remote-friendly residential apartments spark the need for living-working architecture in urban cities. I believe this is when urbanized locations like "downtown of Washington DC" need to be updated with vibrant urban life that enhances the accessibility, performance, beauty of sidewalks, and innovative infrastructure in the public spaces to elevate the human experience of the built environment. Thesis Design- "living the downtown, the era of new neighborhood streets" is going to be a new change in the street life of the living city. The research question is focused on- "What is the future of downtown streets for new neighborhoods?" describing and analyzing the concept, pedestrian behavior, and challenges of one of the vital streets in the downtown. Considering the upcoming changes in the downtown's zoning and observing one of the versatile streets in the town, my design interventions will change the point of view of the existing pedestrian life as a reflection of an adjacent building and enhance the urban fabric of the city to make it walkable, Not just to walk but to live there.

Public health costs of foodborne campylobacteriosis are estimated to cost more than a billion dollars in the United States annually. This pathogen has been primarily associated with chicken production and processing which is a ~$33 billion industry. To further identify practices that could reduce Campylobacter presence, concentration, and persistence in chicken prior to consumption a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was conducted for boneless, skinless chicken breast meals prepared and consumed domestically in the contiguous United States. This QMRA model was developed with @RISK software (Palisade Corp., Ithaca, NY) and data inputs can be easily modified and updated. QMRA is a powerful analytic method that can be utilized to model the dynamics between the food pathogen, food commodity, and ingestion. It provides insight into the impacts of the process in its interaction and its surrounding environment. The baseline model determined that consumption of this product resulted in annual means of infections: 328,257, illnesses: 108,174, hospitalizations: 27,754, deaths: 37, cases of Campylobacter-associated Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS): 1,373, and cases of Campylobacter-associated Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): 9,501. The associated annual economic burdens were ~$192 million for acute campylobacteriosis, ~$77 million for GBS, and ~$96 million for IBS. The effects of targeting and modifying the baseline model's inputs within the farm-to-fork process were studied as follows: Post grow-out (1) prevalence and (2) concentration of Campylobacter on chickens at the farm prior to transport, (3) transport crate cleaning frequency prior to loading, (4) temperature storage conditions at post processing/ pre-retail, (5) the frequency of handwashing in the preparation and handling of a chicken meal, and (6) the combination Campylobacter mitigation models using the inputs from (2) and (4). Mean yearly illnesses are estimated to decrease by approximately half if on-farm Campylobacter prevalence was lowered to 35-50% from the baseline level of 76%. An additional ~50,000 illnesses can be expected if the proportion of home preparers who do not wash their hands increases from 8.3% (baseline) to 20%. The combined effects of reducing on-farm Campylobacter concentrations and increasing the proportion of product frozen in-plant have greater impacts on reducing yearly campylobacteriosis and associated costs than either intervention alone. / Doctor of Philosophy / Campylobacter is a major foodborne bacterial pathogen that is not well known by the general public, although public health costs are estimated to cost more than a billion dollars in the United States annually. Chicken production is a ~$33 billion industry that is affected by the contamination of this pathogen. In this study, a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was performed to study the impact of Campylobacter on chicken meals prepared in the home. Societal and economic burdens were evaluated as well. The models developed provide comprehensive simulations that describe the spread, persistence, and the concentration of Campylobacter throughout the farm to fork process in the annual consumption of boneless, skinless chicken breast meals prepared and consumed domestically in the contiguous United States. Additional simulation models were created to compare methods for reducing Campylobacter along the food chain that could lead to fewer cases of campylobacteriosis in the United States, or what could happen if there was a breakdown in a hygiene step in the preparation of the chicken meal.

Bakgrund: Palliativ vård kommer att krävas allt större omfattning under de kommande åren till följd av en åldrande befolkning och ökningen av kroniska sjukdomar. Palliativ vård är mest effektiv när den sätts in tidigt i sjukdomsförloppet. Närstående har idag en betydande roll i vården av svårt sjuka patienter och ett av syftena med palliativ vård är att förbättra välbefinnande hos närstående till personer som lever med livshotande och livsbegränsande sjukdom. Närstående i palliativ vård har ett behov av kunskap och stöd från vårdpersonal. Att främja närståendes upplevelse av förberedelse för vård är ett viktigt resultat för interventionsstudier i palliativ vård. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa närståendes erfarenheter av digitala stödjandeinterventioner i palliativ vård. Metod: En integrativ litteraturöversikt med systematisk sökning och induktiv ansats baserad på tio granskade vetenskapliga artiklar. Data analyserades enligt Whittemore & Knafls (2005) modell. Resultat: Fyra kategorier identifierades: förberedelse för att vårda och för döden, delaktighet och samhörighet, trygghet och kontroll och utmaningar i det digitala formatet. Videoutbildning uppskattades mest av närstående eftersom det gav känsla av igenkänning. Stödgrupper på nätet upplevdes som ett sätt att bilda socialt nätverk och komma ifrån isolering. Videokonsulttjänst via iPad och webbverktyg gav både fysiskt, psykosocialt och praktiskt stöd. Tidsbrist, bristande kunskap av internet samt vårdbörda av patienter minskade närståendes förmåga att engagera sig i stödgrupper eller onlineforumet. Slutsats: Digitala stödjande interventioner till närstående i palliativ vård ökade närståendes känsla av förberedelse i vårdanderollen och döden samt kompetens och belöning i relation till vård. Digitala interventioner ska ses som ett komplement till fysiska vårdmöten. / Background: Palliative care will increasingly be required in years to come due to ageing population and the increase in chronic diseases. Palliative care is most effective when introduced in the early stage of the disease. Informal caregivers today have a significant role in caring of a seriously ill family member. One of the purposes of palliative care is to improve the well-being of informal caregivers of patients living with life-threatening and life-limiting illness. Informal caregivers have a need for knowledge and support from professionals. Promoting informal caregivers´ experience of preparedness for care is an important outcome for study interventions in palliative care. Aim: The aim was to describe the informal caregivers´ experiences of digital supportive interventions in palliative care. Method: Integrative literature study with systematic search and inductive approach based on ten reviewed scientific articles. The data was analyzed according to Whittemore and Knafls (2005) model. Results: The results were presented in four main categories; preparedness in caregiving role and for death, participation and belonging, safeness and control and challenges in the digital format. Video training was most appreciated by informal caregivers because it gave a feeling of recognition. Online support groups were perceived as a way to create a social network and help with isolation. Video consultation services via iPad and the web tool provided both physical, psychosocial and practical support. Lack of internet knowledge, time and the care burden of patients reduced the ability of informal caregivers to get involved in support groups or the online forum. Conclusion: Digital supportive interventions for informal caregivers in palliative care increased the informal caregivers' preparedness in the caregiving role and death, as well as competence and reward in relation to care. Digital interventions should be seen as a complement to face-to-face contact.

Bakgrund: Majoriteten patienter upplever oro i samband med operation. Oro beror på olika bakomliggande faktorer och är oftast lättare att identifiera än att lindra, då alla patienter är olika och har individuella behov. Det ingår i anestesisjuksköterskors ansvar att identifiera samt lindra oro hos patienter, då det kan orsaka ett psykiskt lidande. Därför är det väsentligt att anestesisjuksköterskor har vetskap om olika omvårdnadsåtgärder som finns för att lindra oro hos patienter. Syfte: Att kartlägga omvårdnadsåtgärder som används för att lindra patienters upplevelse av oro perioperativt. Metod: Integrativ litteraturöversikt med 22 vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserades. Resultat: I resultatet beskrevs två teman, betydelsen av kommunikation och alternativa behandlingsmetoder, vilka beskrevs i sammanlagt fyra subteman, att interagera med patienter, att samverka med teamet, att använda kognitiva- och fysiska behandlingsalternativ. Slutsats: Examensarbetet kartlägger, samt ökar kunskapen om vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som används för att lindra patienters oro i samband med operation. / Background: The majority of patients experience anxiety associated with surgery. Anxiety depends on various underlying factors and is usually easier to identify than to relieve, as all patients are different and have individual needs. The responsibility of anaesthesia nurses includes to identify and alleviate anxiety in patients, as it can cause psychological distress. Therefore, it is essential that anaesteshia nurses have knowledge of various nursing interventions that exist to alleviate anxiety in patients. Purpose: To map nursing interventions that are used to alleviate patients’ experience of anxiety perioperatively. Method: Integrative literature review with 22 scientific articles that were analysed. Result: The results were described in two themes, the importance of communication and alternative treatment methods, which were described in a total of four subthemes, interacting with patients, collaborating with the team, using cognitive- and physical treatment alternatives. Conclusion: The thesis maps and increases knowledge about which nursing measures are used to alleviate patients' anxiety in connection with surgery.

Syftet med denna scoping review är att identifiera och syntetisera publikationer om förebyggande arbete mot ungdomskriminalitet. Arbetet strävar efter att sammanställa forskningsläget kring arbetssätt inom preventionsarbetet med ungdomskriminalitet. En litteratursökning har genomförts för insamling av data och en deduktiv manifest innehållsanalys användes för att identifiera, kategorisera och analysera relevant information. Sju studier identifierades där interventionerna som framkom i litteraturen kategoriserades in i tre olika teman: utbildningsbaserade interventioner, samhällsbaserade interventioner samt interventioner för individ och familj. Resultatet visar att interventionerna övervägande fungerar bra i det förebyggande arbetet för de ungdomar som interventionerna riktar sig till, men mer kvalitativ svensk forskning behövs inom området. / The purpose of this scoping review is to identify and synthesize publications on preventive work against juvenile delinquency. This paper aims to put together a compilation of the current state of research regarding working methods within the prevention work with juvenile delinquency. A literature search was conducted to collect data, and a deductive manifest content analysis was used to identify, categorize, and analyze relevant information. Seven studies were identified and the interventions that were found in the literature were categorized into three different themes: education-based interventions, community-based interventions, and interventions for the individual and family. The results show that the interventions predominantly work well for the youths targeted by the interventions, but more qualitative Swedish research is needed on this topic.

Bakgrund: Palliativ vård kommer att krävas allt större omfattning under de kommande åren till följd av en åldrande befolkning och ökningen av kroniska sjukdomar. Palliativ vård är mest effektiv när den sätts in tidigt i sjukdomsförloppet. Närstående har idag en betydande roll i vården av svårt sjuka patienter och ett av syftena med palliativ vård är att förbättra välbefinnande hos närstående till personer som lever med livshotande och livsbegränsande sjukdom. Närstående i palliativ vård har ett behov av kunskap och stöd från vårdpersonal. Att främja närståendes upplevelse av förberedelse för vård är ett viktigt resultat för interventionsstudier i palliativ vård. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa närståendes erfarenheter av digitala stödjandeinterventioner i palliativ vård. Metod: En integrativ litteraturöversikt med systematisk sökning och induktiv ansats baserad på tio granskade vetenskapliga artiklar. Data analyserades enligt Whittemore & Knafls (2005) modell. Resultat: Fyra kategorier identifierades: förberedelse för att vårda och för döden, delaktighet och samhörighet, trygghet och kontroll och utmaningar i det digitala formatet. Videoutbildning uppskattades mest av närstående eftersom det gav känsla av igenkänning. Stödgrupper på nätet upplevdes som ett sätt att bilda socialt nätverk och komma ifrån isolering. Videokonsulttjänst via iPad och webbverktyg gav både fysiskt, psykosocialt och praktiskt stöd. Tidsbrist, bristande kunskap av internet samt vårdbörda av patienter minskade närståendes förmåga att engagera sig i stödgrupper eller onlineforumet. Slutsats: Digitala stödjande interventioner till närstående i palliativ vård ökade närståendes känsla av förberedelse i vårdanderollen och döden samt kompetens och belöning i relation till vård. Digitala interventioner ska ses som ett komplement till fysiska vårdmöten. / Background: Palliative care will increasingly be required in years to come due to ageing population and the increase in chronic diseases. Palliative care is most effective when introduced in the early stage of the disease. Informal caregivers today have a significant role in caring of a seriously ill family member. One of the purposes of palliative care is to improve the well-being of informal caregivers of patients living with life-threatening and life-limiting illness. Informal caregivers have a need for knowledge and support from professionals. Promoting informal caregivers´ experience of preparedness for care is an important outcome for study interventions in palliative care. Aim: The aim was to describe the informal caregivers´ experiences of digital supportive interventions in palliative care. Method: Integrative literature study with systematic search and inductive approach based on ten reviewed scientific articles. The data was analyzed according to Whittemore and Knafls (2005) model. Results: The results were presented in four main categories; preparedness in caregiving role and for death, participation and belonging, safeness and control and challenges in the digital format. Video training was most appreciated by informal caregivers because it gave a feeling of recognition. Online support groups were perceived as a way to create a social network and help with isolation. Video consultation services via iPad and the web tool provided both physical, psychosocial and practical support. Lack of internet knowledge, time and the care burden of patients reduced the ability of informal caregivers to get involved in support groups or the online forum. Conclusion: Digital supportive interventions for informal caregivers in palliative care increased the informal caregivers' preparedness in the caregiving role and death, as well as competence and reward in relation to care. Digital interventions should be seen as a complement to face-to-face contact.

<p dir="ltr">We examined the effect of a modernized collaborative care intervention for depression on multiple psychological risk and protective factors for diabetes and characterized intervention process outcomes using data from the eIMPACT-DM trial.</p>

Yes / The failure of `blueprint¿ development interventions to deliver substantive improvements in poverty reduction has been well recognised over the last twenty years. Process approaches seek to overcome the rigidity and top-down operation of much aid-funded intervention. Sustainable livelihoods approaches (SLA) are one of the latest additions to this family of approaches. As a theoretical framework and as a set of principles for guiding intervention, sustainable livelihoods thinking has implications for development management. Drawing on research exploring the application of sustainable livelihoods principles in ten development interventions, this paper considers how these principles have evolved from continuing debates surrounding process and people-centred (bottom-up) approaches to development management. This research suggests that whilst these principles can improve the impact made by interventions, the effective application of sustainable livelihoods and other process approaches are fundamentally restricted by unbalanced power relationships between development partners.

Yes / This briefing paper reports on research exploring ten detailed case studies of livelihoods-oriented interventions operating in Tanzania, South Africa, Uganda and Lesotho. As a proxy for best practice, these interventions were analysed through an audit of sustainable livelihood `principles¿. This revealed general lessons about both the practical opportunities and challenges for employing sustainable livelihoods approaches to the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development interventions and also about the changing format of development interventions. / Department for International Development.