本文從產業組織的觀點出發，強調廠商間之策略性互動、貿易政策及成本結構對產業內貿易、開放程度及貿易不均衡比例的影響。研究方法上，主要以Brander & Krugman(1983)、Dei(1990)與翁永和(1994)的模型，作為實證之理論基礎，並以1991年台灣與世界各國製造業的產業內貿易、開放程度及貿易不均衡比例為本文的研究對象。 　　實證結果顯示：(1)產業內貿易（G-L指數）：關稅障礙提高，明顯地使產業內貿易下降。而產業集中度及研發比例對產業內貿易都有顯著的正向關係。其他變數則多不顯著。(2)開放程度（進出口總值佔國內總需求的比例）：關稅障礙提高，對開放程度有顯著正向關係。廠商家數、產品異質性及資本密集度別對開放程度有顯著的負向關係。其他變數則多不顯著。(3)貿易不均衡（淨出口值佔國內總需求的比例）：對順差的產業而言，只有關稅障礙和廠商家數對其順差比例具解釋能力，表示關稅上升或廠商數減少會增加產業之順差比例。對逆差的產業而言，相對市場大小、關稅障礙及廠商家數對逆差比率具解釋能力，表示當外國相對本國市場擴大、關稅調降及廠商家數減少，會加深其貿易赤字。而對整體製造業來說，則相對外國市場擴大、成本競爭力下降及關稅障礙上升，會減少產業內貿易盈餘比例、增加貿易赤字比例。

本文主要是在探討台灣與東協五國之間電機產品的產業內貿易情形。在第二章之中，首先採用World Trade Atlas資料庫及Asian Development Bank的資料，觀察東協五國（印尼、馬來西亞、菲律賓、新加坡和泰國）1999至2003年五年間整體經貿的變化情形；接著再針對台灣與東協五國之間的經貿結構情況作進一步說明。 在實證方面，使用World Trade Atlas資料庫中的資料，其中產品分類標準以國際商品統一分類制度(The Harmonized Commodity Description Coding System, HS)作為貿易商品分類的基礎。並選擇HS六分位的分類資料來做實證研究，觀察台灣與東協五國1999年至2003年五年間產業內貿易、水平產業內貿易與垂直產業內貿易程度及其變動過程，並從國家特性因子與產業特性因子兩個方面，針對產業內貿易、垂直與水平產業內貿易分別建立實證模型與研究假設。以Grubel and Lloyd (1975)所提出的GL指數為應變數，利用一般最小平方法(OLS)估計實證模型之參數，以探討產業內貿易、水平產業內貿易與垂直產業內貿易的決定因素。 由於本文分別由國家別及產業別兩種不同的切入點分析台灣與東協五國電機產品的產業內貿易、水平產業內貿易與垂直產業內貿易情況，得到國家別與產業別兩大類實證結果。就迴歸結果來看，本文所放入的決定因素所得的符號，並不完全和之前學者的假設相符，推論可能是由於電機產品本身特性或是未考慮的因素所導致。 最後則由本文的研究結果，提出建議與未來研究方向。

This thesis consists of four independent essays that deal with several measurement aspects within the field of international trade. The measurement problems addressed are related to measuring the human capital content of trade in exports relative to imports or measuring tax evasion Essay 1, The Human Capital Content of Trade and its Measurement. Evidence from Swedish Data, deals with various measurement problems related to calculations of the human capital content of trade in exports relative to imports. This builds on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek extension to the Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory. Essay 2, Product Quality Adjustment and the Human Capital Content of Trade. A New Computational Framework, builds on the same theoretical background, but introduces a quality-adjustment in the calculations of the human capital content of trade in exports relative to imports, which builds on the idea underlying vertical intra-industry trade (VIIT). Quality adjustment is performed, first, by assuming that a product sold at a higher price has a higher quality than the same product sold at a lower price and, second, by assuming that a highquality product implies a higher content of skilled labour than a low-quality product. Essay 3, Estimation of commodity-by-commodity input–output matrices, focuses on a new method in constructing symmetric input-output tables (SIOTs), which has been termed the Bohlin and Widell model, using data contained within supply- and use-tables (SUTs). One key contribution is that it makes it possible to estimate SIOTs in cases when the underlying SUTs are rectangular. The method also addresses the problem of negative coefficients, a long-standing issue encountered in the derivation of SIOTs. Essay 4, Tax evasion in Kenya and Tanzania: Evidence from missing imports, focuses on estimating the amount of tax evasion in trade between Kenya and Tanzania. The study is empirically focused, and the measurement errors in reported trade flows between both countries are correlated with tax rates, to determine whether the measurement error increases with the tax rate.

Trade structure changes over time as a result of fundamental changes within the country or the world around it. This thesis will investigate the case of Czech Republic in the period from the transition period till today with the foundation in classical and neoclassical trade theory. The trade structure will be analyzed in regard to trade partners, commodity structure, relative comparative advantages and degree of intra-industry trade within an industry or sector. It will provide basis for assessing the effects of increased European integration which the Czech Republic increasingly engaged itself in with the accession to the EU in 2004.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-12-15T13:02:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaime Ivan Lang_.pdf: 1041459 bytes, checksum: d4f6acdd0fa136b94ec32ef2a93eea86 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-15T13:02:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaime Ivan Lang_.pdf: 1041459 bytes, checksum: d4f6acdd0fa136b94ec32ef2a93eea86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-13 / Nenhuma / A importância dos pescados no mundo justifica-se pela importância estratégica cada vez maior que os alimentos terão no estabelecimento de vantagens comparativas entre os países, a partir da projeção de que, em 2050, a população do planeta deverá alcançar 9,6 bilhões de pessoas. O presente trabalho tem, como objetivo, analisar dois segmentos do setor de pescado brasileiro e mundial - lagosta e camarão -, a partir da vantagem comparativa revelada entre os anos de 2000 e 2011. Qualquer setor produtivo de um país pode tornar-se competitivo quando comparado ao resto do mundo, a partir da abundância de um fator de produção ou de diferenças de produtividade. Embora, em tese, essa vantagem seja possível, para se chegar a ela tem-se que cotizar o setor produtivo em questão com outros países que, porventura, busquem as mesmas vantagens, o que foi feito nesta dissertação, através de certos índices do comércio internacional. Segundo o índice de vantagem comparada revelada (VCR), a lagosta brasileira tem pouca penetração no mercado externo. Pelo índice de intensidade de comércio, a França e os Estados Unidos aparecem como mercados ainda a serem explorados pela lagosta e pelo camarão brasileiro, respectivamente. Pelo índice intraindustrial, o camarão mostra intenso comércio com alguns mercados, conquista a ser mantida diante de novos players no segmento. / The significance of seafood in the world is justified by the increasing strategic importance in which food will play in the foundation of competitive advantages between countries, based on the projection that by 2050 the global population will reach 9.6 billion people. The present study sought to analyze two segments of the Brazilian and global seafood industry, both lobster and shrimp, considering the comparative advantage revealed between the years 2003 and 2013. Each and every productive sector of a country may become more competitive when compared to the rest of the world, basing on the abundance of certain factors of production or productivity differences. Although this advantage may be possible in theory, in order to achieve it, one must quote the productive sector in question with the other countries that perhaps pursue the same advantages, what has been done on this dissertation. According to the index of revealed comparative advantages, the Brazilian lobster has small penetration in the external market. Through the trade intensity index, France and the United States appear as markets yet to be explored by the commerce of Brazilian lobster and shrimp. Through the Intra-industry index, the shrimp shows intense commercial trade with some markets, an achievement to be sustained against the new players in the segment.

La production locale des huiles alimentaires ne constitue plus une ligne de défense crédible face aux importations dans les pays de l’UEMOA. Cette réalité contraste avec les objectifs de la politique agricole et du tarif extérieur commun (TEC) de l’UEMOA censés protéger la production communautaire. Ainsi, sous l’éclairage de la littérature économique et en se basant sur des données empiriques, nous avons utilisé les équations simultanées par pays de l’UEMOA, les équations des données de panel et les équations gravitationnelles en données de panel pour déterminer l’impact de la libéralisation commerciale sur l’offre des huiles alimentaires dans les pays de l’UEMOA.Les résultats obtenus convergent vers une même conclusion : la confrontation des objectifs de protection de la production communautaire et d’ouverture commerciale aux tests de cohérence révèle des incohérences et des contradictions. Les politiques de libéralisation commerciale ont plutôt favorisé une déstructuration du tissu productif et une désorganisation de l’architecture commerciale. De facto, l’offre des huiles alimentaires affiche deux réactions contradictoires au regard de la libéralisation commerciale au sein des pays de l’UEMOA : une réaction dépressive affichée par la production qui plombe et une réaction explosive affichée par les importations qui flambent et qui sont attirées par des rentes de réexportation. Cependant, ces rentes constituent des mirages qui réservent des implications économiques aux conséquences destructrices avec l’adoption du TEC-CEDEAO. / Local production of edible oils in the WAEMU’s countries is no longer a credible defense line against imports. This reality contrasts with the objectives of agriculture policy and WAEMU’s Common External Tariff (CET) which are supposed to protect Community production. Thus, under the light of the economic literature and based on empirical data, we used simultaneous equations for each country of WAEMU, panel data and gravity equations with panel data to determine the impact of trade liberalization on supply of edible oils in WAEMU’s countries.The results obtained converge towards the same conclusion: the confrontation of objectives of protecting local production and trade openness policy with the coherence’s tests reveals some inconsistencies and contradictions. Thus, WAEMU fails to reconcile the Union's trade openness objectives with the protection objectives of edible oils producers. Trade liberalization policies have tended to favor a disintegration of the productive structure and disruption of trade architecture. Thus, the supply of edible oils shows two contradictory reactions with regard to the trade liberalization within the WAEMU’s countries: a depressive reaction displayed by the production and an explosive reaction displayed by the imports which are attracted by re-export rents. However, these rents are mirages that reserve destructive economic implications with the adoption of ECOWAS’CET.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished