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The Belchertown Intrusive Complex is a ~164 km2 Devonian pluton that intruded Paleozoic metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks in west-central Massachusetts. Intrusion of the pluton was synchronous with Acadian deformation (Ashwal, 1974). The complex is concentrically zoned, with a core of orthopyroxene-biotite monzodiorite, a middle zone of clinopyroxene-hornblende-biotite granodiorite, and an outermost zone of hornblende-biotite granodiorite. Zoning from a more to less hydrous mineral suite from the outside to the inside of the pluton led Ashwal (1974) to suggest that metamorphic hydration most strongly affected the outermost zones of the complex. Basaltic inclusions occur most commonly near the edges of the pluton. Many of these inclusions preserve textures suggestive of mafic-felsic magma interaction. The abundance of basaltic enclaves on the edges of the complex may suggest a bowl-shaped structure, with lower more mafic-dominated rocks exposed on the edges of the complex. Bulk rock major element analyses of granitoids, basalts and gabbros, and diorites from all zones of the complex show that intermediate samples, regardless of zone, plot on a mixing line between mafic and felsic end members, supporting a model in which mafic and felsic magmas may have mingled and mixed. Trace element analyses of intermediate-composition samples are similar across the entire complex, with enrichment in large ion lithophile elements and a pronounced Nb trough. In contrast, trace element concentrations in both the mafic rocks (basaltic enclaves and gabbroic inclusions), and in the granitoids, show considerable variation. The diversity of composition within both the mafic and felsic end-members suggests that either fractionation or differing degrees of partial melting of source rocks may account for these compositional ranges. Sanukitoids comprise a majority of the inner zone, and point to the mixing of parental melts at depth in a subduction tectonic regime as a likely model of petrogenesis for the complex.

Non-intrusive acoustic instruments that measure fluid velocity and temperature have been restricted to low subsonic Mach number applications due to increased complexities associated with acoustic refraction, low signal-to-noise ratios, and a limited range of practical applications. In the current work, the use of acoustics for non-intrusive flow monitoring in compressible flows is explored and a novel sonic anemometry and thermometry (SAT) technique is developed. Using multiple arrangements of SAT equipment, a compressible acoustic tomography technique was also developed to resolve flow non-uniformities. Three validation experiments were used to investigate the novel SAT technique performance, and a fourth validation experiment was used to explore compressible flow tomography capabilities. In the first experiment, an unheated jet was used to verify that the acoustic technique could measure fluid velocities in high subsonic Mach number flows. The application demonstrated velocity root mean square (RMS) errors of 9 m/s in unheated jet flows up to Mach 0.83. Next, a heated jet facility was used to assess the impact of fluid temperature on measurement accuracy. Using jet Mach numbers up to 0.7 and total temperatures up to 700 K, RMS velocity and static temperature errors up to 8.5 m/s (2.4% of maximum jet velocity) and 23.3 K (3.3% of total temperature) were observed. Finally, the acoustic technique was implemented at the exhaust of a JT15D-1A turbofan engine to investigate technique sensitivity to bypass engine conditions. A mass flow rate and thrust estimation approach was developed and RMS errors of 1.1 kg/s and 200 N were observed in conditions up to an exhaust Mach number of 0.48. Since modern acoustic tomography techniques require an incompressible flow assumption for velocity detection, advancements were made to extend acoustic tomography methods to compressible flow scenarios for the final experiment. The approach was tested in the heated jet operating at Mach 0.48 and 0.72 (total temperature of 675 K, approximately 2.25 times the ambient) and numerical simulations were used to identify technique sensitivity to input variables and system design. This research marks the first time an acoustic method has been used to estimate compressible flow velocities and temperatures. / Ph. D. / Traditionally, intrusive instruments such as pressure and temperature probes have been used to measure flow conditions. While these instruments are effective and widely used, they generate turbulence and produce blockage which could be undesirable in a variety of applications. In the current work, the use of non-intrusive acoustic measurements for flow velocity and temperature detection in compressible flow (Mach>0.3) environments was investigated. First, a novel acoustic technique was developed for compressible flow applications. The new approach was used to measure jet velocities and temperatures in compressible flow conditions for the first time. Later, this technique was implemented at the exhaust of a turbofan gas turbine engine. The results of this experiment demonstrated that acoustic measurements could be used to estimate engine mass flow rate and thrust in a non-intrusive manner. The final portion of this research focuses on the non-intrusive detection of fluid velocity and temperature gradients. Since existing acoustic techniques require an incompressible flow assumption, a novel approach was identified and used to perform a validation experiment. The experimental findings confirmed that non-intrusive acoustic measurements could be used to measure velocity and temperature gradients in compressible flow environments.

Non-intrusive acoustic thermometry using an acoustic impulse generator and two microphones is developed and integrated with tomographic techniques to reconstruct temperature contours. A low velocity plume at around 450 °F exiting through a rectangular duct (3.25 by 10 inches) was used for validation and reconstruction. 0.3 % static temperature relative error compared with thermocouple-measured data was achieved using a cross-correlation algorithm to calculate speed of sound. Tomographic reconstruction algorithms, the simplified multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (SMART) and least squares method (LSQR), are investigated for visualizing temperature contours of the heated plume. A rectangular arrangement of transmitter and microphones with a traversing mechanism collected two orthogonal sets of acoustic projection data. Both reconstruction techniques have successfully recreated the overall characteristic of the contour; however, for the future work, the integration of the refraction effect and implementation of additional angled projections are required to improve local temperature estimation accuracy. The root-mean-square percentage errors of reconstructing non-uniform, asymmetric temperature contours using the SMART and LSQR method are calculated as 20% and 19%, respectively. / Master of Science / Computational tomography is an approach to reconstruct the cross-sectional planar image of a 3D object. This technique is widely used in the medical field using x-rays to visualize cross-sections of internal organs. Along with x-rays, acoustic rays can also be utilized with tomographic techniques. The speed of sound travelling through a gaseous medium, such as air, is depended on the density, humidity, and temperature of the medium. Using this relationship, the temperature of the medium can be calculated with known speed of sound, density, and humidity. The speed of sound can be found using the distance and time of flight of the acoustic ray using transmitter and microphones. Since the effect of density and humidity of the medium on speed of sound is relatively insignificant, those values were assumed to be constant. In this research, the acoustic temperature measuring technique using the speed of sound relationship was applied and validated, then the technique was integrated with tomography using two projection angles. A rectangular duct (3.25 by 10 inches) with a heated air at around 450 °F exiting the duct was tested. The calculated temperature from acoustics was compared with values measured with thermocouples. After the acoustic temperature measuring technique was validated, multiple acoustic rays arranged in two orthogonal projections were setup. The speed of sound values from the acoustic rays were utilized to reconstruct the temperature distribution of the duct exit using two tomographic reconstruction methods: LSQR and SMART. Both reconstruction techniques have captured overall contour of the temperature. More projection angles and sound refractive properties will be utilized in the future to overcome the limitations of detailed reconstruction.

Critical Review of the LiteratureCan Borderline Personality Disorder be treated effectively in forensic settings? A systematic reviewBorderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a common diagnosis in forensic settings. Certain features of BPD, such as impulsivity and emotional dysregulation, can create a vulnerability to impulsive acts. The condition is also associated with poor mental and physical health, making the treatment of BPD and its clinical features an important goal in forensic settings. This paper reviews evidence for the effectiveness of treating BPD and its symptoms using psychological approaches in forensic settings. A systematic search found 2913 papers, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria. The papers reported nine separate studies (six controlled) that implemented four distinct interventions, often adapted for particular forensic settings. Improvements in overall BPD symptomatology and specific BPD symptoms were reported for all types of intervention, although few differences in outcome between intervention and control groups were found. There were also reported improvements in BPD-related behaviours, but data on offending behaviour were absent. Heterogeneity in study quality and design makes it challenging to draw any firm conclusions about the effectiveness of any one form of treatment over another, nor about which treatment may best suit a particular setting. Further randomised controlled trials are needed to answer these questions. Service Improvement ProjectEvaluation of a brief educational intervention for clinical staff aimed at promoting trauma-informed approaches to careThere is growing evidence that trauma plays an important role in the aetiology of severe and enduring mental health problems. Yet staff can be reluctant to ask patients about trauma for reasons such as anxiety about harming patients and limited access to training. Where services have adopted trauma-informed approaches (TIAs) to mental health care (i.e., considering the ways in which trauma affects individuals when planning and delivering services), improved clinical outcomes have been observed. With this in mind, a new educational video was developed for mental health staff at an NHS trust. The video was intended to be (a) brief (10 minutes); (b) contemporary and engaging; and (c) accessible using computers, smartphones and tablets. Forty-one multidisciplinary staff viewed the video. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation indicated improvements in self-reported knowledge and confidence with regard to trauma, and a decrease in worries with regard to asking patients about such experiences. Participants found the video to be enjoyable, understandable and informative. Importantly, many indicated that it spurred them to further action, such as further training and asking patients about possible trauma. These findings indicate that a video of this type can offer an important ‘taster’ of trauma-related learning, constituting an important step towards embedding trauma-informed ways of working at a service. Main Research ProjectThe Role of Intrusive Imagery in Hoarding DisorderThe cardinal feature of Hoarding Disorder (HD) is persistent difficulty discarding possessions, with the resulting clutter compromising the intended use of living areas. Within the dominant cognitive-behavioural model of hoarding (Frost & Hartl, 1996), hoarding behaviours are positively and negatively reinforced in the context of certain object-related beliefs. Available treatments for HD have so far yielded modest outcomes, indicating a need for new approaches. Intrusive imagery has so far been neglected in HD research, despite the frequency of trauma in the histories of people with the condition. To address this, 27 individuals who met the DSM-5 criteria for HD and 28 community controls (CCs) were interviewed about their everyday experiences of mental imagery. Participants were also asked about the images they experienced during two recent real-life examples of actual or attempted discard of (1) an object of low subjective value; and (2) an object of high subjective value. Everyday imagery in the HD group commonly reflected themes of illness, death and reminiscence. Imagery in HD participants tended to carry negative emotional valence in comparison with CCs, and was associated with greater interference in everyday life and attempts to avoid the imagery. HD participants reported more negative experiences of intrusive imagery in comparison with CCs during recent episodes of discarding objects of low subjective value. However, HD participants experienced positive imagery when discarding, or trying to discard, high value objects. These findings indicate that although people with HD frequently report traumatic histories, this is not reflected in the everyday imagery that they experience. There is some evidence to suggest that the negative and positive memories experienced in relation to low and high value objects may aid our understanding of discarding and saving behaviour in HD. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are further discussed.

Comme les gens vieillissent, ils sont souvent confrontés à un certain degré de diminution des capacités cognitives ou de la force physique. Isolement de la vie sociale, mauvaise qualité de la vie, et risque accru de blessures en sont les principales conséquences. Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) est une vision de la façon dont les gens vivent leur vie dans leur propre maison, à mesure qu'ils vieillissent : handicaps ou limitations sont compensées par la technologie, là où le personnel de prestation de soins est rare ou des proches ne sont pas en mesure d'aider. Les personnes concernées sont assistés par la technologie. Le terme "ambiante" en AAL exprime, ce que cette technologie doit être, au- delà de l’assistance. Elle doit être intégrée dans l’environnement de manière à ce qu'elle ne soit pas reconnue en tant que tel. L'interaction avec les résidents doit être intuitive et naturelle. L'équipement technique doit être discret ct bien intégré. Les domaines d'application ciblés dans cette thèse sont le suivi de l’activité et la recherche de profils d'activités dans des appartements ou des petites maisons. L'acquisition d’informations concernant l’activité des résidents est vitale pour le succès de toute la technologie d’assistance. Dans de nombreux domaines de la vie quotidienne, ceci est déjà de la routine. L’état de l’art en matière de technologie de détection comprend des caméras, des barrières lumineuses, des capteurs RFID, la radiolocalisation de signal en utilisant des transpondeurs et des planchers sensibles à la pression. En raison de leurs principes de fonctionnement, ils ont malheureusement un impact important sur les environnements domestiques et de vie. Par conséquent, cette thèse est consacrée à la recherche de technologies d’acquisition d’informations de l’activité non-intrusive ayant un impact minimal sur la vie quotidienne. Deux technologies de base, la détection de présence passive sans dispositif et le suivi de charges de manière non-intrusive, sont prises en compte dans cette thèse. / As people grow older, they are often faced with some degree of decreasing cognitive abilities or physical strength. Isolation from social life, poor quality of life, and increased risk or injuries are the consequence. Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) is a vision for the way people live their life in their own home, as they grow older: disabilities or limitations are compensated for by technology, where care-giving personnel is scarce or relatives are unable to help. Affected people are assisted by technology. The term "Ambient" in AAL expresses, what this technology needs to be, beyond assistive. It needs to integrate into the living environment in such a way that it is not recognized as such any more. Interaction with residents needs to be intuitive and natural. Technical equipment should be unobtrusive and well integrated. The areas of application targeted in this thesis are activity monitoring and activity pattern discovery in apartments or small houses. The acquisition of information regarding the residents' activity is vital for the success of any assistive technology. In many areas of daily life, this is routine already. State-of-the-art sensing technology includes cameras, light barriers, RFID sensors, radio signal localization using transponders, and pressure sensitive Floors. Due to their operating principles, they have a big impact on home and living environments. Therefore, this thesis is dedicated to research for non-intrusive activity information acquisition technology, that has minimal impact on daily life. Two base technologies are taken into account in this thesis.

Annoyance due to relatively high levels of sound and noise, above 50 dB, has been well documented in noise assessment literature. The potential for annoyance or disturbance from low amplitude sound, below 50 dB to the threshold of an individual’s hearing, is not as well documented. The thesis presents a new approach to the measurement and assessment of intrusive noise and low amplitude sound. Acoustical and sound quality measures are integrated with measures of loudness, pitch, dissonance and tonality to provide physical measures of sound. Individual amenity is assessed with respect to personal noise sensitivity and personal attitudes to sound in the environment, the environment itself and the perceived qualities of the audible sound. A decision-support methodology to integrate perceived noise with noise performance indicators, annoyance criteria, personal noise sensitivity and amenity is presented. A method for rating intrusive noise is derived. Designs for sound measurement and calibration instrumentation are described. Methods to measure and assess low amplitude sound are presented. Keywords annoyance, intrusive-noise, noise-sensitivity, sound-quality, soundscape

Dans le cadre de ce travail, une technique non-intrusive est proposée pour coupler la méthode Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) à la méthode des Eléments Finis afin de résoudre numériquement des problèmes dynamiques et non-linéaires d’interaction fluide-structure en permettant l’utilisation des pas de temps différents dans les deux domaines de calcul (fluide et solide). Ces développements sont motivés par le besoin de simuler numériquement des phénomènes rapides et très non-linéaires qui prennent en compte des impacts en se servant des intégrateurs temporels explicites dans chaque sous-domaine de calcul (Newmark explicite pour le solide et Runge-Kutta 2 pour le fluide). De ce fait, le pas de temps de stabilité est limité par des caractéristiques intrinsèques au modèle numérique du phénomène étudié et en conséquence, il devient important de pouvoir intégrer chaque sous-domaine numérique avec un pas de temps proche de son pas de temps de stabilité. Pour permettre d’utiliser un pas de temps proche du pas de temps de stabilité pour chaque sous-domaine, des méthodes de décomposition de domaines dual-Schur sont implémentées et validées pour des cas en 1-D, 2-D, et 3-D. Des simulations numériques d’impacts de cailloux sur des aubes des turbines hydrauliques sont aussi effectue´es afin de prédire le dommage que cet évènement peut engendrer. / A method to couple smoothed particle hydrodynamics and finite elements methods for nonlinear transient fluid–structure interaction simulations by adopting different time-steps depending on the fluid or solid sub-domains is proposed. These developments were motivated by the need to simulate highly non-linear and sudden phenomena that take into acount solid impacts and hence require the use of explicit time integrators on both sub-domains (explicit Newmark for the solid and Runge–Kutta 2 for the fluid). However, due to critical time-step required for the stability of the explicit time integrators in, it becomes important to be able to integrate each sub-domain with a different time-step while respecting the features that a previously developed mono time-step coupling algorithm offered. For this matter, a dual-Schur decomposition method originally proposed for structural dynamics was considered, allowing to couple time integrators of the Newmark family with different time-steps with the use of Lagrange multipliers.

Les méthodes optiques passives de mesures de température comme la thermographie ou la pyrométrie optique sont intéressantes car elles permettent une mesure non intrusive de l’objet cible à condition de connaître le facteur d’émission. La connaissance de ce facteur est critique pour déterminer la température de surface par le rayonnement thermique émis dans un domaine spectral. Le pyromètre bichromatique impulsionnel permet de surmonter la connaissance de ce paramètre à condition que le choix des valeurs de longueurs d’onde soit fait avec précautions. Lorsque l’objet à mesurer est situé dans un environnement industriel, de telles méthodes optiques sont fortement perturbées par la présence d’un milieu optiquement absorbant. C’est également le cas pour des objets situés dans des environnements très chauds qui émettent d’intenses radiations interférentes. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une méthode radiométrique active bichromatique pour mesurer la température d’une surface en milieu industriel. Cette méthode est basée sur une excitation locale par une source laser modulée dans l’infrarouge. La détection de la température qui est corrélé avec l’excitation permet d’extraire par détection synchrone le signal modulé noyé dans un bruit jusqu’à un million de fois supérieur. Travailler à courtes longueurs d’onde (domaine visible et proche infrarouge) offre une grande dynamique et minimise l’erreur induite par les variations d’émissivité avec la longueur d’onde. Ce système collecte le rayonnement émis par l’objet à distance, de quelques mètres à plusieurs dizaines de mètres selon la configuration du système optique. Le principe de la méthode de mesure, le système optique et l’appareillage sont présentés dans ce rapport ainsi que les études théoriques et expérimentales sur la sensibilité, sa calibration et les résultats obtenus sur différents sites industriels. / Optical passive methods of temperature measurements such as thermography or optical pyrometry are very interesting because they allow a non-intrusive measurement with the target object provided to know the emission factor. The knowledge of this factor is critical for determining the actual temperature of a surface from the thermal radiation emitted in a wavelength band. The bichromatic pulsed pyrometer allows to overcome the knowledge of this parameter provided that precautions are taken in the choice of the values of wavelengths. When the object to be measured is placed in industrial environments, such passive optical methods are greatly disturbed by the presence of an optically absorbing medium. It is also distorted for objects located in very hot environments emitting intense interfering radiation. In this thesis, we present an active bichromatic radiometric method for measuring the temperature of a surface in harsh environments. The method is based on a localized excitation by a modulated laser source in the infrared range. Detecting the temperature range which is correlated with the excitation allows a synchronous detection to extract the signal embedded in a noise up to 106 times superior. Working at short wavelengths (visible range and near infrared range) offers a large dynamic range and minimizes the error due to variations in emissivity with the wavelength. This system collects the radiation emitted by the object at a distance from a few meters up to dozens of meters depending on the configuration of the optical system. The principle of the measurement method, the optical wavelength separation system and the telemetry apparatus are presented in this report as well as the theoretical and experimental study of the sensitivity of the device, its calibration and the results obtained in different industrial sites.