Nessa pesquisa, a metodologia da Arqueologia Industrial permitiu a análise da cultura material, da ordem urbana implantada no final do século XIX, na cidade de São Paulo, que proporcionou, uma nova configuração da vida aos seus cidadãos, com mudanças de comportamento, decorrentes da introdução de estruturas de saneamento, com a adoção de novos materiais construtivos e a conseqüente melhoria das condições de higiene e saúde, que atenderam as aspirações da elite dirigente. É fundamental a compreensão da atuação das empresas que chamaram a si, a importante tarefa da captação e distribuição de água para sua população, a Companhia Cantareira de Águas e Esgotos, fundada em 1877, de capital privado, encampada, em 1893, pela Repartição de Águas e Esgotos, com diretrizes diversas na tentativa de solucionar o problema, que já se tornava endêmico na capital paulistana. Nesse esforço concentrado, foram construídos na Serra da Cantareira, obras consideradas verdadeiros desafios para a engenharia da época, como reservatórios de acumulação, represas, aquedutos, e linhas adutoras, que chegavam à rede distribuidora, formando uma verdadeira artéria ao longo da cidade. Para o resgate dessa "herança da água", hoje praticamente abandonada, foi necessária a elaboração de um inventário, onde se registrou, a localização, o estado atual, suas alterações ao longo do tempo, que resultaram na proposição de medidas de proteção e salvaguarda desse patrimônio. Nesse contexto, é possível compreender até onde a São Paulo daquela época, que ocupava uma posição de dependência tecnológica em relação às outras metrópoles, com a importação de equipamentos hidráulicos, começa a esboçar uma reação, que incentiva a indústria paulista a fabricar esses materiais, processo esse, embrião da transformação da cidade tradicional em cidade capitalista. / This research project used Industrial Archeology to analyze the material urban culture that existed in the city of São Paulo at the end of the 19th Century, which changed the configuration of the lives of those living in the city and changed the behavior of its citizens by implementing city sanitation systems and using new materials of construction that improved health and hygiene conditions, thus meeting the aspirations of the ruling elite. In order to understand this process we must first understand the role of the company that took it upon itself to develop a water collection and distribution system to serve the city. Companhia Cantareira de Águas e Esgotos was a private company established in 1877. In 1893 the Water and Sewer Department took over the company and instituted numerous guidelines in order to try and solve a problem that was already endemic in the capital city of São Paulo. As part of this focused effort, a number of structures were built in the Cantareira Mountains, such as reservoirs, aqueducts and pipelines reaching the distribution network. These were true engineering challenges at the time and the result was a network of arteries covering much of the city. In order to recover this "water heritage", practically abandoned today, we had to first conduct an inventory that recorded the existing remnants of this structure, including its location, current state of repair, and changes over time. The end product is a list of protection measures to safeguard this heritage. Within this context it is possible to understand when São Paulo, which had been technologically dependent on other major cities and imported all of its hydraulic equipment, started to react and encourage local industry to manufacture such goods. This process was the seed that helped transform São Paulo from a traditional to a capitalist city.

Field data collection involves time and money consuming processes, additionally carrying possible measurement errors. With the technological advance in the last years, low cost remote sensing tools have emerged to facilitate procedures for in-field measurements, being one of the most known techniques the use of multispectral cameras coupled to RPA. These tools are complemented by the implementation of procedures in GIS and image-processing software, from which are developed methodologies leading to extract target values from a certain original set of data. In this work, multispectral images were used in two case studies: (1) for yield estimation in pea plots for breeding research, and (2) for plant counting in an apple nursery planted directly on the soil; both fields are located in Washington State, USA. In the first case, a reliable and replicable methodology for yield estimation was created as a high throughput phenotyping technique; while in the second case an algorithm capable of identifying the number of apple plants with more than 95% accuracy was developed. In both studies, remote sensing is used as an efficient and practical way to improve field operations under the specified conditions of each case. / A coleta de dados de campo envolve processos de grande consumo em tempo e dinheiro, ademais de levar o risco de possíveis erros de medição. Com o avanço tecnológico nos últimos anos, surgiram ferramentas de sensoriamento remoto de baixo custo para facilitar procedimentos de medição em campo, sendo uma das técnicas mais conhecidas o uso de câmeras multiespectrales acopladas a um ARP. Essas ferramentas são complementadas pela implementação de procedimentos em programas SIG e de processamento de imagens, a partir dos quais são desenvolvidas metodologias que visam extrair valores alvo desde um determinado conjunto original de dados. Neste trabalho, foram utilizadas imagens multiespectrais no desenvolvimento de dois estudos de caso: (1) para estimativa de produtividade em parcelas para pesquisa de ervilha, e (2) para contagem de plantas em um viveiro de maçã plantado diretamente no solo; ambos os campos localizados no estado de Washington, EUA. No primeiro caso, foi criada uma metodologia confiável e replicável para estimativa de produtividade como técnica de fenotipagem de alto rendimento; enquanto no segundo caso, foi desenvolvido um algoritmo capaz de identificar o número de plantas de maçã com mais de 95% de exatidão. Em ambos os estudos, o sensoriamento remoto é usado como uma ferramenta eficiente e prática na melhora de operações de campo.

This thesis explores the impact of volunteer tourism on the international tourist engaging in volunteer work in South Africa. A staged methodological design is adopted in this research. The first stage provides conceptual clarification of the term volunteer tourism, using grounded theory. Then a quasi-experimental study was carried out to collect data from volunteer tourists undertaking community and wildlife (including conservation) projects in South Africa. It consists of a standardised web-based personality inventory (IPIP-NEO) completed prior to, post, and one to two years following the volunteer vacation to measure personality changes in 15 core traits. A control group was used to enhance the validity of the scientific method. Thereafter, personal interviews were conducted to gain insight into the volunteering experience and any resulting changes in the volunteers’ day-to-day lives. This study’s findings point to significant changes in seven traits; some of these traits have not been previously identified by the literature and therefore broaden our understanding of the impact on the tourist. Additionally, while confirming some of the changes found in other studies, the findings of this study also point to some significant contrasts. Many of the changes identified were evident in the volunteer’s daily lives through their ‘personal circumstances’, ‘behaviour’, ‘emotions’, ‘confidence’, ‘values’, ‘knowledge or skills’ and ‘attitudes’. The experiences which the volunteers attributed to their changes were: active, involved, responsible, participatory, immersive and interactive, and whether they met volunteers’ expectations; influenced by: age, gender, project type and length of stay. The findings address a number of shortcomings in the volunteer tourism literature by providing statistical evidence of change; a better understanding of how change appears in participants’ everyday lives; and identifies some additional elements that influence change in the visitor, adding to knowledge of Engagement Theory. These findings can therefore contribute theoretically; and practically to tourism marketing, program design and volunteer satisfaction.

This thesis explores forecasting for intermittent demand requirements. Intermittent demand occurs at random, with some time periods showing no demand. In addition, demand, when it occurs, may not be for a single unit or a constant size. Consequently, intermittent demand creates significant problems in the supply and manufacturing environment as far as forecasting and inventory control are concerned. A certain confusion is shared amongst academics and practitioners about how intermittent demand (or indeed any other demand pattern that cannot be reasonably represented by the normal distribution) is defined. As such, we first construct a framework that aims at facilitating the conceptual categorisation of what is termed, for the purposes of this research, “non-normal” demand patterns. Croston (1972) proposed a method according to which intermittent demand estimates can be built from constituent elements, namely the demand size and inter-demand interval. The method has been claimed to provide unbiased estimates and it is regarded as the “standard” approach to dealing with intermittence. In this thesis we show that Croston’s method is biased. The bias is quantified and two new estimation procedures are developed based on Croston’s concept of considering both demand sizes and inter-demand intervals. Consequently the issue of variability of the intermittent demand estimates is explored and finally Mean Square Error (MSE) expressions are derived for all the methods discussed in the thesis. The issue of categorisation of the demand patterns has not received sufficient academic attention thus far, even though, from the practitioner’s standpoint it is appealing to switch from one estimator to the other according to the characteristics of the demand series under concern. Algebraic comparisons of MSE expressions result in universally applicable (and theoretically coherent) categorisation rules, based on which, “non-normal” demand patterns can be defined and estimators be selected. All theoretical findings are checked via simulation on theoretically generated demand data. The data is generated upon the same assumptions considered in the theoretical part of the thesis. Finally, results are generated using a large sample of empirical data. Appropriate accuracy measures are selected to assess the forecasting accuracy performance of the estimation procedures discussed in the thesis. Moreover, it is recognised that improvements in forecasting accuracy are of little practical value unless they are translated to an increased customer service level and/or reduced inventory cost. In consequence, an inventory control system is specified and the inventory control performance of the estimators is also assessed on the real data. The system is of the periodic order-up-to-level nature. The empirical results confirm the practical validity and utility of all our theoretical claims and demonstrate the benefits gained when Croston’s method is replaced by an estimator developed during this research, the Approximation method.

Para planejar, manejar e estudar as árvores, seja em um fragmento florestal, uma plantação ou em uma cidade é necessário conhecer tanto suas características individuais quanto as do seu entorno. O inventário é uma ferramenta amplamente utilizada para este fim e demanda investimento em tempo e recursos para sua realização. O surgimento de novas tecnologias de registro e análise de dados permite uma nova perspectiva sobre essa ferramenta e traz inovações para sua aplicação. O presente estudo comparou cinco métodos de diagnóstico da floresta urbana diferenciados, principalmente, pela tecnologia de registro de dados: Clássico: com uso de papel e caneta, Foto: com mensuração de fotografias em software ImageTool, Tablet e Tablet 2: com uso de tablets de tecnologias diferentes e Personal Digital Assistant (PDA): com uso de um iPAQ. Os resultados apontaram que existe diferença estatística no tempo de realização do inventário de acordo com a tecnologia empregada. O método Foto é o mais econômico dos cinco. A comparação de biometria por teste de Wilcoxon aponta que os valores obtidos por todos os métodos são equivalentes estatisticamente. Foi realizado também um experimento de validação do método Fotoonde se investigou a influência da distância de tomada da foto nos valores mensurados, no qual se obteve os resultados de que existe essa influência, mas ela não é significativa, sendo a mensuração por foto tão confiável quanto a mensuração por vertex. / To plan, manage and study the trees in a forest, a plantation or a city it\'s necessary to know both their individual characteristics as the characteristics of their surroundings. The inventory is a widely used tool for this purpose and demand investment in time and resources for its realization. The emergence of new technologies for recording and analyzing data allows a new perspective on this tool and brings innovations to its application. This study compared five urban forest diagnosis methods mainly differentiated by data collection technology: Classic: using pen and paper, Photo: with pictures measurement in software ImageTool, Tablet and Tablet 2: using different tablet technology and Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) with use of an iPAQ. The results showed that there is statistical difference in the time of completion of the inventory according to the technology employed. Photo method is the fastest and the cheapest of 5. The biometric comparison by Wilcoxon shows that the values obtained by all methods are statistically equivalent. An experiment was also performed to validate the method Photo and investigated the influence of photo distance in measured values, where the results show that there is influence, but it is not significant and the measurement by photo as reliable as measurement per Vertex.

O principal objetivo deste estudo foi o de abordar o comportamento de atletas maratonistas, no que diz respeito à resistência psicológica durante o transcorrer da prova. O estudo restringiu-se a pesquisar opiniões de sete atletas, quatro do sexo masculino e três do feminino, que participavam de provas de maratonas promovidas pelas organizações que representam a modalidade no Brasil. Os dados foram coletados mediante a aplicação do instrumento denominado Inventário do Comportamento do Maratonista, criado e desenvolvido pela autora do presente estudo, visando compreender o processo de elaboração mental quanto à resistência psicológica dos atletas no transcorrer das provas. O instrumento é composto de sete questões objetivas e descritivas que possibilitam a obtenção de informações sobre fatores sociais e psicológicos dos atletas maratonistas e de como eles se comportam e descrevem as suas percepções (pensamentos, sentimentos e emoções) quanto à resistência psicológica. Os resultados alcançados foram baseados em 242 falas dos atletas foram classificadas em onze categorias cujos percentuais obtidos se desenvolveram da seguinte forma: persistência (19,4%), determinação (15,7%), precisão técnica (15,7%), seguidos de estratégia mental (10,7%), escolha da tarefa (9,9%), aspectos psicossomáticos (8,3%), conflito (7,4%), relação social (5,8%), religiosidade (4,9%), infraestrutura (1,2%) e aspecto físico (0,8%). Conclui-se que, o comportamento dos atletas maratonistas está estritamente relacionado com a resistência psicológica no que diz respeito a finalizar as prova de maratona / The main purpose of this study was to approach the behavior of marathon athletes, in what concerns the psychological resistance during the elapse of the test. The study restrained to research opinions of 7 athletes, four of the masculine sex and three of the feminine sex, that took part in tests of marathons promoted by the organizations that represent the category in Brazil. The data was collected by the application of the instrument denominated Inventory of the Marathonist Behavior, created and developed by the author of the present study, aiming to comprehend the process of mental elaboration as to the psychological resistance of the athletes during the elapse of the test. The instrument is composed of seven objective and descriptive questions that makes possible the attainment of information about social and psychological factors of marathonist athletes and about how they behave and describe their perceptions (thoughts, feelings and emotions) as to the psychological resistance. The achieved results were based in 242 speeches of the athletes, that were classified in eleven categories, in relation to which the speeches developed in the following way, in percentages: persistence (19,4%), determination (15,7%), technical accuracy (15,7%), mental strategy (10,7%), task choice (9,9%), psychosomatic aspects (8,3%), conflict (7,4%), social relation (5,8%), religiosity (4,9%), infrastructure (1,2%) and physical aspect (0,8%). It is concluded that the behavior of marathonist athletes is strictly related to the psychological resistance in what concerns ending the marathon test

Existing multi-echelon inventory optimization models and formulas were studied to get an understanding of how safety stock levels are determined. Because of the restrictive distribution assumptions of the existing safety stock formula, which are not necessarily realistic in practice, a method to analyze the performance of this formula in a more realistic setting was desired. A SimPy simulation model was designed and implemented for a simple two-stage supply chain as a way to test the performance of the safety stock formula. This implementation produced results which led to the conclusion that the safety stock formula tends to underestimate the level of safety stock needed to provide a certain service level when predicted standard deviation of demand is underestimated and the assumptions of normally distributed demand and normally distributed lead times are not fulfilled.

The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is a commonly used instrument in neuropsychological assessment; however, it lacks a symptom validity test (SVT) that is sensitive to cognitive response bias (also referred to as non-credible responding), as defined by performance on cognitive performance validity tests (PVT). Therefore the purpose of the present study was to derive from the PAI item pool a new SVT, named the Cognitive Response Bias Scale (CRBS), that is sensitive to non-credible responding, and to provide initial validation evidence supporting the use of the CRBS in a clinical setting. The current study utilized an existing neuropsychological outpatient clinical database consisting of 306 consecutive participants who completed the PAI and PVTs and met inclusion criteria. The CRBS was empirically derived from this database utilizing primarily an Item Response Theory (IRT) framework. Out of 40 items initially examined, 10 items were ultimately retained based on their empirical properties to form the CRBS. An examination of the internal structure of the CRBS indicated that 8 items on the CRBS demonstrated good fit to the graded response IRT model. Overall scale reliability was good (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.77) and commensurate with other SVTs. Examination of item content revealed the CRBS consisted of items related to somatic complaints, psychological distress, and denial of fault. Items endorsed by participants exhibiting lower levels of non-credible responding consisted of vague and non-specific complaints, while participants with high levels of non-credible responding endorsed items indicating ongoing active pain and distress. The CRBS displayed expected relationships with other measures, including high positive correlations with negative impression management (r = 0.73), depression (r = 0.78), anxiety (r = 0.78), and schizophrenia (r = 0.71). Moderate negative correlations were observed with positive impression management (r = -0.31), and treatment rejection (r = -0.42). Two hierarchical logistic regression models showed the CRBS has significant predictive power above and beyond existing PAI SVTs and clinical scales in accurately predicting PVT failure. The overall classification accuracy of the CRBS in detecting failure on multiple PVTs was comparable to other SVTs (area under the curve = 0.72), and it displayed moderate sensitivity (i.e., 0.31) when specificity was high (i.e., 0.96). These operating characteristics suggest that the CRBS is effective at ruling in the possibility of non-credible responding, but not for ruling it out. The conservative recommended cut score was robust to effects of differential prediction due to gender and education. Given the extremely small sample subsets of forensic-only and non-Caucasian participants, future validation is required to establish reliable cut-offs when inferences based on comparisons to similar populations are desired. Results of the current study indicate the CRBS has comparable psychometric properties and clinical utility to analogous SVTs in similar personality inventories to the PAI. Furthermore, item content of the CRBS is consistent with and corroborates existing theory on non-credible responding and cognitive response bias. This study also demonstrated that a graded response IRT model can be useful in deriving and validating SVTs in the PAI, and that the graded response model provides unique and novel information into the nature of non-credible responding.

The present study present study explored the relationships among language use, phonological skill, and vocabulary development for 36 Cuban and Puerto Rican ELL preschoolers. Family-level variables included mother's education level and mother's language ability. Three-way ANOVAs were used to investigate the relationships among child- and family-level variables and children's performance on articulation (completeness of phonetic inventory (CPI) and proportion of whole-word proximity (PWP)) and language measures (Picture Vocabulary (PV) and Memory for Sentences (MS) subtests of the WLPB-R) in English and Spanish. Regression and correlational analyses were conducted to describe relationships between variables. Findings indicated that children in all language groups (predominantly English speaking, predominantly Spanish speaking and bilingual) demonstrated strong phonological skills, as measured by CPI and PWP, in both languages. Strength in phonological skill appeared to be related to frequency of language use, especially in English. Similarities in children's phonetic inventories across languages suggested that exposure to two languages does not interfere with phonological development in ELL children. The fact that English and Spanish share many of the same phonemes may contribute to this finding. Results for the PWPs were consistent with the findings from the CPI analyses. PWPs were found to predict children's English vocabulary level in the early stages of dual language learning. A predictive relationship was found between mother's English language ability and child's phonological skill, suggesting that when more English was used in the home, children exhibited greater English phonological production skills. In addition, mother's Spanish language ability was shown to predict child's Spanish vocabulary knowledge. This finding supports the use of the native language in the home. While phonological skill was a strength, language skills, as measured by the PV and MS subtests, were significantly below average. With the exception of the PE group in English, all children performed more than 1.5 standard deviations below the mean for both subtests in both languages, suggesting that they are not acquiring sufficient vocabulary knowledge to support academic learning in either language. It is suggested that delivery of adequate vocabulary instruction that meets the needs of these ELL children requires collaboration between teachers and speech-language pathologists.

Cette thèse rend compte de l’analyse d’un ouvrage publié en 1995 aux Editions Albin Michel par le Conseil national des arts culinaires : l’Inventaire du patrimoine culinaire de la France-Rhône-Alpes, produits du terroir et recettes traditionnelles – huitième tome d’une collection de 24 volumes – et de son impact au sein d’un territoire : la région Rhône-Alpes ainsi que des possibilités de son actualisation. La documentation est constituée, outre d’une bibliographie variée, de sources issues de fonds d’archives départementaux, de papiers privés et d’enquêtes orales. Le travail, réalisé sous contrat CIFRE, répond à une commande du Comité de promotion/R3AP, organisme inter consulaire. Elle est une étude globale sur l’ouvrage et les productions recensées. Elle saisit les tenants et les aboutissants de cet inventaire, rédige l’histoire de cet ouvrage pour en comprendre les enjeux passés tout en dressant un état des lieux pour le replacer dans le débat actuel sur le patrimoine alimentaire. Ce travail montre l’histoire d’une méthode qui a fait ses preuves : l’inventaire, appliqué à un domaine tout particulier : l’alimentation. L’ouvrage est étudié dans son contexte de rédaction – politique, économique et social – tout comme son aspect, sa place dans la collection et son contenu. On explique alors l’absence de retombées de ce dernier au sein du territoire inventorié à travers deux objectifs initiaux qui ont été plus ou moins atteints : un objectif culturel afin de faire connaître les produits et un objectif économique pour relancer des productions restées méconnues. Un état actuel des produits est réalisé, qui souligne la nécessaire mise à jour du livre : si les monuments du patrimoine alimentaire se maintiennent, si la patrimonialisation est active quelques produits ont disparus. L’Inventaire ainsi remis en lumière, constitue un formidable catalogue de produits dont il conviendrait de développer l’étude voire la valorisation. Avec cette thèse nous posons une nouvelle fois la question du patrimoine alimentaire et la façon dont il est nécessaire de le sauvegarder et de le préserver tout en refusant sa muséification. / This thesis deals with the study of a book published in 1995 by Albin Michel Editor and carried out by the Conseil national des arts culinaires : l’Inventaire du patrimoine culinaire de la France-Rhône-Alpes, produits du terroir et recettes traditionnelles – 8th book of a collection of 24th – and its impact on Rhone-Alpes territory and its possible updating. The documentation is based on an rich bibliography, on documents from departmental files, private documentation and oral inquiries.This work, achived thanks to a contract CIFRE, fulfills an order from the Comite de Promotion/R3AP, inter consular organism. It’s a global study of the book and the productions reviewed in it. It tries to analyse the stakes of this inventory and to tell the history of this book to understand past issues while assessing the situation and putting it in context in the current debate about food patrimonialization.This work enlightens the story of a solid method: the inventory, applied to a specific theme : food. The book is analyzed in its context– political, economical and social – and we study its aspect, its place inside the collection and its content. We explain the lack of influence inside the territory it deals with through two initial objectives which have been met more or less : first, a cultural goal in order to make products known and also an economical objective to boost still unknown products. A current state of products has been made, which underlines the need to update the book : even if the food heritage monuments are still alive, even if the patrimonialization is active, some products have disappeared. This Inventaire, as it has been highlighted, is a precious catalog of products that would require much more study and development. With this thesis, once more we tackle the question of food heritage and we ask ourselves what we need to save and preserve it while refusing to make it become a museum.