Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Resumo: Frente aos novos desafios impostos ao cenário energético mundial, esta tese de doutorado implementa e analisa uma micro-rede de geração distribuída (GD), com acumulação e capacidade de operação conectada ou desconectada da rede de distribuição de energia elétrica (RDEE). A energia é fornecida à RDEE através de seis inversores monofásicos, constituindo uma rede trifásica, sendo três deles com capacidade de operação ilhada e conectada, e outros três com características de fonte de corrente que podem injetar energia de forma controlada, ativa ou reativa, no ponto de conexão comum (PCC). Através do sistema de acumulação com baterias do tipo chumbo-ácido, também é possível que o sistema minimize o consumo de energia da RDEE, mesmo quando não há energia solar, extraindo potência das baterias. Tendo em vista que a quase totalidade dos inversores utilizados em um sistema de GD fornecem somente potência ativa, ou trabalhem com fator de potência fixo, este trabalho também implementa o controle dinâmico de P e Q na micro-rede, atuando como compensador de tensão no PCC e promovendo melhorias na qualidade da energia elétrica. A micro-rede é gerenciada por um programa desenvolvido para o controle de todos os dispositivos essenciais presentes na GD, incluindo controle da carga e descarga do sistema de acumulação, controle dos contatores de conexão de todo o sistema, e controle do firmware dos inversores conectados, permitindo total liberdade de gestão da energia disponível, resultando numa ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Considering the new challenges imposed in the energetic scenario around the world, this PhD thesis implements and analyzes a micro-grid of Distributed Generation (DG) plant with accumulation and capability of operation connected or islanded from the electric power distribution grid. The system will supply power to the utility grid and local loads through six single-phase inverters, constituting a three-phase system, among which three are with capability to operate in islanded and connected mode, and the other three single-phase inverters with current source characteristic that can inject active or reactive power in a controlled manner at the point of common coupling (PCC). Through the accumulation system with lead-acid batteries technology, it is also possible that the system minimizes the utility grid consumption, though without solar energy. Given that most of the available inverters for DG are designed only to provide active power or to operate with a fixed power factor, this work, in the meantime, implements the dynamic control of the supplied active and reactive power (P and Q) in micro-grid, acting as a voltage compensator at the PCC to improve the quality of electric power. The micro-grid is managed by software designed to control and communicate with all essential devices in DG, including control of charge and discharge of the accumulation system, control of the whole system connection contactors, and the firmware control of grid connected inverters, which allow a wid... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by MARCOS GUTIERREZ ALVES null (mmarkos.alves@gmail.com) on 2017-10-18T17:25:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Gutierrez Alves - Tese.pdf: 10359243 bytes, checksum: 24da24ccb395d0581201cc49607f4bf6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-10-23T18:18:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_mg_dr_ilha.pdf: 10359243 bytes, checksum: 24da24ccb395d0581201cc49607f4bf6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-23T18:18:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_mg_dr_ilha.pdf: 10359243 bytes, checksum: 24da24ccb395d0581201cc49607f4bf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Frente aos novos desafios impostos ao cenário energético mundial, esta tese de doutorado implementa e analisa uma micro-rede de geração distribuída (GD), com acumulação e capacidade de operação conectada ou desconectada da rede de distribuição de energia elétrica (RDEE). A energia é fornecida à RDEE através de seis inversores monofásicos, constituindo uma rede trifásica, sendo três deles com capacidade de operação ilhada e conectada, e outros três com características de fonte de corrente que podem injetar energia de forma controlada, ativa ou reativa, no ponto de conexão comum (PCC). Através do sistema de acumulação com baterias do tipo chumbo-ácido, também é possível que o sistema minimize o consumo de energia da RDEE, mesmo quando não há energia solar, extraindo potência das baterias. Tendo em vista que a quase totalidade dos inversores utilizados em um sistema de GD fornecem somente potência ativa, ou trabalhem com fator de potência fixo, este trabalho também implementa o controle dinâmico de P e Q na micro-rede, atuando como compensador de tensão no PCC e promovendo melhorias na qualidade da energia elétrica. A micro-rede é gerenciada por um programa desenvolvido para o controle de todos os dispositivos essenciais presentes na GD, incluindo controle da carga e descarga do sistema de acumulação, controle dos contatores de conexão de todo o sistema, e controle do firmware dos inversores conectados, permitindo total liberdade de gestão da energia disponível, resultando numa importante ferramenta acadêmica de aprendizagem. Adicionalmente, a planta de GD é monitorada por meio de um programa de aquisição de dados do fluxo de energia elétrica que flui entre a GD e a RDEE, armazenando os dados relevantes em um banco de dados de informações para análises em longo prazo. É apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica para o cenário energético mundial e no Brasil, além das configurações de micro-rede com GD mais utilizadas no setor atualmente. O diagrama geral da micro-rede com GD é exposto, com descrição de cada equipamento e dimensionamento das fontes de energia solar. Finalmente, resultados experimentais e estruturas dos códigos são apresentados e discutidos. / Considering the new challenges imposed in the energetic scenario around the world, this PhD thesis implements and analyzes a micro-grid of Distributed Generation (DG) plant with accumulation and capability of operation connected or islanded from the electric power distribution grid. The system will supply power to the utility grid and local loads through six single-phase inverters, constituting a three-phase system, among which three are with capability to operate in islanded and connected mode, and the other three single-phase inverters with current source characteristic that can inject active or reactive power in a controlled manner at the point of common coupling (PCC). Through the accumulation system with lead-acid batteries technology, it is also possible that the system minimizes the utility grid consumption, though without solar energy. Given that most of the available inverters for DG are designed only to provide active power or to operate with a fixed power factor, this work, in the meantime, implements the dynamic control of the supplied active and reactive power (P and Q) in micro-grid, acting as a voltage compensator at the PCC to improve the quality of electric power. The micro-grid is managed by software designed to control and communicate with all essential devices in DG, including control of charge and discharge of the accumulation system, control of the whole system connection contactors, and the firmware control of grid connected inverters, which allow a wide control over the available energy and provide a significant academic studying platform. In addition, the energy flow between the DG and the utility grid is monitored through a power quality monitoring device, which is capable to send daily reports by email. In this way, a program was developed to store and recover all the relevant data in a database for the long-term analysis, compiling the results for easy interpretation. A literature review is presented for the world energy scenario, with more focus in Brazil, besides the micro-grid configurations with DG most used in the sector currently. This work also shows the general diagram of the micro-grid with DG describing the equipment and dimensioning the solar energy sources. Finally, it demonstrates and discusses experimental results and code structures.

Cette thèse traite des convertisseurs multiniveaux destinés aux applications moteurs rapides, utilisés notamment dans le domaine de l'Oil \& Gas. L'objectif est l'étude d'une structure qui permette de réduire les pertes par commutation, en comparaison avec la topologie conventionnelle NPC (Neutral Point Clamped) 3 niveaux, actuellement utilisée. De plus, la structure de convertisseur doit permettre de fournir des grandeurs d'entrée au moteur ayant un faible taux de distorsion harmonique, de manière à ne pas créer des échauffements supplémentaires dans le moteur.Après avoir effectué une étude des différentes structures existantes, la structure NPP (Neutral Point Piloted) 3 niveaux est finalement retenue au vu de ses différentes qualités. En effet, grâce à la mise en série de composants semi-conducteurs, les pertes par commutation de ces derniers sont divisées par deux par rapport aux composants homologues de la topologie NPC. Après avoir comparé les topologies NPC et NPP en termes de forme d'onde et de répartition des pertes dans les composants, l'auteur s'intéresse à la validation expérimentale de cette structure. Les performances atteintes par le convertisseur NPP sont intéressantes puisqu'elles permettent de commuter à des fréquences deux fois plus élevées que la topologie NPC pour un courant donné ou de commuter un courant plus important pour une fréquence de commutation donnée.Les schémas de commutation des différents composants du bras NPP sont étudiés afin de comprendre le gain non négligeable obtenu sur cette structure.Malgré le fait que la structure NPP permette de commuter à des fréquences deux fois plus élevées que la structure NPC, on ne peut pas s'affranchir du filtre sinus en sortie de l'onduleur de manière à respecter les contraintes harmoniques au niveau du moteur. Ainsi, une topologie de filtre sinus à inductances couplées a été introduite / This PhD thesis deals with multilevel inverters dedicated to high speed motors applications, used in Oil \& Gas applications. The main objective is to study a topology which enables reducing switching losses, in comparison with the conventional 3-level NPC (Neutral Point Clamped) topology. Moreover, the inverter has to provide motor input signals with a low harmonic distortion level, not to create undesired additional heating in the motor. After a study of the existing topologies, the 3-level NPP (Neutral Point Piloted) topology is chosen regarding all its benefits. Indeed, thanks to series connection of semi-conductor components, switching losses can be divided by two compared to homologous components on the NPC topology. After having compared NPC and NPP topologies in terms of waveforms and losses distribution in components, the author interest is the experimental validation of this topology. The performances reached by the NPP inverter are interesting because it enables to switch two times faster than for a NPC topology for a given current or to switch a higher current for a given switching frequency. The switching schemes of the NPP leg are studied to understand the gain obtained on this topology. In spite of the fact that switching frequency can be doubled on the NPP topology, the sinus filter can not be avoided in order to respect harmonic specification on the motor. A sinus filter with coupled inductances is introduced so that to responds the different sizing criteria

The inverter dead-time is integral to the safety of a voltage source inverter (VSI). Dead-time is introduced between the complementary gating signals of the top and bottom switches in each VSI leg to prevent shoot-through fault. This thesis reports and investigates dead-time induced sub-harmonic oscillations in open-loop induction motor drives of different power levels, under light-load conditions. The thesis develops mathematical models that help understand and predict the oscillatory behaviour of such motor drives due to dead-time act. Models are also developed to study the impact of under-compensation and over-compensation of dead-time act on stability. The various models are validated through extensive simulations and experimental results. The thesis also proposes and validates active damping schemes for mitigation of such sub-harmonic oscillations. The thesis reports high-amplitude sub-harmonic oscillations in the stator current, torque and speed of a 100-kW open-loop induction motor drive in the laboratory, operating under no-load. Experimental studies, carried out on 22-kW, 11-kW, 7.5-kW and 3.7-kW open-loop induction motor drives, establish the prevalence of dead-time induced sub-harmonic oscillations in open-loop motor drives of different power levels. An experimental procedure is established for systematic study of this phenomenon in industrial drives. This procedure yields the operating region, if any, where the motor drive is oscillatory. As a first step towards understanding the oscillatory behaviour of the motor drive, a mathematical model of the VSI is derived in a synchronously revolving reference frame (SRF), incorporating the of dead-time on the inverter output voltage. This leads to a modified dynamic model of the inverter-fed induction motor in the SRF, inclusive of the dead-time act. While the rotor dynamic equations are already non-linear, dead-time is found to introduce nonlinearities in the stator dynamic equations as well. The nonlinearities in the modified dynamic model make even the steady solution non-trivial. Under steady conditions, the dead-time can be modelled as the drop across an equivalent resistance (Req0) in the stator circuit. A precise method to evaluate the equivalent resistance Req0 and a simple method to arrive at the steady solution are proposed and validated. For the purpose of stability analysis, a small-signal model of the drive is then derived by linearizing the non-linear dynamic equations of the motor drive, about a steady-state operating point. The proposed small-signal model shows that dead-time contributes to different values of equivalent resistances along the q-axis and d-axis and also to equivalent cross-coupling reactance’s that appear in series with the stator windings. Stability analysis performed using the proposed model brings out the region of oscillatory behaviour (or region of small-signal instability) of the 100-kW motor drive on the voltage versus frequency (V- f) plane, considering no-load. The oscillatory region predicted by the small-signal analysis is in good agreement with simulations and practical observations for the 100-kW motor drive. The small-signal analysis is also able to predict the region of oscillatory behaviour of an 11-kW motor drive, which is con consumed by simulations and experiments. The analysis also predicts the frequencies of sub-harmonic oscillations at different operating points quite well for both the drives. Having the validity of the small-signal analysis at different power levels, this analytical procedure is used to predict the regions of oscillatory behaviour of 2-pole, 4-pole, 6-pole and 8-pole induction motors rated 55 kW and 110 kW. The impact of dead-time on inverter output voltage has been studied widely in literature. This thesis studies the influence of dead-time on the inverter input current as well. Based on this study, the dynamic model of the inverter fed induction motor is extended to include the dc-link dynamics as well. Simulation results based on this extended model tally well with the experimentally measured dc-link voltage and stator current waveforms in the 100-kW drive. Dead-time compensation may be employed to mitigate the dead-time and oscillatory behaviour of the drive. However, accurate dead-time compensation is challenging to achieve due to various factors such as delays in gate drivers, device switching characteristics, etc. Effects of under-compensation and over-compensation of dead time are investigated in this thesis. Under-compensation is shown to result in the same kind of oscillatory behaviour as observed with dead-time, but the fundamental frequency range over which such oscillations occur is reduced. On the other hand, over-compensation of dead-time effect is shown to result in a different kind of oscillatory behaviour. These two types of oscillatory behaviour due to under- and over-compensation, respectively, are distinguished and demonstrated by analyses, simulations and experiments on the 100-kW drive. To mitigate the oscillatory behaviour of the drive, an active damping scheme is proposed. This scheme emulates the effect of an external inductor in series with the stator winding. A small-signal model is proposed for an induction motor drive with the proposed active damping scheme. Simulations and experiments on the 100-kW drive demonstrate effective mitigation of light-load instability with this active damping scheme. In the above inductance emulation scheme, the emulated inductance is seen by the sub-harmonic components, fundamental component as well as low-order harmonic components of the motor current. Since the emulated inductance is also seen by the fundamental component, there is a fundamental voltage drop across the emulated inductance, leading to reduced co-operation of the induction motor. Hence, an improved active damping scheme is proposed wherein the emulated inductance is seen only by the sub-harmonic and low-order harmonic components. This is achieved through appropriate altering in the synchronously revolving domain. The proposed improved active damping scheme is shown to mitigate the sub-harmonic oscillation effectively without any reduction in flux.

This thesis proposes control schemes and converter configurations for high power wound field synchronous motor (WFSM) drives. The model for a salient pole WFSM in any general rotating reference frame is developed which can be used to derive models along known rotor (dq) and stator flux (MT) reference frames. Based on these models, the principle of sensor-less stator flux oriented field-oriented control (FOC) for salient pole WFSM is developed. So far in the literature, control of cylindrical rotor machine only has been addressed and the effects of saliency have generally been neglected. The performance of the proposed sensor-less FOC has been demonstrated by experimentally operating a 15.8 HP salient pole WFSM using a three-level IGBT based voltage source inverter (VSI). The principle of FOC has been later extended to the control of current source load commutated inverter (LCI) fed salient pole WFSM drives, where the drawbacks present in conventional self-control method such as rigorous off-line calculation for generation of look up tables, coupling between flux and torque control etc. are eliminated. This thesis also proposes the combination of a VSI with the LCI power circuit to overcome the different disadvantages that are present in the existing LCI topology. Firstly, a novel starting scheme is proposed, where the LCI fed WFSM is started with the aid of a low power auxiliary VSI converter in a smooth manner with sinusoidal motor currents and voltages. This overcomes the difficulties of the present complex dc link current pulsing technique that has drawbacks such as pulsating torque, long starting time etc. In a second mode of operation, it is shown that the VSI can be connected to the existing LCI fed WFSM drive as a harmonic compensator in On-The-Fly mode; this will make the terminal stator current and voltage sinusoidal apart from cancellation of torque pulsations thus improving the drive performance. The above two schemes have potential as retrofit for existing drives. It is possible to combine both the advantages, mentioned above, by permanently connecting the VSI with the LCI power circuit to feed the WFSM. This proposed hybrid LCI/VSI drive can be regarded as a universal solution for high power synchronous motor drives at all power and speed ranges.

MU LT I L E V E L inverters are becoming the preferred choice for medium voltage high power applications. Multilevel inverters have a number of inherent advantages over conventional two level inverters. The output voltage has multiple steps or levels, resulting in reduced dV/dt, which leads to lower electromagnetic interference, making it easier to meet electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulations. Multilevel inverters have a much lower effective switching frequency, which leads to a reduction in switching losses. The output voltage of multilevel inverters has a much lower harmonic content. In applications such as power conversion or grid-connection, filters need to be much smaller, or can be eliminated. In motor drive applications, the low harmonic content results in smoother, ripple-free shaft torque. The neutral-point clamped (NPC), cascaded H-bridge (CHB) and flying capacitor (FC) topologies were among the earliest multilevel topologies. NPC topologies require additional clamping diodes to clamp the output to the DC bus midpoint. CHB topologies use a number of isolated DC suplies to generate multilevel output. FC topologies work with a single DC link but use additional floating capacitors. Since then, a number derivatives and improvements to these topologies have been proposed. Topologies with low switch counts are desirable because of the corresponding reduction in system size and cost. A low total component count is also desirable since it results in better reliability. Induction motors in high power applications are often operated in the open-end configuration. Here, the start terminals of the motor phase windings are connected to one three phase inverter, while the end terminals are connected to a second three-phase inverter. The two inverters are typically powered by isolated supplies to prevent the flow of common mode currents through the motor. The open end configuration has a number of advantages It can be used with nearly all high power motors with no need for electrical or mechanical modification, since all six winding terminal are available externally. The two inverters driving the open-end motor are effectively cascaded. As a result, two inverters of lower voltage and power rating can replace a single inverter with higher voltage and power rating. In addition, if one of the inverter fails, it can be bypassed and the system can be operated at reduced power. In many applications such as heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), the load power is proportional to the cube of the shaft speed, so a 50% reduction in power translates to only 20% reduction in speed, thereby improving overall system reliability. The cascading of inverters also enables multilevel operation, which is exploited for the topologies proposed in this thesis. In the open-end configuration it is important to ensure that both the DC supplies deliver power to the load. Otherwise, power can circulate through the motor windings. In addition, if the two inverters are powered by rectifier supplies, the DC bus of one inverter can charge uncontrollably, resulting in distortion of phase voltages and currents. If DC bus overcharging continues unchecked the DC bus voltage can even exceed the system rating, resulting in permanent damage. This thesis proposes two novel topologies for open-end induction motor drives with low switch counts. Both topologies are powered by two unequal, isolated DC sources having DC voltages in a 3:1 ratio. Multiple levels in the output voltage are obtained using a number of floating capacitors in each phase. Modulation and control schemes are also proposed for both topologies to ensure that DC bus overcharging never occurs, while all the capacitor voltages are kept balanced at their nominal values. The first of these two topologies is a nine level inverter for open end induction motor drives. It consists of two three-level flying capacitor inverters connected to the induction motor in the open end configuration. The two inverters are powered by DC sources of voltage 6VDC/8 and 2VDC/8, which generates an effective phase voltage having nine levels in steps of VDC/8. This topology has only eight switches and two floating capacitors per phase. The space vector structure for this topology is hexagonal, and has 217 space vector locations. A space-vector based formulation is used to determine the pole voltage of the inverter such that DC bus over charging is prevented. In addition, selection of switching states is used to balance the voltages of all floating capacitors. This scheme allows the floating capacitors to be charged up during system startup, thereby eliminating the need for separate pre-charging circuitry. A level-shifted carrier PWM based modulation scheme has been developed, which can be used with both scalar and vector control schemes. The gating signal for switches turning on must be delayed by a small amount (to allow the complementary switch to turn of), failing which current shoot through can occur. This delay is called dead time, during which gate signals to both complementary devices are turned of. Under certain conditions in the flying capacitor topology, the pole voltage can contain large undesirable transients during the dead time which result in phase current distortion, and electromagnetic noise. A novel scheme to eliminate this problem is proposed using a digital state machine approach. The switching state for each subsequent switching interval is determined based on the present switching state such that the pole voltage does not contain a transient, without affecting the phase voltage of the inverter, and irrespective of the current magnitude or direction. The state machine was implemented using an FPGA, and required an additional computation time of just 20ns, which is much smaller than the inverter dead time duration of typically 2.5µs. The second novel topology proposed in this thesis is a seventeen level inverter for an open end induction motor drive. Here, one three-level inverter and one seven-level inverter are connected to the two ends of the induction machine. The three-level inverter is a flying capacitor inverter. The seven-level inverter is a hybrid topology – it consists of an H-bridge cascaded to each phase of a three level flying capacitor inverter. This scheme is also powered by two isolated DC sources in 3:1 ratio with magnitudes 12VDC/16 and 4VDC/16. The effective phase voltage has seventeen levels in steps of VDC/16. This topology has a total of twelve switches and three floating capacitors per phase. The space vector structure for this topology is hexagonal, and has 817 space-vector locations. Space vector analysis was used to determine the pole voltages, and the switching states such that DC bus overcharging is prevented while also balancing the voltages of the floating capacitors. A non-iterative algorithm was developed for determining the switching states, suitable for implementation in digital logic using an FPGA. The scheme is able to charge the all capacitors at startup as well, eliminating the need for separate pre-charging circuits. Hardware prototypes were built for both the topologies described above for experimental verification, and used to drive a three phase 50Hz, 1.5kW, four pole induction motor in V/f control mode. The inverters topologies were built using 1200V, 75A IGBT half-bridge modules (Semikron SKM75GB12T4) with hybrid opto-isolated gate drivers (Mitsubishi M57962). Three phase rectifiers were used to create the asymmetric DC supplies Hall effect sensors were used to sense the DC link and floating capacitor voltages and phase currents (LEM LV20P voltage sensors and LA55 current sensors). Signal conditioning circuitry was built using discrete components. The PWM signals and V/f controller were implemented using a digital signal processor (Texas Instruments TMS320F28335). Synchronous PWM with was used to eliminate sub-harmonics from the phase voltage, and to ensure three-phase and half-wave symmetry. The internal ADC of the DSP was used for sampling all voltages and currents. The remaining digital logic for switch state selection was implemented on a FPGA (Xilinx Spartan3 XC3S200). Dead time functionality was also implemented within the FPGA, eliminating the need for separate dead time hardware. Both topologies were first tested for steady state operation over the full modulation range, and the pole voltages, phase voltages and phase currents were recorded. System startup, and the ability of the controllers to balance all the capacitors at startup was tested next. The capacitor voltages were also observed during sudden loading, by quickly accelerating the motor. Finally, the phenomenon of DC bus overcharging was also demonstrated. These results demonstrate the suitability of the proposed topology for a number of applications, including industrial drives, alternate energy systems, power conversion and electric traction.

The work addresses the design and implementation of a universal laboratory workstation designed to teach a course on electrical drives. Workplace will be formed sets consisting of DC motor with permanent magnet on a 400W power supply voltage of 24V and induction motor with 180W power on 3x24V. The engines are connected through a flexible shaft coupling. The asynchronous motor is located on the extended shaft resolver for scanning speed and rotor position. Both engines will be supplied from the transistor inverters. The workplace will be designed for maximum clearness and resistance to damage by improper handling.

This thesis deals with analysis of electric drive parts from hybrid electric vehicle, namely interior permanent magnet synchronous motor and inverter with control. First part describes a basic theory. Further, motor and inverter computer models are shown, specified simulations are performed on this models. Results are compared with values measured on real machines from accessible literary sources.

Thesis (PhD (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The multiphase induction machine drive has been under investigation for the last half century. Although it offers several attractive advantages over the conventional three-phase induction machine drive, it is restricted to highly specialised applications. One aspect of the multiphase induction machine drive is the complexity of the control algorithm for decoupled flux and torque control. The complexity, arising from the required coordinate transformations, increases with increase in the number of phases of the machine. Recently, a method that allows the control of a six-phase induction machine drive without any coordinate transformations was developed and tested. This new control technique allows the control of the machine to be similar to that of dc machines through the use of special trapezoidal-shaped stator current waveforms. These stator phase current waveforms consist of field (flux) and torque current components, with flat-topped amplitudes allowing a stator phase to act alternately in time as either a flux or a torque producing phase. The idea is to have a number of stator phases acting as flux producing phases, whilst the remaining phases act as torque producing phases at each time instance. This dissertation takes a further step in the research on this particular control technique. As the control method relates directly to the brush-dc machine operation, in this dissertation, the control method is defined as a “brush-dc equivalent” (BDCE) control method. First, in this dissertation, a simple analytical method is developed to determine a defined optimal ratio of the number of field to the number of torque phases of a multiphase induction machine that utilises trapezoidal stator current waveforms. The method is applied to induction machines with up to fifteen stator phases. Finite element analysis is used to verify the validity of the developed criterion and to verify the square-like air gap flux density. Secondly, in this dissertation, an analytical method for predicting and evaluating the rotor bar current waveform of a cage multiphase induction machine is proposed. The method is based on the Fourier transform and the winding function theory under linear condition assumptions. The method also allows for the calculation of the electromagnetic torque and rotor bar losses. Skin effect is considered in the calculation of the rotor bar resistance of the machine. Again, finite element analysis is used to verify the analytically calculated results. The developed method can be expanded and used to evaluate the rotor current waveform of any multiphase induction machine supplied with any stator current waveforms. The BDCE control method is implemented on a prototype nine-phase cage-rotor induction machine drive. A nine-phase inverter and control system are developed for supplying the nine-phase induction machine with the trapezoidal stator current waveforms. Rotor current waveform measurements are taken on a specially designed rotor to verify the analytically predicted waveform. The linear relationship of the developed torque and torque current of the proposed BDCE control method is verified through measurements. Through the comparison of analytical calculated results with finite element calculated and measured results, it is shown in this dissertation that the developed analytical techniques can be used in the design and performance analysis of multiphase induction machines. Also, from the results, it is clear that the new control technique works remarkably well even in the flux weakening region. However, outstanding aspects, such as efficiency and generated torque quality of the proposed drive still need to be investigated further. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die multifase induksiemasjien aandryfstelsel word in die laaste halwe eeu al in navorsing ondersoek. Alhoewel dit verskeie aantreklike voordele bied bo die konvensionele driefase induksiemasjien aandryfstelsel, is dit beperk tot hoogs gespesialiseerde aanwendings. Een aspek van die multifase induksiemasjien aandryfstelsel is die kompleksiteit van die beheer algoritme vir ontkoppelde vloed en draaimoment beheer. Die kompleksiteit, wat voortspruit uit die vereiste koördinaat transformasies, neem toe met toename in die aantal fases van die masjien. Onlangs is 'n metode wat die beheer van ’n sesfase induksiemasjien sonder enige koördinaat transformasies doen, ontwikkel en getoets. Hierdie nuwe beheertegniek maak die beheer van die masjien soortgelyk aan dié van GS masjiene deur die gebruik van spesiale trapezium-vormige statorstroom golfvorms. Hierdie stator fasestroom golfvorms bestaan uit veld- (vloed-) en draaimoment-stroom komponente met plat amplitudes, sodat 'n statorfase om die beurt in tyd optree as óf' ’n vloed of 'n draaimoment genereerde fase. Die idee is om 'n aantal statorfases te hê wat as vloed genereerde fases dien, terwyl die oorblywende fases as draaimoment genereerde fases optree op enige tydstip. Hierdie tesis neem 'n verdere stap in die navorsing op hierdie spesifieke beheertegniek. Met die beheermetode wat direk verband hou met borsel-GS masjien werking, word in hierdie proefskrif die beheermetode as 'n "borsel-GS ekwivalente" ["brush-DC equivalent" (BDCE)] beheermetode gedefinieer. In die eerste plek word in hierdie proefskrif 'n eenvoudige analitiese metode ontwikkel om ’n gedefinieerde optimale verhouding van die aantal veld tot die aantal draaimoment fases van 'n multifase induksiemasjien te bepaal, wat van trapesoïdale statorstroom golfvorms gebruik maak. Die metode word toegepas op induksiemasjiene met tot vyftien statorfases. Eindige element analise is gebruik om die geldigheid van die ontwikkelde kriterium te verifieer en om die vierkantvormige luggaping vloeddigtheid te verifieer. In die tweede plek word in hierdie proefskrif 'n analitiese metode vir die voorspelling en evaluering van die rotorstaafstroom golfvorm van 'n kourotor multifase induksiemasjien voorgestel. Die metode is gebaseer op die Fourier transform en die wikkelingsfunksie teorie onder lineêre-toestand aannames. Die metode wend hom ook daartoe tot die berekening van die elektromagnetiese draaimoment en rotorstaafverliese. Die huideffek word in ag geneem in die berekening van die rotorstaafweerstand van die masjien. Weereens is eindige element analise gebruik om die analitiese berekende resultate te verifieer. Die ontwikkelde metode kan uitgebrei en gebruik word om die rotorstroom golfvorm van van enige multifase induksiemasjien te evalueer wat gevoer word met enige statorstroom golfvorms. Die BDCE beheermetode is toegepas op 'n prototipe negefase kourotor induksiemasjien. 'n Negefase omsetter en beheerstelsel is ontwikkel vir die toevoer van die trapesoïdale statorstroom golfvorms aan die negefase induksiemasjien. Die rotorstroomgolfvorm metings is geneem op 'n spesiaal ontwerpte rotor om die analitiese voorspelde golfvorm te verifieer. Die lineêre verwantskap tussen die ontwikkelde draaimoment en draaimomentstroom van die voorgestelde BDCE beheermetode is geverifieer deur metings. Deur die analitiese berekende resultate met die eindige element berekende en gemete resultate te vergelyk, wys hierdie proefskrif dat die ontwikkelde analitiese tegnieke gebruik kan word in die ontwerp en werkverrigting analise van ’n multifase induksiemasjien. Vanuit die resultate is dit ook duidelik dat die nuwe beheertegniek besonder goed werk, selfs in die vloedverswakking spoedgebied. Egter, uitstaande aspekte soos effektiwiteit en genereerde draaimoment kwaliteit van die voorgestelde aandryfstelsel moet nog verder ondersoek word.

Impedance measurement as a function of frequency is being increasingly used for the detection of organic molecules. The main building block required for this is a sinusoidal oscillator whose frequency can be varied in the range of a few KHz to tens of MHz. The thesis describes the design of Integrated CMOS Oscillator Circuits. There are 2 designs presented in the thesis, one of which is based on the Wien Bridge and the other, on an LC architecture. They provide both in-phase and quadrature outputs needed for the determination of the real and imaginary parts of complex impedances. The inductor in the LC tank is realized by gyration of a capacitor. This needs two variable transconductance elements. Linear transconductance elements with decoupled transconductance gm and output conductance go is presented. A novel circuit for detecting and controlling the amplitude of oscillation is described. A current mode technique to scale the capacitance is also discussed. Since this oscillator is used in an inexpensive hand-held instrument, both power consumption and chip area must be minimized. A comparison between the Wien Bridge and the LC tank based oscillator is presented. Simulation results pertaining to the design of the different blocks of the circuit are made available. / text