Eyewitness identification evidence is often essential in criminal investigations, yet little is known about how police investigators evaluate identification evidence. This research simulated a police investigation by having participant-investigators obtain information about a crime, examine a database of potential suspects with the goal of choosing a likely suspect for the crime, and evaluate an eyewitness's lineup identification decision. Experiments 1 and 2 examined the effect of order of presentation of the eyewitness decision. When the eyewitness identified the investigator's suspect, ratings of the suspect's guilt were similar regardless of when the eyewitness decision occurred. However, when the witness reported that the culprit was not present in the lineup, a recency effect occurred (the information that was presented last had a larger impact). Experiment 3 continued to examine order effects while also examining how investigators evaluated alibi information and eyewitness testimony when they had already identified a suspect in the case. The investigators evaluated alibi evidence that was either strong or weak (in regards to exonerating the suspect) and eyewitness evidence involving a witness who either identified the investigator's suspect or rejected the suspect (by not making an identification). The order of presentation of the alibi information and eyewitness testimony was manipulated such that half of the participants received the alibi information before the eyewitness testimony while the other half received the alibi information after the eyewitness testimony. Both the eyewitness decision and alibi evidence affected ratings of guilt. A recency effect was present only in the ID Suspect/Strong alibi conditions, such that when investigators saw the witness identify the suspect and then received the strong alibi, they rated the likelihood that their suspect had committed the crime as lower than when they received the strong alibi first and then saw the witness identification. Otherwise, the two forms of evidence had an additive effect. Together, these studies provide a valuable examination of the influence of presentation order and the importance of different forms of evidence on role-playing police investigators.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2018-01-26T14:56:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 886649 bytes, checksum: 877552ae5165be36989e1d51525aeb1e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-26T14:56:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 886649 bytes, checksum: 877552ae5165be36989e1d51525aeb1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-29 / This work consists of a profile designed in the mold of literary journalism, about the trajectory of the journalist of João Pessoa Hilton Gouvêa, who has been in the press of Paraiba for more than four decades and is considered one of the resisters in the art of reporting in the state. The report-profile was drafted in a diary format, telling the insecurities of a first-time reporter and her involvement with the agenda. To reconstruct the main passages of the story of the character, features such as flashbacks, scene-by-scene descriptions, perspective changes, worked dialogues, life status, and even stream of consciousness were used in the narrative. During the investigation into an attack that the personal reporter suffered in the 1990s, due to a journalistic coverage that he did at the time, the researcher ended up coming to the details of a tragic murder in her own family, occurred when she was still a child, that influenced her entire life trajectory. The narrative, therefore, also gained an autobiographical outline. / Este trabalho consiste em um perfil concebido nos moldes do jornalismo literário, sobre a trajetória do jornalista pessoense Hilton Gouvêa, que atua na imprensa paraibana há mais de quatro décadas e é considerado um dos resistentes na arte da reportagem no estado. A reportagem-perfil foi elaborada em formato de diário, contando as inseguranças de uma repórter de primeira viagem e o seu envolvimento com a pauta. Para reconstruir as principais passagens da história do personagem, foram utilizados na narrativa recursos como flashbacks, descrições cena a cena, mudanças de perspectiva, diálogos trabalhados, status de vida e até mesmo fluxo de consciência. Durante a investigação acerca de um atentado que o repórter pessoense sofreu nos anos 1990, em virtude de uma cobertura jornalística que ele fazia na época, a pesquisadora acabou chegando a detalhes de um trágico assassinato em sua própria família, ocorrido quando ela era ainda uma criança e que influenciou toda sua trajetória de vida. A narrativa, portanto, acabou ganhando também contornos autobiográficos.

Chaque pays a son propre système d’enquête criminelle, ayant ses propres évolutions historiques et culturelles. Malgré les grands bouleversements de la société coréenne durant le XXe siècle : colonisation japonaise (1910-1945), division entre le nord et le sud du pays (1945), Guerre de Corée (1950-1953), mise en place d’une dictature militaire par un coup d’état(1961-1987), … la Corée est devenu un pays démocratique, continuant encore de nos jours à démocratiser sa société afin de supprimer les reliquats des systèmes passés qui sont toujours présents. L’un des points importants de cette démocratisation est la réforme du système judiciaire, afin de rendre la justice du pays plus juste et redonner confiance au peuple coréen en celle-ci. Pour comprendre la situation actuelle, il est donc nécessaire de présenter l'évolution du système d’enquête criminelle en Corée au cours de son histoire, en particulier la formation historique du parquet et de la police en tant qu’organes d’enquête. Il faut également noter l’importance, pour ce sujet, du droit japonais et du droit français. Ce système coréen d’enquête n’est pas « d’origine » coréenne, mais il s’agit d’un système fortement influencé par les droits de ces deux pays étrangers dans l’histoire juridique. Cependant, il n’est pas possible de trouver une influence directe du droit français dans l’histoire juridique coréenne, car le droit coréen n’a emprunté au droit français que sous l’influence du droit japonais(qui adopta le droit français pour la modernisation du système judiciaire à l’époque Meiji) pendant la colonisation japonaise. Ainsi, on trouve la conception traditionnelle française des institutions dans le système coréen actuel, la centralisation et la hiérarchisation. Si la police et le parquet coréens qui sont les deux organes principaux chargés de s’occuper des affaires criminelle, sont ainsi centralisés, ils ont également des rapports hiérarchisés l’une par rapport à l’autre. / Each Country has its own system of criminal investigation, with its own historical and cultural evolution. Despite major changes in Korean society during the twentieth century such as Japanese colonization (1910-1945), division between the north and south of the country (1945), Korean War (1950-1953), the establishment of a military dictatorship by coup d’état(1961), and so on. Korea became a democratic country, continuing even today to democratize its society to remove remnants of past systems that are always present. One of the important points of this democratization is the reform of the judicial system to make the country more just and restore the confidence of the Korean people in it. To understand the current situation, it is necessary to present the evolution of criminal investigation system in Korea throughout its history, particularly the historical formation of the public prosecutors’ service and the national police as the criminal investigative agencies. Also we have to note the importance, for this subject, of Japanese law and French law, because the Korean criminal investigative system is a system strongly influenced by the judicial system of the both foreign countries. However, it is not possible to find a direct influence of French law in the legal history of Korea because Korean law has just borrowed the institutional concepts from French law under the influence of Japanese law (who had adopted the French law to modernize its judicial system during the Meiji period) during the Japanese colonization. Thus, there are some traditional conceptions of French institution in the current Korean system, centralization and hierarchy. The Korean police and the public prosecutors’ service, which are the two main organizations are responsible for dealing with criminal cases, are centralized and they also have hierarchical relationships between them.

This thesis investigates a content of preconceptions in the area of biology in the pupils of classes 6 and 8 at basic schools, respectively as well as the pupils of the same age at grammar-schools. Two crucial educational topics have been chosen for the research, of preconceptions, namely the photosynthesis and digestion. Preconceptions of the groups of informants of the same age and their accord with the expected target knowledge were analysed and compared.

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One of the most popular attack vectors against computers are their network connections. Attacks on computers through their networks are commonplace and have various levels of complexity. This research formally describes network-based computer attacks in the form of a story, formally and within an ontology. The ontology categorises network attacks where attack scenarios are the focal class. This class consists of: Denial-of- Service, Industrial Espionage, Web Defacement, Unauthorised Data Access, Financial Theft, Industrial Sabotage, Cyber-Warfare, Resource Theft, System Compromise, and Runaway Malware. This ontology was developed by building a taxonomy and a temporal network attack model. Network attack instances (also know as individuals) are classified according to their respective attack scenarios, with the use of an automated reasoner within the ontology. The automated reasoner deductions are verified formally; and via the automated reasoner, a relaxed set of scenarios is determined, which is relevant in a near real-time environment. A prototype system (called Aeneas) was developed to classify network-based attacks. Aeneas integrates the sensors into a detection system that can classify network attacks in a near real-time environment. To verify the ontology and the prototype Aeneas, a virtual test bed was developed in which network-based attacks were generated to verify the detection system. Aeneas was able to detect incoming attacks and classify them according to their scenario. The novel part of this research is the attack scenarios that are described in the form of a story, as well as formally and in an ontology. The ontology is used in a novel way to determine to which class attack instances belong and how the network attack ontology is affected in a near real-time environment.

O objetivo geral desta tese foi conceber uma sistemática para elaborar um plano de prevenção, a partir do delineamento das falhas humanas, com a finalidade de minimizar os acidentes numa organização. Essa sistemática está baseada no pressuposto de que as organizações podem aprender com os acidentes, e que estes não são decorrentes de comportamentos inapropriados dos trabalhadores, mas consequência de um contexto organizacional desfavorável, e nos conceitos provenientes dos erros ativos e das condições latentes, propostos como fatores causais de um acidente. Para se alcançar tal objetivo, foi realizada revisão bibliográfica acerca dos assuntos pertinentes e, a partir deste estudo, foi concebida a proposta inicial da sistemática para, em seguida, submetê-la a um estudo de caso. A revisão de literatura abordou as teorias sobre como os acidentes acontecem, qual a participação do erro humano nestes eventos, quais os tipos de erros, como eles se manifestam e quais as técnicas de prevenção. Além disso, a revisão de literatura permitiu avaliar o Sistema de Análise e Classificação de Fatores Humanos (HFACS), técnica desenvolvida para identificar e classificar os erros humanos, de forma ordenada, percebendo-se que este sistema possui limitações e que as técnicas de prevenção enfatizam ações centradas na segurança operacional, não abrangendo outros níveis na organização. A proposta inicial da sistemática foi concebida em dois módulos: o de Investigação, que visa entender como a organização conduz o processo de análise dos acidentes e determinar os principais erros ativos e as condições latentes, por meio de múltiplas fontes de evidência, baseando-se nas categorias e subcategorias do sistema HFACS e com a utilização de entrevistas com grupos focados e de observação não-participante; e o módulo de Prevenção, o qual procura, juntamente com a equipe gerencial da empresa, determinar ações de prevenção estratégicas para a organização. Com os resultados empíricos obtidos, foi possível avaliar o emprego da sistemática numa concessionária de energia elétrica, detectando-se pontos de melhorias e estabelecendo a versão final da mesma, além de se definir parâmetros de como aplicá-la. Constatou-se, também, que a sistemática possibilita, por meio do cenário dos erros ativos e das condições latentes, visualizar setores que necessitam intervenções na área de segurança, auxiliando, dessa forma, este setor na organização, além de permitir avaliar o desempenho da Gestão do Sistema de Segurança e Saúde do Trabalho (GSST) da empresa. / The object of this thesis was to conceive a framework to develop a prevention plan, based on the outlining of human errors, in order to minimize accidents in organizations. This work is based on the assumption that organizations can learn from accidents, and that these are not due to workers inappropriate behavior, but because of an unfavorable organizational context; and on concepts originated from active errors and latent conditions proposed as casual factors in an accident. To reach such object, we reviewed literature on relevant subjects and from that study the original proposal of the system was conceived and subjected to a case study. The literature review approached the theories on how accidents happen, the role of human errors in such events types of errors concerned, how they manifest themselves in accidents and which are the prevention techniques. In addition, the literature review allowed, an evaluation of the Human Factor Analysis Classification System – HFACS, a framework developed to identify and classify human error, in an orderly manner, but with limitations; and prevention techniques are centered on operational safety, not involving other levels of the organizations. The initial framework proposal was designed in two modules: the Research Module, aiming to understand how the organization conducts the process of analysis of accidents, and to determine the main active errors and latent conditions using multiple sources of evidence based on the categories and subcategories of the HFACS, on interviews applied to focused groups and on non-participant observation; and the Prevention Module, which aims to determine prevention strategies for the organization, together with their management team. With the results attained in the case study, it was possible to evaluate performance the framework in an electric utility company, detect improvement points, establish its final version and set the parameters on how to apply it. It was also noted that, by means of the active errors and the latent condition settings, this framework is able to help the sectors of a company as it displays where assistance in the security field is needed; besides allowing the organization to evaluate the management performance of the Safety and Health at Work System.

Este trabalho desenvolve, analisa e valida uma sequência didática para o ensino de Probabilidade no Ensino Médio. As atividades foram aplicadas em uma turma de vinte e cinco alunos do Ensino Médio noturno de uma escola da rede pública estadual. Estas atividades possibilitaram a exploração de conceitos de Probabilidade, nas quais os alunos foram convidados a questionar, conjecturar e criar respostas ou explicações para os problemas propostos. Utiliza-se como referencial teórico, os cenários para investigação de Skovsmose e a resolução de problemas fundamentada em Polya e Pozo. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada foi o Estudo de Caso. A descrição das atividades foi divida em três etapas, nas quais são apresentadas o planejamento, objetivos, expectativas, descrição das aulas, observações do professor e análise. Realiza-se também a classificação das atividades, momento em que observa-se que estas ocorreram em diferentes Ambientes de Aprendizagem, gerando interesse e participação dos alunos, possibilitando discussões sobre conceitos de probabilidade e permitindo o confronto entre estes conceitos e a intuição dos alunos. Destaca-se também a importância da postura do professor no desenvolvimento das atividades, muito mais como orientador e instigador. O produto desta dissertação é uma sequência didática para o ensino de Probabilidade no Ensino Médio, elaborada e testada, e que pode ser utilizada por outros professores. Este produto encontra-se no apêndice A. / This work develops, analyzes and validates a didactical sequence for the teaching of probability in High School. The activities were applied in a twenty-five students class of a nightshift High School from a state public school. These activities enabled the exploration probability concepts, in which the students were invited to question, conjecture and create answers or explanations for the proposed problems. The Landscapes of Investigation of Skovsmose and the resolution of problems grounded in Polya and Pozo are used as theorical referential. The research methodology used is the study of case. The description of the activities is divided in three steps, in which are presented the planning, goals, expectations, description of the classes, teacher’s observations and analysis. The classification of activities is also conducted, when we observe that these activities happened in different Milieu of Learning, generating students’ interest and participation, making the discussion about probability concepts possible and allowing the confrontation between these concepts and the students’ intuition. The importance of the teacher’s attitude in the development of the activities, more like advisor and instigator, is highlighted. The product of this dissertation is a didactical sequence for the teaching of probability in High School, elaborated and tested, that can be used by other teachers. This product is located on appendix A.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal identificar oportunidades de aperfeiçoamento de um método de classificação de tipos de erros humanos de operadores de linha de frente. Tais oportunidades foram identificadas com base no teste do método em acidentes em canteiros de obras, um ambiente no qual ele ainda não havia sido aplicado. Assim, foram investigados 19 acidentes de trabalho ocorridos em uma construtora de pequeno porte, sendo classificados os tipos de erros dos trabalhadores lesionados e de colegas de equipe que encontravam-se no cenário do acidente. Os resultados indicaram que não houve nenhum erro de 57,9% dos trabalhadores para os quais o método foi aplicado, constituindo evidência de que as causas estavam fortemente associadas a fatores organizacionais ao invés de fatores comportamentais ou cognitivos. O estudo ainda apresenta recomendações que facilitam a interpretação das perguntas que constituem o método de classificação de tipos de erros. / This study aimed to identify major opportunities for improving a method of classification of errors types of front- line workers. Such opportunities have been identified on the basis of testing the method in accidents at construction sites, an environment in which it had not yet been implemented. Thus, we investigated 19 occupational accidents occurred in a small-sized construction company, classifying the errors types of both injured workers and crew members who were at the scene of the accident. The results indicated that there was no error of 57,9% of workers for which the method was applied, providing evidence that the causes were strongly linked to organizational factors rather than cognitive or behavioral factors. The study also presents recommendations to facilitate the interpretation of questions that constitute the method of classification of types of errors.