A análise química de solo fornece suporte para o manejo de sua fertilidade, por meio de extratores que visam determinar o grau de suficiência ou deficiência de nutrientes no solo. As metodologias que avaliam a disponibilidade de fósforo (P) certamente são as que apresentam as maiores controvérsias devido, principalmente, à complexidade do comportamento do nutriente no solo. No Brasil, os métodos mais utilizados para avaliar a disponibilidade de P em solos agricultáveis são Mehlich e resina de troca iônica. O método que emprega tiras de papel de filtro impregnadas com óxido de ferro (Papel-Pi) possui princípio semelhante ao da resina, no entanto é pouco utilizado no Brasil. Devido à deficiência generalizada de nutrientes nos solos brasileiros o gesso agrícola constitui-se um insumo adequado para minimizar condições adversas. Porém, foram relatados problemas na avaliação da disponibilidade de P em solos com elevados teores de gesso (gipsíferos) devido à reação deste com o íon bicarbonato (HCO3 -), presente na solução Olsen ou na resina de troca iônica, formando carbonato de cálcio que precipita e/ou adsorve o P disponível. Nestas situações os teores de P tendem a ser subestimados. Em solos ácidos, onde o gesso é amplamente utilizado, não há relatos sobre este problema. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho estudar a interferência do gesso na disponibilidade de P em solos ácidos, sendo conduzidos quatro experimentos. Em três experimentos de incubação aplicaram-se tratamentos com doses variando de 0 até 75 g kg-1 de fosfogesso, gipsita ou gesso puro, além de doses de P na forma de superfosfato triplo (SFT) ou fosfato natural reativo (FNR). Foram utilizadas amostras de cinco solos com características químicas e físicas variadas. Foi conduzido um experimento com doses de fosfogesso em casa de vegetação cultivando-se milho. Avaliaram-se os teores de P nas amostras de solo pelos métodos da resina de troca iônica (saturada com NaHCO3), Mehlich e Papel-Pi, e no experimento de casa de vegetação, estes teores foram correlacionados com a produção de massa seca e com o P acumulado pelo milho. Em todas as situações estudadas o gesso interferiu na avaliação dos teores de P-resina, fato não observado para os teores de PMehlich e P-Papel-Pi. Confirmou-se a hipótese de que métodos que empregam HCO3 - podem subestimar os teores de P devido à interferência do gesso, naturalmente dos solos ou adicionado com a finalidade de corrigi-los. Houve boa correlação entre os teores de P-Papel-Pi e P-Mehlich, exceto quando utilizou-se FNR, pois a solução Mehlich superestimou estes valores devido à sua ação ácida. De forma geral, não houve boa correlação entre os teores de P no solo e a produção de massa seca e o P acumulado pelo milho, devido ao desenvolvimento irregular das plantas em função das maiores doses de fosfogesso. Portanto, confirmou-se que os problemas da interação do bicarbonato com o gesso, relatados até então para solos gipsíferos ou calcareos, podem ocorrer também em solos ácidos com aplicação de gesso. No entanto, notou-se claramente que a quantidade de gesso necessária para causar esta interferência supera as doses normalmente aplicadas. / The soil chemical analysis provides technical support for soil fertility management through methodologies aiming to evaluate the level of sufficiency or deficiency of nutrients. The methods used to evaluate the phosphorus (P) bioavailability are certainly the most controversial which is due, mainly, to the complex interactions of this nutrient in the soil. In Brazil, the most common methodologies to evaluate soil P bioavailability in agricultural soils are the Mehlich and the ion exchange resin. The method that uses filter paper strips impregnated with iron oxide (Pi paper) is very similar in principle to the ion exchange resin, but has not been adequately studied in Brazil. Due to general soil fertility problems, gypsum has been applied acting as a soil subsurface ameliorant and also to decrease high soil sodium contents. Although, problems have been detected when evaluating P bioavailability in soils with high contents of gypsum due to the reaction of bicarbonate (HCO3 -), contained in the Olsen solution or in the ion exchange resin, because of the precipitation of calcium carbonate. In these situations the levels of P tend to be underestimated. In acid soils, where gypsum is widely applied, there is no investigation and reports on this problem, which was the objective of this study. Four experiments were carried out. In three incubation experiments different combinations were tested of P rates varying from 0 to 75 g kg-1 of phosphogypsuym, gipsite or reagent grade gypsum and the P sources triple superphosphates and Arad phosphate rock (APR). Five soil samples with different chemical and physical properties were used. Also, a greenhouse experiment was carried out with two short corn crops submitted to rates of gypsum applied to the soil. The soil samples were analyzed by three different methodologies, i.e., the ion exchange resin with NaHCO3 -, Mehlich and Pi paper, and in the greenhouse experiment the soil contents by these different procedures were correlated with dry-matter yield and P uptake by the corn plants. In all situations the presence of gypsum did interfere in the P bioavailability by the resin method, with a clear trend to decrease the P contents. The hypothesis that methods that utilize the HCO3 - can underestimate the amounts of soil P due to the presence of gypsum, natural or added to soils, was once again confirmed. An adequate correlation was found between the amounts of P evaluated by the Pi Paper and the Mehlich procedure, except when the APR was used, once the Mehlich tended to overestimate the values due to its acidic condition. In general, there was no adequate relation between the soil P and corn dry-matter yield or P uptake, which was probably due to irregular development of plants in treatments where high rates of gypsum was applied. It was shown that the interaction of HCO3 - with gypsum, before only reported for soils high in gypsum, can also occur in acid soils but it was noticed that the amount of gypsum to cause the interference is generally higher than the rates normally used at field conditions.

Per via degli svantaggi inerenti l’uso di bentonite nella produzione di vini bianchi, la ricerca di alternative ha assunto di recente una grande importanza. Il lavoro presentato in questa tesi ha l’obiettivo di valutare l’applicabilità di tre approcci innovativi alla stabilizzazione colloidale dei vini: l’uso di chitosano, l’applicazione dei PEF e il riutilizzo di colonne di scambio cationico. L’aggiunta di chitosano è risultata nella rimozione delle chitinasi dal vino, permettendo di raggiungere un soddisfacente livello di stabilità. Gli effetti sul colore e sugli aromi, quando non significativi, non sono risultati essere peggiori rispetto ai risultati ottenuti da trattamenti con bentonite. L’applicazione dei PEF aveva lo scopo di innescare la denaturazione e l’aggregazione delle proteine tramite un sistema di trattamento-raffreddamento e filtrazione finale. I risultati suggeriscono che un buon grado di stabilità viene raggiunto solo con trattamenti particolarmente energetici ma questo a danno del colore del prodotto. Infine, lo scopo dello studio sulle resine di scambio cationico era quello di valutare la rigenerazione di questo supporto per un molteplice utilizzo operativo. La rimozione delle proteine adsorbite sul supporto è risultata essere possibile in specifiche condizioni di pH e forza ionica, con un consumo di acqua relativamente basso. / The search for fining alternatives to bentonite has assumed great importance in white winemaking due to the drawbacks of bentonite application. The research here presented aimed at observing the viability of three innovative approaches to wine stabilization, namely chitosan addition, PEF treatments and cation exchange applicability. Chitosan successfully removed chitinases from wine, allowing at the same time a sufficient degree of colloidal stability. Collateral effects on color and aroma compounds were non-significant or acceptable when compared with the effects observed for bentonite applications reported in literature. The use of PEF was aimed at accelerating protein unfolding and aggregation and was coupled to an in-line cooling and filtration system for efficient removal of colloidal aggregates. The results collected suggested that the treatment was capable of inducing a satisfactory colloidal stability only in high- energetic double-treated wine samples, with some deleterious consequences on the color. Finally, the aim of the research for cation-exchange resins application was to find environmentally friendly cleaning procedures to regenerate the resin capacity and allow reuse of the same resin for further cycles of fining. The removal of proteins bound to the resin was possible under specific pH and ionic strength conditions with relatively low consumption of water.

Fung, Chun Kit. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-135). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Declaration --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.ii / Abbreviations --- p.iii / Abstract in English --- p.v / Abstract in Chinese --- p.vii / Table of Contents --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1 - --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Genus Cordyceps --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Cordyceps militaris --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Biological Functions and Chemical Constituents of Cordyceps militaris --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- "Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Line, 16HBE14o-" --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- Ion Transport in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6 --- Objectives of the Experiments --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 2 - --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Solutions and Chemicals --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2 --- Preparation of Hot Water Cordyceps militaris Extract --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3 --- Culture of Cells --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4 --- Short-Circuit Current (lsc) Measurement --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5 --- Short-Circuit Current (lsc) Measurement in Nystatin-Permeabilized Monolayer --- p.29 / Chapter 2.6 --- Measurements of [Ca2+]i --- p.31 / Chapter 2.7 --- Measurement of PKA Activity --- p.36 / Chapter 2.8 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter 3 - --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Regulation of Ion Transport in 16HBE14o- Cells by CM Water Extract --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Dose-Dependent Relationship of CM Water Extract --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- "Involvement of CI"" Transport in CM-induced lsc Response" --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Involvement of K+ channels in CM-induced lsc Response --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Involvement of Adenylate Cyclase/cAMP/Protein Kinase A Pathway in CM-induced lsc Response --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Involvement of Ca2+-Dependent Pathway in CM-induced lsc Response --- p.57 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- "Effect of CM Extract on Apical CI"" Current and Basolateral K+ Current in Nystatin-Permeabilized Epithelia" --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Effect of CM Extract on PKA Activity --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2 --- Regulation of Ion Transport in 16HBE14o- Cells by Cordycepin --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Dose-Dependent Relationship of Cordycepin --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- "Involvement of CI"" Transport in Cordycepin-induced lsc Response" --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Involvement of K+ channels in Cordycepin-induced lsc Response --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Involvement of Adenylate Cyclase/cAMP/Protein Kinase A Pathway in Cordycepin-induced lsc Response --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Involvement of Ca2+-Dependent Pathway in Cordycepin-induced lsc Response --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Effect of Cordycepin on Intracellular Ca2+ Concentrations --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- "Effect of Cordycepin on Apical CI"" Current and Basolateral K+ Current in Nystatin-Permeabilized Epithelia" --- p.98 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Effect of Cordycepin on PKA Activity --- p.104 / Chapter Chapter 4 - --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Regulation of Ion Transport in 16HBE14o- Cells by CM Extract --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2 --- Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms behind CM-induced lsc Responses --- p.110 / Chapter 4.3 --- Regulation of Ion Transport in 16HBE14o- Cells by Cordycepin --- p.111 / Chapter 4.4 --- Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms behind Cordycepin-induced lsc Responses --- p.114 / Chapter Chapter 5 - --- Conclusion / Chapter 5.1 --- Summary --- p.117 / Chapter 5.2 --- Future Directions --- p.120 / Chapter Chapter 6 - --- References --- p.121 / Chapter Chapter 7 - --- Publications --- p.136

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizCDB_DISSERT.pdf: 2635764 bytes, checksum: a9af996a27546dc8a59f234cdabe7aad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-14 / In this work were synthesized matrix-based commercial white clay in its composition having large amounts of kaolinite and quartz, with a certain percentage of iron oxide for use as an adsorbent for hydrogen sulfide (H2S). To characterize the effect of initial matrix techniques were used to characterize XRD, FTIR, XRF and TG. The initial clay mineral matrix was placed in contact with 0.1 molar solutions of the salts of Co2+, Ni2+, Cr3+ and a solution 0.1 g / 100ml rhodamine B. During the synthesis process, the solutions were placed in contact with the initial matrix for a period of 48 hours in order to have ion exchange with the clay mineral. To check the amount of exchanged metals, we used the technique of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). After synthesis was initiated the process of adsorption of H2S, where the arrays were placed in the reactor, then by passing a stream of hydrogen sulfide. The matrix along with the reactor was weighed before and after to measure the amount of gas adsorbed. Based on the gravimetric data the matrix which had the highest performance of the adsorption matrix was exchanged with Ni2+ ions, obtaining a result of 11.13 mg H2S / g matrix, then the matrix coated with rhodamine B which was reached 10.13 mg H2S / g matrix / Neste trabalho foram sintetizadas matrizes a base de argila branca comercial que possui em sua composi??o grande quantidade de caulinita e quartzo, com certo percentual de ?xido de ferro, para uso como adsorvente de sulfeto de hidrog?nio (H2S). Para efeito de caracteriza??o da matriz inicial foram utilizadas as t?cnicas de caracteriza??o DRX, FTIR, FRX e TG. A matriz argilomineral inicial foi colocada em contato com solu??es 0,1 molar dos sais de Co2+, Ni2+, Cr3+ e com uma solu??o 0,1 g/ 100ml de rodamina B. Durante o processo de s?ntese, as solu??es foram colocadas em contato com a matriz inicial por um per?odo de 48 horas a fim de haver troca i?nica com o argilomineral. Para verificar a quantidade de metais trocados, foi utilizada a t?cnica de Fluoresc?ncia de Raios X (FRX). Ap?s a s?ntese foi iniciado o processo de adsor??o de H2S, onde as matrizes foram colocadas no reator, passando em seguida por um fluxo cont?nuo de sulfeto de hidrog?nio. A matriz juntamente com o reator foi pesada antes e depois para aferir a quantidade de g?s adsorvida. Com base nos dados gravim?tricos a matriz que obteve o maior desempenho de adsor??o foi a matriz trocada com ?ons Ni2+, obtendo um resultado de 11,13 mg de H2S/ g de matriz, seguida pela matriz recoberta com rodamina B a qual chegou-se a 10,13 mg de H2S/ g de matriz

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoCBS_DISSERT.pdf: 2327685 bytes, checksum: 7ea91ee570c997cb17e15b80242eeaa3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-30 / The present work was to carry out a study on the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in arrays synthesized from a commercial clay mineral formed by a mixture of dolomite and quartz. To produce the ion exchange matrix were made using aqueous solutions of salts of cobalt II chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2.6H2O) II cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate (Cd (NO3)2.4H2O) I mercuric chloride (HgCl) nitrate and chromium III pentahydrate (Cr (NO3)3.5H2O). The arrays were subjected to hydrogen sulphide gas passage for one hour. To check the amount of gas adsorbed was used gravimetric process. The best result was in the adsorption matrix doped with cadmium and the solution retained for a longer time than the largest amount of H2S was the cobalt matrix. The matrix unmodified exhibited poor adsorption capacity. The characterization of the matrices were used XRD, XRF and IV. Mother with cadmium showed a high capacity in ion exchange, because the percentage of cadmium increased from 0% to 81.38% by replacing atoms of calcium and silicon which increased from 96.54% to 17.56% and 15, 72% to 0.32%, respectively, but also the best performance in adsorption of H2S adsorbing 11.89507 mg per gram of matrix / O presente trabalho teve como finalidade realizar um estudo sobre a capacidade de adsor??o de g?s sulf?drico(H2S) em matrizes sintetizadas a partir de um argilomineral comercial formado por uma mistura de dolomita e quartzo. Para produzir as matrizes foram feitas trocas i?nicas utilizando as solu??es aquosas dos sais: cloreto de cobalto II hexaidratado(CoCl2.6H2O), nitrato de c?dmio II tetraidratado (Cd(NO3)2.4H2O), cloreto de merc?rio I (HgCl) e nitrato de cromo III pentaidratado(Cr(NO3)3.5H2O). As matrizes foram submetidas a passagem de g?s sulf?drico durante uma hora. Para verificar a quantidade de g?s adsorvido foi utilizado o processo de gravimetria. O melhor resultado na adsor??o foi com a matriz dopada com a solu??o de c?dmio e a que reteve por mais tempo a maior quantidade de H2S, foi a matriz com cobalto. A matriz n?o modificada apresentou uma fraca capacidade de adsor??o. Na caracteriza??o das matrizes foram utilizadas an?lises de DRX, FRX e IV. A matriz com c?dmio apresentou uma alta capacidade na troca i?nica, pois a porcentagem de c?dmio passou de 0% para 81,38%, substituindo ?tomos de c?lcio e de sil?cio que passaram de 96,54% para 17,56% e de 15,72% para 0,32%, respectivamente, como tamb?m, o melhor desempenho na adsor??o, adsorvendo 11,89507mg de H2S por grama de matriz

Dans le cadre des recherches sur l'aval du cycle du combustible et des projets de transmutation de l'américium, un procédé innovant de fabrication de Couvertures Chargées en Américium (CCAm) a été développé. Ce procédé, intitulé CRMP (Calcined Resin Microsphere Pelletization), vise la fabrication de pastilles d'oxyde mixte uranium-américium par une voie non conventionnelle de métallurgie des sphérules. Il consiste à produire des pastilles par pressage et frittage de précurseurs d'oxyde sous la forme de microsphères millimétriques obtenues par minéralisation de perles de résines échangeuses d'ions chargées en cations uranium et américium. L'avantage d'un tel procédé par rapport à la métallurgie conventionnelle des poudres est de s'affranchir de la problématique des fines particules disséminantes et contaminantes et de faciliter les opérations de transfert de matière lors de la phase de mise en forme. Le procédé a d'abord été optimisé et validé pour la production de pastilles d'oxyde de cérium. Des pastilles d'oxyde d'uranium de microstructure contrôlée, dense ou poreuse, ont ensuite été produites dans le but de répondre aux spécifications envisagées pour les CCAm. Dans une troisième phase, le procédé a été appliqué avec succès à la synthèse de microsphères d'oxydes mixtes monophasés de type U1-xCexO2±δ (0,1≤x≤0,3) qui ont servi à l'élaboration de pastilles de céramiques d'oxydes mixtes. La faisabilité technique du procédé CRMP a été finalement validée à l'échelle d'une pastille U0,9Am0,1O2±δ de microstructure homogène et de densité égale à 95 % de la densité théorique. / In the framework of research on the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle, and notably projects on transmutation of americium (Am), an innovative manufacturing process of Minor Actinides Bearing Blanket (MABB) has been developed.This process, called CRMP (Calcined Resin Microsphere Pelletization), consists in the production of mixed uranium-americium oxide pellets by a non-conventional route involving microspheres. Pellets are produced by pressing and sintering oxide precursors in the form of millimetric beads obtained by mineralization of ion exchange resin loaded with uranium and americium cations. The advantage of such a process compared to conventional powder metallurgy is to overcome the problem of the handling of very fine powders.The method was first validated and optimized for the production of ceria pellets. Then uranium dioxide pellets with tailored microstructure (dense or porous) were produced in order to reach the required specifications for MABB. In a third phase, the process has been applied to the synthesis of single-phase mixed oxide microspheres composed of U1-xCexO2±δ (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) and U0;9Am0.1O2±δ. The technical feasibility of CRMP process has been validated for the production of dense mixed oxide pellets by pressing and sintering these microspheres. A U0, 9Am0,1O2±δ pellet with homogeneous microstructure with a density equals to 95 % of theoretical density was successfully produced using CRMP process.

O método cromatográfico de troca iônica, em colunas de resina foi empregado no estudo do enriquecimento isotópico de 10B e H3 10BO3. Em dois sistemas cromatográficos de colunas (S1: seis colunas de acrílico de 1800 mm de comprimento e 70 mm de diâmetro interno; S2: seis colunas de acrílico de 1800 mm de comprimento e 30 mm de diâmetro interno) foi estudado a separação do isótopo 10B, no equilíbrio envolvendo ácido bórico em solução aquosa e íons borato adsorvidos em resina aniônica do tipo amônio quaternário (Dowex 1X8), 100 - 200 \"mesh\". Os sistemas de produção de H3 10BO3 foram avaliados individualmente e em processo cascata, com transferência de 10B entre os dois sistemas. As determinações de B no presente trabalho foram avaliadas por espectrometria de massas com plasma e espetrometria de massas por termoionização. No sistema S1 de colunas após 243 m (135 DBC) de deslocamento foi possível obter um enriquecimento médio, nos últimos 20 cm, de 40 % em átomos de 10B, correspondendo a 2830 mg de H3 10BO3. Essa massa foi transferida (interação) para o sistema S2 de colunas que apresentava, nos últimos 20 cm da banda, enriquecimento médio de 47,8 % em átomos de 10B e essa nova banda cromatográfica foi deslocada por 21,6 m, obtendo-se no último centímetro da banda (1 - 0 cm) da fração enriquecida 82 % em átomos de 10B. O fator de fracionamento (\'alfa\') e a altura equivalente de uma placa teórica dos isótopos estáveis de B (10B e 11B) foi determinado como sendo 1,0245 e 0,30 cm, respectivamente / The chromatographic method of ion exchange resin in columns was used to study the isotopic enrichment of 10B and H3 10BO3. In two column chromatographic systems (S1: six acrylic columns 1800 mm length and 70 mm diameter; S2: six acrylic columns 1800 mm length and 30 mm diameter) was studied 10B isotope separation in equilibrium involving aqueous boric acid and borate ions adsorbed on anionic resin of the quaternary ammonium type (Dowex 1X8) 100-200 \"mesh\". The production systems H3 10BO3 were evaluated individually and in cascade process with 10B transfer between both systems. The measurements of B in this study were evaluated by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry. In the S1 columns system displacement after 243 m (135 DBC) was possible obtain an medium enrichment in the last 20 cm, of 40 % atoms 10B, corresponding to 2830 mg of H310BO3. This mass was transferred to the S2 column system which have introduced in the last 20 cm of the band medium enrichment of 47,8 atom% 10B and this new band chromatography was displaced 21,6 m, thus obtaining the last centimeter band (1-0 cm) from enriched fraction 82 % atoms 10B. The fractionation factor (\'alfa\') and the Height Equivalent of Theoretical Plate (HETP) of stable isotopes of B (10B and 11B) was determined like being 1,0245 and 0,30 cm, respectively

A análise química de solo fornece suporte para o manejo de sua fertilidade, por meio de extratores que visam determinar o grau de suficiência ou deficiência de nutrientes no solo. As metodologias que avaliam a disponibilidade de fósforo (P) certamente são as que apresentam as maiores controvérsias devido, principalmente, à complexidade do comportamento do nutriente no solo. No Brasil, os métodos mais utilizados para avaliar a disponibilidade de P em solos agricultáveis são Mehlich e resina de troca iônica. O método que emprega tiras de papel de filtro impregnadas com óxido de ferro (Papel-Pi) possui princípio semelhante ao da resina, no entanto é pouco utilizado no Brasil. Devido à deficiência generalizada de nutrientes nos solos brasileiros o gesso agrícola constitui-se um insumo adequado para minimizar condições adversas. Porém, foram relatados problemas na avaliação da disponibilidade de P em solos com elevados teores de gesso (gipsíferos) devido à reação deste com o íon bicarbonato (HCO3 -), presente na solução Olsen ou na resina de troca iônica, formando carbonato de cálcio que precipita e/ou adsorve o P disponível. Nestas situações os teores de P tendem a ser subestimados. Em solos ácidos, onde o gesso é amplamente utilizado, não há relatos sobre este problema. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho estudar a interferência do gesso na disponibilidade de P em solos ácidos, sendo conduzidos quatro experimentos. Em três experimentos de incubação aplicaram-se tratamentos com doses variando de 0 até 75 g kg-1 de fosfogesso, gipsita ou gesso puro, além de doses de P na forma de superfosfato triplo (SFT) ou fosfato natural reativo (FNR). Foram utilizadas amostras de cinco solos com características químicas e físicas variadas. Foi conduzido um experimento com doses de fosfogesso em casa de vegetação cultivando-se milho. Avaliaram-se os teores de P nas amostras de solo pelos métodos da resina de troca iônica (saturada com NaHCO3), Mehlich e Papel-Pi, e no experimento de casa de vegetação, estes teores foram correlacionados com a produção de massa seca e com o P acumulado pelo milho. Em todas as situações estudadas o gesso interferiu na avaliação dos teores de P-resina, fato não observado para os teores de PMehlich e P-Papel-Pi. Confirmou-se a hipótese de que métodos que empregam HCO3 - podem subestimar os teores de P devido à interferência do gesso, naturalmente dos solos ou adicionado com a finalidade de corrigi-los. Houve boa correlação entre os teores de P-Papel-Pi e P-Mehlich, exceto quando utilizou-se FNR, pois a solução Mehlich superestimou estes valores devido à sua ação ácida. De forma geral, não houve boa correlação entre os teores de P no solo e a produção de massa seca e o P acumulado pelo milho, devido ao desenvolvimento irregular das plantas em função das maiores doses de fosfogesso. Portanto, confirmou-se que os problemas da interação do bicarbonato com o gesso, relatados até então para solos gipsíferos ou calcareos, podem ocorrer também em solos ácidos com aplicação de gesso. No entanto, notou-se claramente que a quantidade de gesso necessária para causar esta interferência supera as doses normalmente aplicadas. / The soil chemical analysis provides technical support for soil fertility management through methodologies aiming to evaluate the level of sufficiency or deficiency of nutrients. The methods used to evaluate the phosphorus (P) bioavailability are certainly the most controversial which is due, mainly, to the complex interactions of this nutrient in the soil. In Brazil, the most common methodologies to evaluate soil P bioavailability in agricultural soils are the Mehlich and the ion exchange resin. The method that uses filter paper strips impregnated with iron oxide (Pi paper) is very similar in principle to the ion exchange resin, but has not been adequately studied in Brazil. Due to general soil fertility problems, gypsum has been applied acting as a soil subsurface ameliorant and also to decrease high soil sodium contents. Although, problems have been detected when evaluating P bioavailability in soils with high contents of gypsum due to the reaction of bicarbonate (HCO3 -), contained in the Olsen solution or in the ion exchange resin, because of the precipitation of calcium carbonate. In these situations the levels of P tend to be underestimated. In acid soils, where gypsum is widely applied, there is no investigation and reports on this problem, which was the objective of this study. Four experiments were carried out. In three incubation experiments different combinations were tested of P rates varying from 0 to 75 g kg-1 of phosphogypsuym, gipsite or reagent grade gypsum and the P sources triple superphosphates and Arad phosphate rock (APR). Five soil samples with different chemical and physical properties were used. Also, a greenhouse experiment was carried out with two short corn crops submitted to rates of gypsum applied to the soil. The soil samples were analyzed by three different methodologies, i.e., the ion exchange resin with NaHCO3 -, Mehlich and Pi paper, and in the greenhouse experiment the soil contents by these different procedures were correlated with dry-matter yield and P uptake by the corn plants. In all situations the presence of gypsum did interfere in the P bioavailability by the resin method, with a clear trend to decrease the P contents. The hypothesis that methods that utilize the HCO3 - can underestimate the amounts of soil P due to the presence of gypsum, natural or added to soils, was once again confirmed. An adequate correlation was found between the amounts of P evaluated by the Pi Paper and the Mehlich procedure, except when the APR was used, once the Mehlich tended to overestimate the values due to its acidic condition. In general, there was no adequate relation between the soil P and corn dry-matter yield or P uptake, which was probably due to irregular development of plants in treatments where high rates of gypsum was applied. It was shown that the interaction of HCO3 - with gypsum, before only reported for soils high in gypsum, can also occur in acid soils but it was noticed that the amount of gypsum to cause the interference is generally higher than the rates normally used at field conditions.

O método cromatográfico de troca iônica, em colunas de resina foi empregado no estudo do enriquecimento isotópico de 10B e H3 10BO3. Em dois sistemas cromatográficos de colunas (S1: seis colunas de acrílico de 1800 mm de comprimento e 70 mm de diâmetro interno; S2: seis colunas de acrílico de 1800 mm de comprimento e 30 mm de diâmetro interno) foi estudado a separação do isótopo 10B, no equilíbrio envolvendo ácido bórico em solução aquosa e íons borato adsorvidos em resina aniônica do tipo amônio quaternário (Dowex 1X8), 100 - 200 \"mesh\". Os sistemas de produção de H3 10BO3 foram avaliados individualmente e em processo cascata, com transferência de 10B entre os dois sistemas. As determinações de B no presente trabalho foram avaliadas por espectrometria de massas com plasma e espetrometria de massas por termoionização. No sistema S1 de colunas após 243 m (135 DBC) de deslocamento foi possível obter um enriquecimento médio, nos últimos 20 cm, de 40 % em átomos de 10B, correspondendo a 2830 mg de H3 10BO3. Essa massa foi transferida (interação) para o sistema S2 de colunas que apresentava, nos últimos 20 cm da banda, enriquecimento médio de 47,8 % em átomos de 10B e essa nova banda cromatográfica foi deslocada por 21,6 m, obtendo-se no último centímetro da banda (1 - 0 cm) da fração enriquecida 82 % em átomos de 10B. O fator de fracionamento (\'alfa\') e a altura equivalente de uma placa teórica dos isótopos estáveis de B (10B e 11B) foi determinado como sendo 1,0245 e 0,30 cm, respectivamente / The chromatographic method of ion exchange resin in columns was used to study the isotopic enrichment of 10B and H3 10BO3. In two column chromatographic systems (S1: six acrylic columns 1800 mm length and 70 mm diameter; S2: six acrylic columns 1800 mm length and 30 mm diameter) was studied 10B isotope separation in equilibrium involving aqueous boric acid and borate ions adsorbed on anionic resin of the quaternary ammonium type (Dowex 1X8) 100-200 \"mesh\". The production systems H3 10BO3 were evaluated individually and in cascade process with 10B transfer between both systems. The measurements of B in this study were evaluated by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry. In the S1 columns system displacement after 243 m (135 DBC) was possible obtain an medium enrichment in the last 20 cm, of 40 % atoms 10B, corresponding to 2830 mg of H310BO3. This mass was transferred to the S2 column system which have introduced in the last 20 cm of the band medium enrichment of 47,8 atom% 10B and this new band chromatography was displaced 21,6 m, thus obtaining the last centimeter band (1-0 cm) from enriched fraction 82 % atoms 10B. The fractionation factor (\'alfa\') and the Height Equivalent of Theoretical Plate (HETP) of stable isotopes of B (10B and 11B) was determined like being 1,0245 and 0,30 cm, respectively

Swine production represents approximately 40% of the world's meat production, and swine wastes contain high concentrations of organic matter, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Swine production is intensifying as meat demand increases and concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are becoming increasingly common, making it difficult to treat the waste generated. A system for holistic treatment of swine waste produced in CAFOs was investigated in this study that sustainably generates energy and recovers N and P as saleable fertilizers. The system uses anaerobic digestion (AD) for methane production and solids stabilization, followed by precipitation of struvite (MgNH4PO4*6H2O) and recovery of N by ion exchange onto natural zeolites. This process is expected to mitigate both eutrophication of receiving waters and greenhouse-gas emissions while generating products that meet agronomic nutrient demands; however, the economic and environmental sustainability remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate water quality and the fate of nutrients and ions in each step in the proposed system through pilot and bench scale experiments, (2) evaluate content/quality of struvite precipitates formed in wastewater treatment processes, (3) assess basic composition of zeolite materials that are being considered for use as IX materials, (4) quantify the environmental impact of the proposed system, and (5) estimate the economic benefits and costs of the proposed system. The results of a bench scale evaluation of the system show that although water quality greatly improves throughout the treatment process, the effluent water quality has high concentrations of COD (2,803 mg O2/L) and E. coli (106.3 CFU/100ml). This limits reuse options for the reclaimed water, however a variety of on-farm applications may be suitable. During struvite precipitation, the recovery efficiency of SRP was 87% (60 mg/L recovered); however, although measurements that take into account P in suspended solids show a lower recovery efficiency, they also show higher mass recovery (77% efficiency, 66 mg/L recovered). N recovery during struvite precipitation showed a similar trend, with 49% of TN and 7% of NH4-N being recovered. Struvite recovery can only occur from NH4-N and soluble reactive P. The additional recovery observed is likely due to adsorption of the nutrients onto the precipitate. Therefore, to accurately measure and report recovery, measurements of N and P that take into account suspended solids should be used. In most wastes, magnesium is the limiting constituent for struvite formation, but for swine AD effluents, P is the limiting constituent. Therefore, a higher soluble P concentration would increase recovery potential. The majority of the remaining N and P as well as a significant amount of potassium (K) were recovered during IX. Six struvites from commercial processes as well as our bench-scale experiments were assessed and compared by X-ray diffraction, SEM imaging, and SEM-EDX scans. All samples were confirmed as struvite by XRD, however they varied widely in crystal size and shape. The elemental composition of the samples was similar; however, struvite formed from phosphate mining waste had higher amounts Mg and P, indicating more pure struvite formation. The presence of impurities in some samples was likely due to the reactor design and solids separation methods. XRD was also used to confirm the identity of zeolites. Three clinoptilolites had similar crystal size and elemental composition except for Zeosand [reg] which showed a surface roughness, which likely contributes to higher cation exchange capacity. Chabazite has smaller crystal size and larger pores than clinoptilolite, which also likely contributes to its higher capacity. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to evaluate the environmental sustainability of the system and the results suggested that environmental benefits were provided across almost all impact categories. Two alternatives for raising the pH in struvite precipitation (NaOH addition vs. aeration) and two alternatives for zeolite IX materials (chabazite vs. clinoptilolite) were assessed, but there were negligible differences between alternatives. The system was also assessed at a medium and large scale, and the large scale was more environmentally friendly across all categories. Operational impacts were significantly greater than construction impacts; therefore, the environmental impact of the system can be accurately assessed by only including operation. A life cycle cost assessment (LCCA) was also performed on the system and showed a payback period of 39 years for a medium sized system and 15 years for a large size. This, however, is when compared to a "business-as-usual" scenario and does not consider renewable energy credits or government grants. Furthermore, although a larger system is more economically beneficial, this must be balanced with quality of animal care. From a cost standpoint, IX recovery using chabazite is not recommended and struvite precipitation using aeration is more economically beneficial than NaOH addition.