The Internet of Things (IoT) is comprised of numerous devices that are connected through wired or wireless networks, including sensors and actuators. The number of IoT applications has recently increased dramatically, including Smart Homes, Internet of Vehicles (IoV), Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Smart Cities, and Wearables. IoT Analytics has reported that the number of connected devices is expected to grow 18% to 14.4 billion in 2022 and will be 27 billion by 2025. Security is a critical issue in today's IoT, due to the nature of the architecture, the types of devices, the different methods of communication (mainly wireless), and the volume of data being transmitted over the network. Furthermore, security will become even more important as the number of devices connected to the IoT increases. However, devices can protect themselves and detect threats with the Intrusion Detection System (IDS). IDS typically use one of two approaches: anomaly-based or signature-based. In this thesis, we define the problems and the particular requirements of securing the IoT environments, and we have proposed a Deep Learning (DL) anomaly-based model with optimal features selection to detect the different potential attacks in IoT environments. We then compare the performance results with other works that have been used for similar tasks. We also employ the idea of reinforcement learning to combine the two different IDS approaches (i.e., anomaly-based and signature-based) to enable the model to detect known and unknown IoT attacks and classify the recognized attacked into five classes: Denial of Service (DDoS), Probe, User-to-Root (U2R), Remote-to-Local (R2L), and Normal traffic. We have also shown the effectiveness of two trending machine-learning techniques, Federated and Transfer learning (FL/TL), over using the traditional centralized Machine and Deep Learning (ML/DL) algorithms. Our proposed models improve the model's performance, increase the learning speed, reduce the amount of data that needs to be trained, and reserve user data privacy when compared with the traditional learning approaches. The proposed models are implemented using the three benchmark datasets generated by the Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity (CIC), NSL-KDD, CICIDS2017, and the CSE-CIC-IDS2018. The performance results were evaluated in different metrics, including Accuracy, Detection Rate (DR), False Alarm Rate (FAR), Sensitivity, Specificity, F-measure, and training and fine-tuning times.

Antennas are one of the most sensitive elements in any wireless communication equipment. Designing small-profile, multiband and wideband internal antennas with a simple structure has become a necessary challenge. In this thesis, two planar antennas are designed, simulated and implemented on an effort to cover the LTE-M1 and NB-IoT radio frequencies. The cellular antenna is designed to receive and transmit data over the eight-band LTE700/GSM/UMTS, and the GNSS antenna is designed to receive signal from the global positioning system and global navigation systems, GPS (USA) and GLONASS. The antennas are suitable for direct print on the system circuit board of a device. Related theory and research work are discussed and referenced, providing a strong configuration for future use. Recommendations and suggestions on future work are also discussed. The proposed antenna system is more than promising and with further adjustments and refinement can lead to a fully working solution.

Diploma thesis deals with the implementation of LTE Cat-M1 technology in simulator NS--3 (Network Simulator 3). The theoretical part of the thesis summarizes key terms concerning IoT (Internet of Things), M2M (Machine-to-Machine) communication, LTE (Long Term Evolution) and LPWA (Low-Power Wide Area) networks. The practical part summarizes the possibilities of currently available modules for cellular technologies for NS-3, ie. the LENA module and the subsequent extension of LENA+ and ELENA. Simulation scenarios offer a comparison of LTE/LTE-A and LTE Cat-M1 (also known as eMTC - enhanced Machine Type Communication) technologies for M2M communication. The results of the simulations are well-arranged in the form of graphs and discussed at the end of the thesis.

[ES] En los últimos años, Internet de las cosas (``Internet of Things'' o ``IoT'') ha evolucionado de ser simplemente un concepto académico, construido alrededor de protocolos de comunicación y dispositivos, a ser un ecosistema con aplicaciones industriales y de negocio con implicaciones tecnológicas y sociales sin precedentes. Gracias a las nuevas redes de acceso inalámbricas emergentes, sensores mejorados y sistemas embebidos con procesadores cada vez más eficientes y baratos, una gran cantidad de objetos (tanto de nuestra vida cotidiana como de sistemas y procesos industriales) están interconectados entre sí, trasladando la información del mundo físico a las aplicaciones y servicios de Internet. A través de las pasarelas IoT los dispositivos que interactúan con el mundo físico son capaces de conectarse a las redes de comunicación e intercambiar información. Son varios los retos que deben afrontar las pasarelas en su papel dentro del Internet de las Cosas, entre ellas, la escalabilidad, seguridad, la gestión de dispositivos y, recientemente, la interoperabilidad. La falta de interoperabilidad entre los dispositivos provoca importantes problemas tecnológicos y empresariales, tales como la imposibilidad de conectar dispositivos IoT no interoperables a plataformas IoT heterogéneas, la imposibilidad de desarrollar aplicaciones IoT que exploten múltiples plataformas en dominios homogéneos y/o cruzados, la lentitud en la introducción de la tecnología IoT a gran escala, el desánimo en la adopción de la tecnología IoT, el aumento de los costes, la escasa reutilización de las soluciones técnicas y la insatisfacción de los usuarios. El propósito de esta tesis doctoral es la búsqueda de una solución óptima para la interoperabilidad entre dispositivos de Internet de las Cosas mediante la definición de una pasarela IoT genérica, modular y extensible; sin dejar de lado aspectos esenciales como la seguridad, escalabilidad y la calidad de servicio. Se completa esta tesis doctoral con una implementación software de la pasarela IoT siguiendo la definición propuesta, así como el despliegue y la evaluación de los resultados obtenidos en numerosos casos de uso pertenecientes a pilotos del proyecto de investigación Europeo ``INTER-IoT'' financiado a través del programa marco Horizonte 2020. / [CA] En els últims anys, Internet de les coses (``Internet of Things'' o ``IoT'') ha evolucionat de ser simplement un concepte acadèmic, construït al voltant de protocols de comunicació i dispositius, a ser un ecosistema amb aplicacions industrials i de negoci amb implicacions tecnològiques i socials sense precedents. Gràcies a les noves xarxes d'accés ``wireless'' emergents, sensors millorats i sistemes embeguts amb processadors cada vegada més eficients i barats, una gran quantitat d'objectes (tant de la nostra vida quotidiana com de sistemes i processos industrials) estan interconnectats entre si, traslladant la informació del món físic a les aplicacions i serveis d'Internet. A través de les passarel·les IoT els dispositius que interactuen amb el món físic són capaços de connectar-se a les xarxes de comunicació i intercanviar informació. Són diversos els reptes que han d'afrontar les passarel·les en el seu paper dins de la Internet de les Coses, entre elles, l'escalabilitat, seguretat, la gestió de dispositius i, recentment, la interoperabilitat. La falta d'interoperabilitat entre els dispositius provoca importants problemes tecnològics i empresarials, com ara la impossibilitat de connectar dispositius IoT no interoperables a plataformes IoT heterogènies, la impossibilitat de desenvolupar aplicacions IoT que exploten múltiples plataformes en dominis homogenis i/o croats, la lentitud en la introducció de la tecnologia IoT a gran escala, el descoratjament en l'adopció de la tecnologia IoT, l'augment dels costos, l'escassa reutilització de les solucions tècniques i la insatisfacció dels usuaris. El propòsit d'aquesta tesi doctoral és la cerca d'una solució òptima per a la interoperabilitat entre dispositius d'Internet de les Coses mitjançant la definició d'una passarel·la IoT genèrica, modular i extensible; sense deixar de costat aspectes essencials com la seguretat, escalabilitat i la qualitat de servei. Es completa aquesta tesi doctoral amb una implementació programari de la passarel·la IoT seguint la definició proposada, així com el desplegament i l'avaluació dels resultats obtinguts en nombrosos casos d'ús pertanyents a pilots del projecte d'investigació Europeu ``INTER-IoT'' finançat a través del programa marc Horitzó 2020. / [EN] In recent years, the Internet of Things (``IoT") has evolved from being simply an academic concept, built around communication protocols and devices, to an ecosystem with industrial and business applications with unprecedented technological and social implications. Thanks to new emerging wireless access networks, improved sensors and embedded systems with increasingly efficient and inexpensive processors, a large number of objects (both in our daily lives and in industrial systems and processes) are interconnected with each other, moving information from the physical world to Internet applications and services. Through IoT gateways, devices that interact with the physical world are able to connect to communication networks and exchange information. There are several challenges that gateways must face in their role within the Internet of Things, including scalability, security, device management and, recently, interoperability. The lack of interoperability between devices causes major technological and business problems, such as the impossibility of connecting non-interoperable IoT devices to heterogeneous IoT platforms, the impossibility of developing IoT applications that exploit multiple platforms in homogeneous and/or cross-domains, the slow introduction of IoT technology on a large scale, discouragement in the adoption of IoT technology, increased costs, low utilization of technical solutions and user dissatisfaction. The purpose of this doctoral thesis is the search for an optimal solution for interoperability between Internet of Things devices by defining a generic, modular and extensible IoT gateway; without neglecting essential aspects such as security, scalability and quality of service. This doctoral Thesis is completed with a software implementation of the IoT gateway following the proposed definition, as well as the deployment and evaluation of the results obtained in numerous use cases belonging to the pilots of the European research project ``INTER-IoT'' funded through the Horizon 2020 framework program. / Esta tesis doctoral se completa con una implementación software de la pasarela IoT siguiendo la definición propuesta, así como el despliegue y la evaluación de los resultados obtenidos en numerosos casos de uso pertenecientes a pilotos del proyecto de investigación Europeo “INTER-IoT” financiado a través del programa marco Horizonte 2020. / Olivares Gorriti, E. (2022). Especificación y desarrollo de una pasarela física y virtual para interoperabilidad de dispositivos heterogéneos en el ámbito de Internet de las Cosas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/181492 / TESIS

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Abstract Embedded systems are involved more and more into our daily lives thanks to the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT). An important step in this development is the communication between the systems that been used. The possibilities of sending data in a compressed format based on a protocol standard and use a server with built-in functions, can be a good basis for complex system solutions constructed in Internet of Things (IoT). The simple protocol Messages Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is described to be a protocol that minimizes any bottlenecks in the Machine - To - Machine (M2M) communications while it offers a number of implementing security solutions as data encryption, unique user credentials (username and password) And authentication thereof, and three different Quality of Service (QoS) levels since the data is transmitted over TCP / IP. Along with this server solution is examined in this report, the ability to implement the protocol in a real communication between the development board and an Android mobile application, where the data handled by the broker HiveMQ and stored in a MySQL database and then transferred via a web server to the mobile application. The purpose of the report is therefore to examine the implementations possibility for MQTT in a real scenario with the broker HiveMQ. Where the project resulted in a complete communications solution that corresponds to the protocol can be implemented as well as a theoretical explanation of the security solutions that can be taken to and how well the protocol can scale in a theoretical example. During the work, the development board CC3200 LaunchPad used as target platform. Keywords: CC3200 LaunchPad, HiveMQ, Broker, SQL, Android

Today communicating sensors are everywhere. There are sensors in our smart phones, in our vehicles, even in our homes. As the technology in electronics and wireless communication is developed more devices is installed all around us. The Internet connected network of physical objects is called the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT devices send, receive and exchange data in order to control, monitor and optimize. The possible appliances for IoT spans industries, healthcare, cities, airports, and much more. This project targets the current state of IoT, how the development of IoT might affect building services engineering and possible future IoT appliances in buildings. The main appliances of IoT in buildings are energy saving procedures, maintenance improvements, chore automation and security enhancements. Energy saving in buildings has been a hot topic for many years due to global warming. IoT offers the possibility to reduce greenhouse gases, not only locally but also on a grander scheme. This project investigate possible energy savings by assuming that IoT can create an optimal ventilation and heating schedules. The analysis is carried out by simulating energy consumption in an apartment building using IDA ICE. The apartment building used as a reference model is located in Lycksele, Sweden. The result shows a modest energy saving of 100 kWh/apartment for heating and 250 kWh/apartment for ventilation optimization. The conclusion is that energy saving potential of IoT lies in interoperability between devices and the possibility to find correlations between data, not in individual optimizations. The main focus of IoT today in the building sector is to assist facility management with supervision of real estate. Sensors that send information about the state of devices decreases the supervision time of operating technicians. It's fundamental for facility management companies to cooperate with building engineering companies in order to avoid a constant change of batteries in IoT devices installed in buildings. By settle necessary power connections during the construction phase of a building the need for batteries is limited.

The newly defined NB-IoT standard currently lacks a toolkit and simulator. In order to develop algorithms for this new standard there is a need for channels and signals as reference during tests. MATLAB is commonly used for testing LTE signals and therefore the toolkit was developed in this environment. The toolkit focuses primarily on the Layer 1-relevant functionality of NB-IoT, the grid generation, encoding, rate-matching and modulation of channels. The simulator focuses on testing the developed toolkit in a virtual LTE NB-IoT environment. The virtual environment attempts to emulate a base station and a terminal. The path followed is scheduling, channel processing, grid generation, QPSK and OFDM modulation through a modeled channel, OFDM demodulation, channel estimation, equalisation, QPSK demodulation and reversal of channel processing. The simulator tests primarily the NPDSCH channel implementations. Measurements of bit error and block error rates were made and it was concluded that they follow the expected trends. More testing is required to validate the remaining channels. A sector equaliser and an interpolating equaliser were tested by measuring block error rate and checking constellation diagrams and it was concluded that the performance of the interpolation equaliser is more consistent. In order to improve the equalisation further the noise estimation must be reworked.

This thesis focuses on securing data exchanged between highly constrained IoT devices and the internet. This thesis builds on existing research by combining elements of different research solutions to create a more secure solution. This solution helps to solve gaps in security left behind by existing solutions through the use of symmetric cryptography in data objects and IoT security gateways which act as intermediaries between devices and the internet. The goal of this research is to provide a security solution for devices which do not have the resources necessary to effectively implement the recommended TLS based protocols for secure communication over the internet. The solution provides confidentiality to data traveling between device and gateway while also providing confidentiality, integrity and authenticity to data traveling across the internet. The solution works by delegating demanding security processes to an IoT security gateway which securely processes communications to and from the internet using HTTPS (SSL/TLS). Security of data being passed between device and gateway is provided with AES symmetric encryption at the Data Link and Data Object layers. The performance of the solution is measured by timing the security process of the IoT device while also measuring the resource requirements of applying the solution to the device. / <p>Validerat; 20150622 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>

With the significant improvement in IoT technology and smart devices, data collection and distributed computation have led a foundation for Mobile crowd-sensing (MCS). MCS utilizes the capabilities of embedded sensors in smart devices for gathering data. MCS benefits both data provider (participant/user), and data requester, i.e. data providers via incentives/rewards, data requesters by delivering required data. Apart from the benefits gained through acquiring data, confronting challenges such as participant privacy, data trustworthiness, malicious attacks (from illegitimate users) need to be addressed to build robust and reliable data solicitation. In addition to that, it is necessary to consider user motivation and user preference, comfort during its engagement in crowd-sensing. User preferences/constraints can be due to privacy concerns in terms of location, the sensitivity of data or energy usage and many more. With this in mind, the main contributions of the thesis can be listed as follows. 1) We design user selective trustworthy data acquisition frameworks. We introduce a variety of user selection criteria to form participant communities based on participants reliability and income. To evaluate the trustworthiness of our selective reputation-based data acquisition, we consider malicious users in the environment and calculate the total rewards given to malicious users. Simulations results show that community formation based on the acquired income of participants ended up with a substantial loss to the cloud platform as well as participants. Contrary to that, reputation-based community formation has shown nearly equal platform utility (profit), negligible loss of user utility compared to benchmark Non-selective data acquisition with 7% malicious probability. 2) Moreover, we attempt to enable users to modify (allow/deny access to) their builtin sensor set according to their comfort levels. We formulate three comfort levels high (only allow access to sensors that would not directly reveal personal identity such as accelerometer, light sensor, etc.), moderate (obstruct access to sensitive data, e.g. camera), zero comfort (allow access to all users). We introduce Static modification, where users pre-arrange their sensor set before the start of data collection. Our feasibility study shows that pre-arrangement of the sensor set favours user comfort, user utility at the cost of loss in platform utility and performs better than selective reputation-based recruitment for the considered settings. 3) We apply Adaptive sensor modification on top of pre-arrangement of sensor set through which participants are authorized to re-arrange their sensor availability based on reliability scores. Simulation results show that the Adaptive comfort-aware approach performed better than static in terms of platform utility and achieved comparatively better user comfort with reasonable loss in user utility.