In many natural forests, forest managers fell and debark spruces (Picea abies) colonised by theEuropean spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) to prevent the beetle from spreading to other tree stands. The aim of this study was to examine how this method affects the biodiversity of other saproxylic beetle species. Eclector traps were installed on debarked and non-debarked dead spruces of four different ages in four nature reserves to compare the richness and composition of saproxylic beetles. The results indicated that a significantly higher number of species and individuals emerged from standing dead trees with bark compared to debarked logs. The highest emergence of species and individuals occurred in one-year-old standing trees with bark. There was a significant interaction between the type and the age of wood, suggesting thatthe richness declined with the aging of wood with bark, while it remained constantly low in debarked logs. The species composition varied greatly between standing trees with bark and debarked logs, as well as between standing trees with bark of different ages. This study demonstrated that debarking spruces as a pest control method reduces the diversity of nontarget saproxylic beetle species. Potential reasons behind that could be the hardening and drying of consumable parts of the wood, rendering it inhabitable for many saproxylic organisms, as well as the presence of the European spruce bark beetle itself, which is associated with many other species.

Shaping of students' attitudes in geographical education - the issue of Ips typographus outbreaks Abstract The diploma thesis deals with shaping the students' attitudes by utilising various texts during the geography classes. This experiment is shown on particular problem of Spruce Bark Beetle in the National Park of Šumava. There are two main streams towards this issue of Spruce Bark Beetle-one of them promotes the idea of incorporating the human intervention, while reducing the disaster, the other follows the opposite attitude towards the outbreak of the Spruce Bark Beetle, and that is not to intervene at all and to leave the destructed vegetation to regenerate. The backbone of the thesis is represented by a survey that aims at finding attitudes towards the problem mentioned above. Moreover, the survey also questions the way the attitudes change depending on critical reading of distinctive texts. Two main questions are posed in this research. The results are graphically depicted and commented upon in the thesis. The research shows the extent to which it is possible to influence the students' opinion utilising quality study texts. Key words: Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus), National park Šumava, Spruce Bark Beetle outbreak, geographical education, critical thinking, active reading, shaping of attitudes

Linked to climate change, drivers such as increased temperatures and decreased water availability affect forest health in complex ways by simultaneously weakening tree vitality and promoting insect pest activity. One major beneficiary of climate-induced changes is the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus). To improve the mechanistic understanding of climate change impacts on long-term beetle infestation risks, individual-based simulation models (IBM) such as the bark beetle dispersion model IPS-SPREADS have been proven as effective tools. However, the computational costs of IBMs limit their spatial scale of application. While these tools are best suitable to simulate bark beetle dynamics on the plot level, upscaling the process to larger areas is challenging. The larger spatial scale is, nevertheless, often required to support the selection of adequate management intervention. Here, we introduce a novel two-step approach to address this challenge: (1) we use the IPS-SPREADS model to simulate the bark beetle dispersal at a local scale by dividing the research area into 250 × 250 m grid cells; and (2) we then apply a metamodel framework to upscale the results to the landscape level. The metamodel is based on Markov chains derived from the infestation probabilities of IPS-SPREADS results and extended by considering neighbor interaction and spruce dieback of each focal cell. We validated the metamodel by comparing its predictions with infestations observed in 2017 and 2018 in the Saxon Switzerland national park, Germany, and tested sanitation felling as a measure to prevent potential further outbreaks in the region. Validation showed an improvement in predictions by introducing the model extension of beetle spreading from one cell to another. The metamodel forecasts indicated an increase in the risk of infestation for adjacent forest areas. In case of a beetle mass outbreak, sanitation felling intensities of 80 percent and above seem to mitigate further outbreak progression.

The effectiveness of countermeasures (pheromone traps or trap trees) and its combination in reliance with either spring or summer generation of spruce bark beetle in areas with differentiated calamitous base were surveyed in the summer of 2012--2014 in the district of Krasov, Forest Management of the town Albrechtice. During the spring swarm the combination with equal number of each countermeasure (50 TT /50 PT) seemed to be the most effective. In the summer swarm, the ratio with dominant number of trap trees (75 TT /25 PT) was more effective, closely followed by the ratio with dominant number of pheromone traps (25 TT /75 PT).

The diploma thesis deals with the issues of the spruce monocultures in the relation to the incidence of the bark beetle (Ips typographus) in the Šumava National park. The aim of the thesis is not only to unify and arrange the information, but also find out the level of knowledge about this topic among the pupils of the ninth grade of the basic school. The work also shows the level of knowledge of the pupils about the related problems and what are their opinions and suggested solutions. The thesis is divided into the theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part consists of eight chapters, that are devoted to the history of the Šumava forests, pine tree monocultures with the closer focus on the Norway spruce (Picea abies), the differences among the "natural" and "economical" forest and to the uniqueness of the Boubín primeval forest. In one of the chapters we get information about the huriccane Kyrill and its effects on the Šumava forests and followed by the information about the bark beetle calamities and about the bark beetle on its own. The last two chapters are devoted the solution of the current situation in the Šumava forests and their future perspectives. The practical part of the thesis contains mainly of the questionnaire survey proceeded among the pupils of the ninth grade of the...

Terpenes and phenols are of importance in conifer defense against insects and pathogens. Knowledge about tree chemical defense is vital for developing practical methods to maintain healthy forests. With the aims of characterizing the defensive chemical induction in Norway spruce Picea abies and demonstrating its ecological function to spruce bark beetle Ips typographus, we measured the terpenoid and phenolic content in the bark of mature Norway spruce trees suffering windstorm, inoculated with Ceratocystis polonica, or treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and investigated the colonization and pheromone emission of I. typographus. All three stressors altered the chemical profile in the bark of Norway spruce. Trees damaged by windstorm had lower proportions of (+)-3-carene and two unidentified stilbenes, and a higher taxifolin glycoside content than trees without apparent windstorm damage; C. polonica inoculation induced extremely strong quantitative terpene accumulation in the wound reaction zone, but only increased the levels of (+)-3-carene, sabinene and terpinolene in the bark near the reaction zone; MeJA treatment generally elicited quantitative terpene accumulation, but the induction differed extensively between individual trees. In addition, logs from MeJA-treated tree showed much stronger wounding response compared to control logs. The chemical profile of Norway spruce affected the colonization and pheromone emission of I. typographus. In response to fungal inoculation, terpene present in the reaction zone inhibited the colonization of I. typographus in a dose-dependent manner. Host defense elicited by MeJA treatment reduced emissions of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and (S)-cis-verbenol, the two key aggregation pheromone components of I. typographus, and altered the ratio between the two components. / QC 20110503

Dans l’hémisphère Nord, le climat des deux derniers millions d’années a été marqué par une alternance de périodes froides et de brefs intervalles chauds. Cette succession d’évènements a laissé des traces durables au niveau de l’arrangement spatial de la diversité et de la structure génétique au sein des espèces.<p>En décrivant la répartition spatiale des lignées d’une espèce au moyen d’informations génétiques, la phylogéographie vise à identifier les processus évolutifs responsables de cette répartition. La phylogéographie comparée permet de gagner en compréhension en confrontant les patrons de variation génétique présents chez plusieurs espèces codistribuées :en étudiant des espèces partageant une même histoire au moyen de plusieurs sources d’information indépendantes (par exemple, plusieurs fragments d’ADN ou des données bioclimatiques historiques externes), il est possible de mettre en évidence des éléments de cette histoire commune tels que des refuges glaciaires ou des routes de recolonnisation post-glaciaires. Par contre, il est aussi possible que les caractéristiques biologiques intrinsèques à chaque espèce, telles que des stratégies dispersives ou reproductives différentes, engendrent une différenciation dans la structure et la diversité de cette variation génétique. <p>Dans cette thèse de doctorat nous nous sommes intéressés à deux espèces inféodées à un même hôte (Picea abies) et appartenant à une même sous-famille taxonomique (Coleoptera :Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Il sagit du typographe, Ips typographus et du dendroctone, Dendroctonus micans. Au moyen de plusieurs fragments génétiques spécialement identifiés pour cette étude ainsi que par le recours à des modèles bioclimatiques et des tests statistiques basés sur la théorie de la coalescence, nous avons étudié la phylogéographie de ces espèces.<p>Les résultats obtenus au cours de ce travail ont permis de mettre en évidence l’influence contrastée de stratégies écologiques différentes sur l’arrangement de la variation génétique. Une espèce opportuniste aux capacités de dispersion élevées telle qu’I. typographus présente un patron génétique peu structuré (des variants génétiques appelés haplotypes sont présents dans des régions très disparates) et un degré de polymorphisme nucléaire relativement élevé. Au contraire, une espèce parasitique adaptée à un environnement stable et caractérisée par une stratégie de dispersion limitée telle que D. micans présente un patron génétique très structuré (un nombre restreints et spécifiques d’haplotypes sont observés dans des régions géographiquement proches) et un degré de polymorphisme nucléaire dramatiquement faible.<p>Par ailleurs la comparaison de nos résultats à ceux de leur hôte, l’épicéa, ainsi qu’à ceux d’autres espèces partageant une même niche écologique (ex. Rhizophagus grandis), nous a permis de mettre en évidence des éléments communs dans l’histoire de ces espèces boréo-montagnardes :les populations européennes et asiatiques présentent une même divergence ancienne (antérieure à la dernière glaciation) et les populations européennes affichent des traces de structure génétique. Ces éléments nous ont permis de reconsidérer l’histoire de ces deux espèces en proposant et testant de nouveaux scénarios historiques./In the North Hemisphere, the climate of the last two million years has been paced by<p>the alternation of ice ages and warm interglacial periods. This succession of events has markedly shaped the present-day spatial arrangement of genetic diversity and structure within species. <p>By analyzing the geographical distribution of genetic variation within species, Phylogeography aims to identify evolutionary processes responsible for the current spatial patterns in the distribution of populations. Comparative phylogeography is used to gain insights into the understanding of driving evolutionary processes by co-analyzing the current genetic variation patterns of several co-distributed species; the study of species sharing a same history by several independent sources of information (e.g. different DNA fragments or historical bioclimatic data) allows to identify similar historical events such as glacial refugia or post-glacial recolonization pathways. However differences in life-history traits related to specific ecological strategies may also influence contrasting patterns of genetic structure and diversity. <p>In this PhD thesis, we focused on two insect associated with a same host (Picea abies) and belonging to a same taxonomic sub-familly (Coleoptera :Curculionidae, Scolytinae). The two insects are the Eurasian spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, and the great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans. By the use of several genetic markers specifically designed for the purpose of this study and by bioclimatic modeling approach combined with coalescent-based statistical method, we have studied the phylogeography of both species. <p>Our results enable us to highlight the influence of contrasting ecological strategies on the spatial arrangement of genetic variation. On the one hand, opportunistic species characterized by high dispersal capacities, such as I. typographus, exhibits poor genetic structure (same genetic variants named haplotypes are found in really distant geographic regions) and a relatively high polymorphism level. On the other hand, parasitic species well-adapted to stable environmental conditions and characterized by limited dispersal strategy, such as D. micans, exhibits high genetic structure (same specific haplotypes found in same or neighboring geographic countries) and an extremely low polymorphism level.<p>Moreover, the comparison of our results with those of their specific host plant Picea abies and of other sympatric species (e.g. Rhizophagus grandis), has enable us to identify common patterns typical of boreo-montane species :a same old divergence between european and asiatic populations (older than the last glaciation) and genetic structure in european populations. These findings have been used to infer past of both species by identifying and testing new historical scenarii.<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis discusses the responsibility of and risk for infestations of spruce bark beetle. The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, is a natural part of the Swedish forest ecosystem but causes severe financial damage in forestry. Since 2018, the spruce bark beetle infestations have been substantial in Sweden. The first task of the thesis is to evaluate the balance between the forest production interests and the environmental interests, based on the legal regulation of spruce bark beetle control. Production and environment are the equal aims of the Swedish Forestry Act. The regulation of spruce bark beetle control differs depending on whether the forest is in a conservation area or not. For example, owners of forests outside conservation areas are obliged to take care of damaged, fresh wood of spruce and pine, while such an obligation in general does not exist in conservation areas. In this evaluation, I conclude that the balance between the two interests in the spruce bark beetle regulation is good as a whole.  The second question of the thesis is the legal allocation of risk for spruce bark beetle infestations. In this investigation, it is examined whether established law presents a possibility to claim damages for spruce bark beetle infestations that may derive from an adjacent forest. The conclusion drawn is that the regulation of compensation for certain kinds of environmental damage in the Swedish Environmental Code probably would not be applicable as a legal basis for such a claim. By contrast, neighbour law and the Swedish Torts Act could be used as the basis of an action for damages. However, to prove causality regarding the origins of a specific infestation might bring problems, which altogether means that an action for damages faces considerable difficulties. Therefore lastly, some alternative ways of allocating the risk for spruce bark beetle infestations are presented. / I denna uppsats diskuteras ansvar och risk för granbarkborreangrepp. Granbarkborren, Ips typographus, är en naturlig del av skogens ekosystem men orsakar stora ekonomiska skador i skogsbruket. Sedan 2018 har granbarkborreangreppen i Sverige varit omfattande.  Uppsatsens första uppgift är att utifrån regleringen av granbarkborrebekämpning i skogen utvärdera avvägningen mellan produktions- och miljöintresset, som är skogsvårdslagens jämställda mål. Den rättsliga regleringen av bekämpning av granbarkborrar skiljer sig åt beroende på om skogen är skyddad eller oskyddad. Bland annat är ägare av oskyddad skog ålagda att ta hand om skadat, färskt barrvirke, medan en sådan skyldighet ofta saknas i skyddade områden. I utvärderingen kommer jag fram till att avvägningen mellan de två intressena över lag är god i granbarkborreregleringen.  Den andra frågan i uppsatsen är fördelningen av risk för granbarkborreangrepp. För att undersöka det utreds om det enligt gällande rätt är möjligt att få skadestånd för granbarkborreangrepp som kan härstamma från närliggande skyddad eller oskyddad skog. Slutsatsen är att 32 kap. miljöbalken förmodligen inte skulle vara tillämplig, medan däremot grannelagsrätten och skadeståndslagen kan läggas till grund för en sådan talan. Att bevisa orsakssambanden kan dock innebära problem, vilket sammantaget gör att en skadeståndstalan för granbarkborreangrepp från närliggande skog möter ansenliga hinder. Sist presenteras därför några alternativa sätt att fördela risken för barkborreangrepp.

Norway spruce (Picea abies) is a vital tree species in Sweden's extensive forested landscape. However, the planting of spruce beyond its natural range has made it vulnerable to pests like the spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus), which has caused substantial damage to Swedish forests. With the effects of global warming and climate change becoming increasingly apparent, understanding the factors influencing spruce mortality is crucial for effective forest management. This study aimed to investigate the impact of soil moisture and tree size on the susceptibility of Norway spruce to spruce bark beetle attacks. Using a combination of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) program detecting dead spruce trees and soil moisture data from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), areas in Stockholm County with dead spruce trees were identified. Spatial analysis using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools and a field survey were conducted to evaluate the hypotheses: H1: Spruce mortality will be higher in areas occurring within mesic soil moisture class (1) than within mesic-moist soil moisture class (2) and moist-wet soil moisture class (3). H2: Large diameter spruce trees will have a higher mortality rate from spruce bark beetle than smaller diameter trees. H3: Spruce mortality will be higher in areas located inside nature reserves. The results confirmed that spruce mortality was higher in areas with dryer soil, Additionally, larger diameter spruce trees exhibited higher mortality rates from spruce bark beetle attacks than smaller trees. Contrary to the initial hypothesis, the study did not find a higher spruce mortality rate in areas located outside nature reserves. The conclusion of this study is that both tree size and soil moisture affect the Norway spruce’s ability to defend itself from spruce bark beetle attacks, but it does not confirm that spruce trees inside nature reserves have a greater mortality rate due to bark beetle attacks than the surrounding areas. The study has contributed to a better understanding of how spruce bark beetles choose trees. It has also provided more knowledge and validation of the Swedish Forest Agency AI program, which is trained to find dead spruce trees. The fact that this is a working tool opens a lot of possibilities for further use. The knowledge of soil moisture’s effect on spruce survival will also help forest managers make better choices when selecting areas for planting spruce. This will also benefit both the forest owners economically and help suppress the spread of spruce bark beetle. / Gran (Picea abies) är en viktig trädart i Sveriges omfattande skogslandskap. Dock har plantering av gran utanför dess naturliga utbredningsområde gjort den sårbar för skadedjur så som Granbarkborre (Ips typographus), vilket har orsakat betydande skador på svenska skogar. Med effekterna av klimatförändringar är det alltmer viktigt att förstå vilka faktorer som påverkar granens sårbarhet mot granbarkborren för en effektiv skogsförvaltning. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka påverkan av markfuktighet och trädstorlek. Genom att använda en kombination av ett artificiellt intelligensprogram (AI) som identifierar döda granar och markfuktighetsdata från Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), identifierades områden i Stockholms län där det fanns döda granar. En spatial analys med hjälp av geografiska informationssystem (GIS) och en fältundersökning genomfördes för att utvärdera hypoteserna: H1: Granens dödlighet kommer att vara högre i områden med torr-frisk mark (1) jämfört med områden med frisk-fuktig markfuktighet (2) och fuktig-våt markfuktighet (3). H2: Granar med större diameter kommer att ha en högre dödlighetsgrad från granbarkborrsangrepp än granar med mindre diameter. H3: Granens dödlighet kommer att vara högre i områden i naturreservat än utanför. Resultaten bekräftade att granens dödlighet var högre i torrare områden. Dessutom uppvisade granar med större diameter högre dödlighetsgrad från garnbarkborreangrepp än mindre träd. Resultatet kunde inte bekräfta hypotes H3, man fann inte en högre dödlighetsgrad hos gran i områden inom naturreservat. Slutsatsen av denna studie är att både trädstorlek och markfuktighet påverkar granens förmåga att försvara sig mot granbarkborreangrepp, men den bekräftar inte att naturreservat har en påverkan på granens dödlighet till följd av granbarkborreangrepp än omgivande områden. Studien har bidragit till en bättre förståelse för hur granbarkborren väljer granar. Den har också tillfört mer kunskap och bekräftat att Skogsstyrelsens AI-program hittar döda granar. Att AI-programmet är ett fungerande verktyg öppnar upp många möjligheter för framtida användningsområden. Kunskapen om markfuktighetens effekt på granens överlevnad kommer också att kunna hjälpa skogsförvaltare att fatta bättre beslut vid val av områden för plantering av gran. Detta kommer att gynna både skogsägarna ekonomiskt och bidra till att minska antalet granbarkborreangrepp.

La détection précoce de foyers de scolytes est une étape déterminante des opérations phytosanitaires qui doivent permettre de réduire l’impact indirect des tempêtes sur les forêts de conifères, en particulier l’impact du typographe sur les pessières. Cette détection doit idéalement être efficace, précise et économique.<p>La présente thèse portait sur le typographe, Ips typographus, en pessière dans le massif vosgien. Elle visait à étudier et à comparer les performances en termes de précision (détection, localisation et inventaire), de coût et de rapidité de mise en œuvre de différentes méthodes de détection: la surveillance au sol, la détection aéroportée par un observateur embarqué (hélicoptère et ULM), et la télédétection (photographies aérienne infrarouge et imagerie satellitaire à haute et très haute résolution).<p>Dans le chapitre « techniques de détection au sol », nous avons évalué plusieurs méthodes de suivi (par transects, le long des routes carrossables et chemins forestiers, des courbes de niveau, à partir des foyers antérieurs, le long de parcours conditionnels liés aux foyers observés). Leurs performances ont été estimées via des simulations sous SIG (système d’information géographique) et les trajets qui ont présenté les meilleurs résultats ont ensuite fait l’objet d’une validation sur le terrain. Il en ressort que ce sont les trajets le long des routes carrossables et chemins forestiers ainsi que les trajets conditionnels qui présentent les meilleurs rapports efficacité/rendement dans la détection des foyers de scolytes. Le choix d’une de ces méthodes dépendra de la taille minimum des foyers que l’on veut observer.<p>Nous avons ensuite évalué, dans le chapitre « détection aéroportée », les performances de techniques d’observations de foyers réalisées par un observateur embarqué à bord d’un hélicoptère et d’un ULM. Une première étape a consisté à optimaliser toute une série de paramètres de vol pour les deux types d’appareils afin de permettre à l’observateur embarqué d’être dans les meilleures conditions d’observation. Ensuite, nous avons évalué la précision de détection en fonction de divers types de trajets en ULM et hélicoptère. D’après nos résultats, les observations recueillies à l’aide des deux sortes appareils n’ont pas permis de détecter de manière satisfaisante les foyers de scolytes quelque soit le type de trajet utilisé. Ces résultats sont sans-doute dus, en partie, à la faible expérience des observateurs embarqués mais également aux caractéristiques spatiales des foyers d’infestation qui ne facilitent pas leur détection par ce genre de méthode. <p>Enfin, dans le chapitre « télédétection », nous avons évalué les performances qu’offrent (1) des séries temporelles d’images SPOT, (2) la photographie aérienne infrarouge et (3) des images Quickbird dans la détection de foyers de scolytes. Pour tous ces types d’images, nous avons estimé la précision d’une classification automatique des foyers d’infestation, réalisée à partir de leurs caractéristiques spectrales, texturales et environnementales, par rapport aux autres éléments présents sur l’image. Ces analyses ont mis en évidence qu’il est possible d’atteindre une précision de classification relativement bonne (>80%) des foyers d’infestation sur des photographies aériennes et sur des images satellites à très haute résolution spatiale (Quickbird) grâce à des techniques de segmentation et de classification par arbre de décision. Par contre, il ne nous a pas été possible de déterminer de façon satisfaisante la précision de classification des images SPOT (haute résolution spatiale). <p><p>Les résultats détaillés de chacune de ces méthodes de détections sont développés dans les différents chapitres de cette thèse. La discussion générale met ceux-ci en relation en abordant leurs avantages et inconvénients respectifs, et aborde les perspectives découlant de nos résultats. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished