Globalizacijos procesų sąlygoti pokyčiai veikia įvairias valstybių sritis, ne išimtis, ir apskaitos reglamentavimas. Verslo vienetų veiklos išplėtimas už savo valstybės ribų sudaro prielaidą apskaitos reglamentavimui tarptautiniu lygmeniu. Dėl šios priežasties 2002 metais buvo nuspręsta dvi didžiausias apskaitos sistemas - JAV ir ES - harmonizuoti. Akivaizdu, jog ši apskaitos harmonizacija yra ypatingos svarbos projektas, kurio rezultatai paveiks ne tik JAV ir ES, bet ir kitų pasaulio šalių verslo vienetus, kurių akcijomis prekiaujama tarptautiniu lygmeniu. Harmonizuoti apskaitos standartai sudarys sąlygas efektyvesnei tarptautinių verslo vienetų veiklai. Tačiau reikia atkreipti dėmesį į tai, jog tarptautinė harmonizacija yra itin daug pastangų reikalaujantis nevienareikšmis procesas. Todėl pravartu pažvelgti į JAV ir ES apskaitos harmonizaciją jos efektyvumo aspektu, t.y. patikrinti, ar toks plataus masto projektas yra praktiškai įgyvendinamas. Darbo tyrimo objektas - JAV ir ES apskaitos harmonizacija. Darbo tikslas - įvertinti JAV ir ES de jure bei de facto apskaitos harmonizacijos įgyvendinimo lygį. Darbo tikslas - įvertinti JAV ir ES de jure bei de facto apskaitos harmonizacijos įgyvendinimo lygį. Siekiant užsibrėžto tikslo, nagrinėjami šie uždaviniai: 1. Išanalizavus apskaitos reglamentavimo skirtumus įvairiuose tyrimuose, suformuoti apibendrintą apskaitos reglamentavimo skirtumų modelį. 2. Atlikti JAV ir ES teorinį apskaitos standartizacijos palyginimą. 3. Įvertinti JAV... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Changes that are caused by globalisation affects various fields in countries with no exception of accounting regulation. An extension of performance of business units makes premise to international accounting regulation. Due to this reason in 2002 was made a resolution to harmonize the biggest two accounting systems – U.S. and EU. This accounting harmonization is obviously a project with exclusive importance and it`s results will affect not only U.S. and EU but also others business units from around the world. Harmonized accounting standards will form the conditions for the more efective performance of international business units. There is the need to take a note of the fact that international harmonization is notably an imperative and one-to-many process, however. Consequently it is to the purpose to take a glance at U.S. and EU accounting harmonization, by it`s effectiveness approach. This way it is possible to examine if this kind of extensive project is practicable. Object of the paper – U.S. and EU accounting harmonization. The aim of the paper – to evaluate the implementation`s level of U.S. and EU de jure and de facto accounting harmonization. In pursuance of the aim there are examining these problems: 1. Form the generalised model of accounting regulation differences. 2. Perform the theoretical comparison of U.S. and EU accounting standartization. 3. Evaluate the formal de jure accounting harmonization of U.S. and EU. 4. Execute an analysis of methodology of... [to full text]

Disertacijoje analizuojama problematika, susijusi su šiuolaikinio meno praktikomis, kai menininkas ar kuratorius, siekdamas įgyvendinti savo kūrybinį sumanymą, meno projekte kaip medžiagą pasitelkia žmones. Tokie projektai paprastai išeina už estetinio lauko ribų: jie nebe reprezentuoja socialinę ar politinę tikrovę, bet ją atlieka. Todėl disertacijoje siekiama suformuoti koncepcinį modelį, kuris leistų kelti ir analizuoti dalyvaujamojo meno, kaip lygiagrečiai estetinėje ir socialinėje sferoje egzistuojančios praktikos, problemas. Modelis pagrindžiamas ir išplėtojamas remiantis pirmiausia klasikinės gamybos ir veiksmo (poiēsis ir praxis) skirties permąstymu ir pamatine prielaida, kad šiuolaikinė gamyba vis labiau panėšėja į veiksmą (Paolo Virno, Giorgio Agambenas). Teigiama, kad dalyvavimo praktikos bene aiškiausiai išreiškia šią gamybos ir veiksmo dialektiką šiuolaikiniame mene. Į vieną tinklą susiejus skirtingas filosofines koncepcijas (šnekos, taktikos, kasdienių praktikų, performatyvumo, kartotės), suformuojamas modelis, kuris pritaikomas dalyvavimo praktikų Lietuvos šiuolaikiniame mene analizei. Parodoma, kaip žvelgiant per gamybos ir veiksmo prizmę išryškėja tam tikros bendros su dalyvavimu susijusios problemos (pvz., dokumentacijos, meno įvykio ir meno kūrinio, darbo ir pramogos santykio ir kt.). Drauge koncepcinis modelis padeda atskleisti kiekvieno paskiro projekto specifiką, kvestionuoti kai kurias įsigalėjusias meno kritikos nuostatas, išryškinti naujus aspektus. / The dissertation deals with issues of those art practices, where an artist or a curator employs people as a project material so as to realize his/her creative purpose. Projects like this commonly expand beyond the aesthetic field: instead of representing social or political reality, they actually perform it. Therefore the dissertation aims at constructing a conceptual model that would enable the analysis of the problems around participatory art, as a practice operating both in aesthetic and social fields. The model is based primarily on rethinking of the classical divide between production and action (poiēsis and praxis) and the principle premise that contemporary production is increasingly becoming akin to action (Paolo Virno, Giorgio Agamben). The dissertation suggests that participatory practices are the clearest evidence of this dialectics between production and action in contemporary art. The model constructed of diverse philosophical concepts (idle talk, tactics, everyday practices, performativity, iteration) is employed for analysis of participatory art practices in Lithuania, which shows how looking through the prism of production and action foregrounds certain problems, general to participatory art (e.g. those of documentation, relation between art event and artwork, labor and entertainment, etc.). At the same time it proves to be a handy tool that helps to highlight peculiarities of a particular project, to question certain established prejudices, and to unveil new... [to full text]

La mission Darwin, un projet d'interférométrie spatiale initié par l'ESA, nécessite l'utilisation de filtres modaux fonctionnant dans la gamme spectrale [6-20 µm]. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous proposons la réalisation de filtres modaux basés sur des guides d'onde « tout tellurures » obtenus par la méthode d'empilement et de gravure. L'originalité de ce travail réside dans le fait que les guides réalisés sont de grandes dimensions (couches épaisses et profondeurs de gravure importantes), pour satisfaire aux exigences du projet. La première étape a donc consisté à choisir une méthode de dépôt qui permette d'obtenir des couches épaisses. La co-évaporation thermique a ainsi été mise en place et les paramètres de dépôt optimisés. Des couches d'épaisseur pouvant atteindre 17 µm, de bonne qualité (adhérentes, amorphes, denses et homogènes), transparentes de 6 à 20 µm et d'indice de réfraction contrôlé ont pu être obtenues. La gravure physique réactive (RIE) de ces couches, en utilisant un mélange gazeux CHF3/O2/Ar, a constitué la deuxième partie de ce travail. L'obtention de marches de profondeur pouvant dépasser 10 µm, présentant des profils de gravure de qualité, a été démontrée. Les différents guides d'onde IR réalisés ont été caractérisés optiquement après préparation de leurs faces d'entrée et de sortie. L'observation d'un bon confinement de la lumière sur un banc de guidage à λ = 10,6 µm et l'obtention d'un taux de réjection de 10-3 sur un banc d'interférométrie annulante nous ont permis de confirmer que les guides d'onde à base de couches tellurures et réalisés par la méthode d'empilement et de gravure constituaient une solution de choix en tant que filtres modaux pour l'interférométrie spatiale. / The Darwin mission, an interferometric spatial project initiated by ESA, requires modal filters being able to work in the whole spectral range [6-20 µm]. In the framework of this work, we propose the realization of modal filters based on waveguides obtained by stacking and etching chalcogenide films. The originality of this work lies in the fact that the realized waveguides have large dimensions (thick films and deep etching), to satisfy the project requirements. The first step consisted in choosing the deposition method which allows obtaining thick films. The thermal co-evaporation was setting up and the deposition parameters were optimized. Films with thickness which can reach 17 µm, of good quality (adhesive, amorphous, dense and homogeneous), transparent from 6 to 20 µm and with controlled refractive index were obtained. The physical reactive etching of these films, by using a gas mixture CHF3/O2/Ar, constituted the second part of this work. The obtaining of deep rib which can exceed 10 µm, presenting etching profiles of good quality was demonstrated. The elaborated IR waveguides were optically characterized after preparation of their entrance and exit faces. The observation of light confinement on a guiding bench at λ = 10.6 µm and the obtaining of a rejection rate of 10-3 on a nulling interferometry bench allowed confirming that the waveguides based on the stacking and etching of telluride films was a choice solution as modal filters for the spatial interferometry.

Estudos têm demonstrado o potencial da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) na inativação de diferentes células microbianas. No geral, são três as fases de crescimento dos microrganismos: fase lag, exponencial e estacionária. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a susceptibilidade de células de Candida albicans em diferentes fases de crescimento, submetidas à aPDT, associando azul de metileno (50 μM) e luz de emissão vermelha (λ= 660 nm) e investigar alterações morfológicas, mecânicas e bioquímicas, antes e depois da aPDT, por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, de força atômica e por espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que, em parâmetros letais, células em fase estacionária de crescimento (48 h) são menos susceptíveis à aPDT, quando comparadas àquelas em fases lag (6 h) e ex-ponencial (24 h) de crescimento. Entretanto, em parâmetros subletais, células de 6 h e 48 h mostraram a mesma susceptibilidade à aPDT. Em sequência, os experimentos foram realizados em parâmetros considerados subletais para células crescidas por 6 e 48 h. A avaliação morfológica mostrou menor quantidade de matriz extracelular em células de 6 h comparada àquelas de 48 h. A espectroscopia de força atômica mostrou que células em fase lag perderam a rigidez após a aPDT, enquanto que células em fase estacionária mostraram comportamento in-verso. Ainda, células de 48 h diminuíram sua adesividade após a aPDT, enquanto que células de 6 h e 24 h tornaram-se mais adesivas. Os resultados bioquímicos revelaram que as diferenças mais significativas entre as células fúngicas de 6 h e 48 h ocorreram na região de DNA e carboidratos. A aPDT promoveu mais alterações bioquímicas na região de DNA e carboidratos em células de 6 h e em lipídios e ácidos graxos em células de 48 h. Nossos resultados indicam que a fase de crescimento celular desempenha papel importante no sítio de ação da aPDT em células de C. albicans. / Studies have demonstrated the potential of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on the inactivation of different microbial cells. Overall, there are three phases of cell growth: lag phase, exponential phase and stationary phase. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the susceptibility of Candida albicans in different growth stages submitted to aPDT, with methylene blue (50μM) and red light (λ = 660 nm) and to investigate morphological, mechanical and biochemical changes before and after aPDT, by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results suggested that with lethal parameters, cells in stationary phase (48 h) are less susceptible to aPDT, compared to those in lag phase (6 h) and exponential phase (24 h). However, in sub-lethal parameters 6 h and 48 h cells showed the same susceptibility to aPDT. The following results were obtained in sub-lethal parameters. The morphological evaluation showed lower amount of extra-cellular matrix at 6 h compared to cells growth for 48 h. The atomic force spectroscopy showed that cells in lag phase lost cell wall rigidity after aPDT, while cells in stationary phase showed a reverse behavior. Furthermore, 48 h cells presented a decrease in their adhesiveness after aPDT, whereas cells growth for 6 h and 24 h become more adhesive. The biochemical evaluation showed that the most significant differences among the fungal cells growth for 6 h and 48 h in DNA and carbohydrates. The aPDT caused more expressive alterations on DNA and carbohydrates in cells growth for 6 h, while cells growth for 48 h presented significant alterations on lipids and fatty acids. Our results indicate that cell growth phase play an important role on the target sites affected by aPDT in C. albicans cells.

L'évolution des technologies microélectroniques voire déca-nanoélectroniques conduit simultanément à des tensions d'alimentation toujours plus faibles et à des quantités de transistors toujours plus grandes. De ce fait, les courants d'alimentation augmentent sous une tension d'alimentation qui diminue, situation qui exacerbe la sensibilité des circuits intégrés au bruit d'alimentation. Un bruit d'alimentation excessif se traduit par une augmentation du retard des portes logiques pouvant finalement produire des fautes de retard. Un bruit d'alimentation provoqué par des courants circulant dans les résistances parasites du Réseau de Distribution d'Alimentation est communément référencé sous la dénomination d'IR-Drop.Cette thèse s'intéresse à la modélisation et à la simulation de circuits logiques avec prise en compte du phénomène d'IR-Drop. Un algorithme original est tout d'abord proposé en vue d'une simulation de type ‘event-driven' du block logique sous test, en tenant compte de l'impact de l'ensemble du circuit intégré sur l'IR-Drop du block considéré. Dans ce contexte, des modèles précis et efficaces sont développés pour les courants générés par les portes en commutation, pour la propagation de ces courants au travers du réseau de distribution et pour les retards des portes logiques. D'abord, une procédure de pré-caractérisation des courants dynamiques, statiques et des retards est décrite. Ensuite, une seconde procédure est proposée pour caractériser la propagation des courants au travers du réseau de distribution. Nos modèles ont été implantés dans une première version du simulateur développé par nos collègues de Passau dans le cadre d'une collaboration. Enfin, l'impact des éléments capacitifs parasites du réseau de distribution est analysé et une procédure pour caractériser la propagation des courants est envisagée. / Scaling technology in deep-submicron has reduced the voltage supply level and increased the number of transistors in the chip, increasing the power supply noise sensitivity of the ICs. Excessive power supply noise affects the timing performance increasing the gate delay and may cause timing faults. Specifically, power supply noise induced by the currents that flow through the resistive parasitic elements of the Power Distribution Network (PDN) is called IR-Drop. This thesis deals with the modelling and simulation of logic circuits in the context of IR-drop. An original algorithm is proposed allowing to perform an event-driven delay simulation of the logic Block Under Test (BUT) while taking into account the whole chip IR-drop impact on the simulated block. To do so, we develop accurate and efficient electrical models for the currents generated by the switching gates, the propagation of the current draw through the PDN and the gate delays. First, the pre-characterization process for the dynamic currents, static currents and gate delays is described to generate a gate library. Then, another pre-characterization procedure is suggested to estimate the current distribution through the resistive PDN model. Our models are implemented in a first version of the simulator by the University of Passau in the context of a project collaboration. In addition, the impact of the parasitic capacitive elements of the PDN is analyzed and a procedure to derive the current distribution in a resistive-capacitive PDN model is proposed.

A distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é uma doença de caráter hereditário recessivo ligado ao cromossomo X, que determina a ausência da distrofia, a responsável pela progressiva degenaração muscular observada no DMD. Embora não expresse o fenótipo, a camundongo mdx apresenta a ausência da distrofia e o mais comum modelo animal experimental para estudar as repercursões da DMD em muitos orgãos. Este estudo foi realizado na cartilagem do processo condilar da mandíbula de mdx, um importante sítio de crescimento craniofacial. Assim, o PC dos mdx de 4 (G1) e 10 (G2) semanas e dos respectivos controles (camundongos c57BL/10 mice) foram avaliados usando as técnicas de microscopia de luz (H.E, Picrosirius e Safranina-O) e de imunohistoquímica (IGF e IGF-IR). Em ambos os grupos, não houve diferença estatísticamente significante na área do PC e comparação aos controles. O número de e a área dos condrócitos, bem como, a quantidade de matriz extracelular (MEC) forma menores nos grupos mdx. A imunorreatividade para ambos, IGF-I e IGF-IR, proporcionalmente maiores nos grupos mdx. Os dados quantitativos e predominância do colágeno tipo I nos grupos mdx, sugere um processo precoce de envelhecimento na cartilagem do PC desses animais. / The duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a recessive hereditary disease linked to X-chromossome that determines teh dystrophin abstence, the responsible for progressive muscle degeneration observed in DMD. Although not exhibit the phenotype, the MDX mouse reveal abstence of dystrophin and is the most common experimental animal model for DMD studies in many organs. This study was performed in the articular cartilage of the mandibular condylar process (PC) of MDX, an important site of craniofacial growth. Thus the PC of MDX and respective controls (C57BL/10 mice) were evaluated at the ages of 4 (G1) and 10 (G2) weeks using ligth microscopy (H.E, Picrosirius e Safranin-O) and immunohistochemical (IGF-I e IGF-IR) tecniques. In both groups, there was no statistical significant difference in PC area of the mdx and the respective controls. The number and area of the chondrocytes, as well as the amout of extracellular matrix (MEC) were lower in MDX groups. The immunoreactivity for both, IGF-I and IGF-IR, were propostionally higher im MDX groups. The quantitative data and the predominance of collagen type i fibers in the MDX groups suggest a premature aging process of the PC in these animals.

En autorisant de nouveaux services centrés sur l'utilisateur (navigation indoor contextuelle, surveillance/inventaire de biens personnels, etc.), les nouvelles fonctions de radiolocalisation sont en passe de modifier en profondeur les usages liés à la mobilité. Dans ce contexte, la technologie radio ultra large bande impulsionnelle (IR-UWB), qui permet en théorie d'apprécier le temps de vol des impulsions transmises à l'échelle de la nanoseconde et donc, la distance séparant l'émetteur du récepteur avec une précision de l'ordre de quelques dizaines de centimètres seulement, a été régulièrement mise en avant ces dix dernières années. En dépit de ces bonnes dispositions, l'obstruction des liens radio par le(s) corps ou les obstacles (murs, mobilier...) donne toutefois lieu à des erreurs significatives sur les distances mesurées, dégradant d'autant les performances de positionnement, en particulier en environnements fermés (ex. indoor). Dans le cadre de cette thèse, on se proposait d'exploiter une architecture intégrée de récepteur IR-UWB, permettant d'estimer la réponse du canal multi-trajets dans son ensemble, afin d'améliorer la fonction de localisation. Une étude détaillée de ce canal radio mobile, tel que perçu par le récepteur, a d'abord été menée, débouchant sur une interprétation déterministe (c'est-à-dire géométrique) de l'évolution temporelle relative des composantes multi-trajets, ainsi qu'à une modélisation de leur interférence mutuelle. En s'appuyant sur l'étude précédente, des algorithmes de détection, d'association et de suivi des impulsions reçues (ex. batterie de filtres de Kalman à hypothèses multiples) ont alors été proposés. Ces différentes propositions tirent profit des spécificités de l'architecture du récepteur, en visant d'une part, à exploiter la cohérence spatio-temporelle des composantes multi-trajets résolues en réception, et d'autre part, à minimiser l'effet néfaste de leurs collisions au sein de canaux mobiles particulièrement denses (ex. via une estimation de canal multi-bandes). Les solutions apportées permettent en particulier, pour chaque lien radio en situation de non-visibilité, de corriger le temps d'arrivée des trajets directs manquants à partir de trajets secondaires suivis, tout en autorisant l'utilisation d'une structure de filtre classique pour la poursuite du mobile (c'est-à-dire, alimenté par plusieurs liens radio ainsi "corrigés" vis-à-vis de différentes balises fixes). Ces développements algorithmiques ont d'abord été validés par le biais de simulations (à partir d'un outil semi-déterministe, incluant un modèle de récepteur complet), avant d'être appliqués à un jeu de données réelles, issues de dispositifs radio IR-UWB commercialisés par la société BeSpoon. / By making possible unprecedented user-centric services (monitoring/smart inventory of personal goods, context-aware indoor navigation, etc.), new radiolocation capabilities are on the verge of modifying in depth mobility-based usages. In this context, the impulse radio - ultra wideband technology (IR-UWB), which theoretically enables to estimate the arrival time of transmitted pulses at the nanosecond scale and hence, the relative distance between a transmitter and a receiver within a few tens of centimeters, has been regularly put forward for the last past decade. In spite of these good intrinsic properties, the obstruction of radio links, either by the carrying body itself or by surrounding obstacles (walls, pieces of furniture. . . ), can result in significant errors on unitary range measurements, degrading the overall positioning performance accordingly, in particular in confined environments (e.g., indoor). In the frame of this PhD work, the main idea was to rely on an integrated IR-UWB receiver architecture, which has the capability to finely estimate the entire multipath profile, in order to improve the localization functionality. An in-depth study of the mobile multipath channel, as perceived by the previous receiver, has been conducted first, leading to the deterministic interpretation (i.e., from a geometric point of view) of the relative temporal evolution of multipath components, as well as to the modelling of their mutual interference. Based on these preliminary investigations, adapted multipath detection, association and tracking algorithms have been proposed (e.g., multi-hypothesis Kalman filters in parallel). All these proposals benefit from the receiver specificities, aiming at capturing the space-time correlation of multipath components under mobility, while minimizing harmful interference effects in dense channels (e.g., by means of combined multi-band channel estimations). In particular, for each non-line-of-sight link independently, the previous solutions allow to correct the estimated arrival time of the missing direct path out of the tracked secondary paths, while enabling the use of a conventional structure for the mobile tracking filter (i.e., fed by several "corrected" links with respect to distinct base stations). These algorithmic developments were first validated by means of simulations (using a semideterminist tool including a complete model of the receiver), before being applied to a measurement data set issued by IR-UWB devices commercialized by the BeSpoon company.

A Ciprofloxacina é um antibiótico muito relevante, porém com efeitos colaterais indesejáveis, como convulsões, rompimento de tendão entre outros. Com o intuito de reduzir estes efeitos colaterais e para a liberação do fármaco em locais específicos, o uso de materiais lamelares, como cápsulas de armazenamento e transportador com alvo específico para biomoléculas ou células, tem sido sugerido pela literatura. A combinação de estudos teóricos e experimentais pode fornecer uma melhor compreensão da estrutura de agregados lamelares com o antibiótico Ciprofloxacina. Neste trabalho estudamos os diferentes estados iônicos da Ciprofloxacina (Cipro), obtendo os espectros de vibração (Infravermelho, Raman), Ressonância magnética nuclear de carbono e ótico (Ultravioleta-Visual). Estes resultados teóricos são comparados a resultados experimentais para investigar e caracterizar o estado molecular após intercalação. Utilizamos cálculos de estrutura eletrônica desenvolvidos no âmbito Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT). Nossos resultados de análise dos espectros teóricos de Uv-Vis e de deslocamento químico obtido por RMN de Carbono revelaram que os espectros dos quatro estados iônicos da Cipro aqui estudados são muito semelhantes, o que não permite a diferenciação destes estados através destas técnicas. Por outro lado, nossos resultados de análise vibracional demonstraram frequências características de cada um dos estados iônicos. Este fato é importante, uma vez que permite identificar, através do espectro vibracional, cada um dos compostos presentes em uma dada amostra como, por exemplo, um agregado lamelar, utilizado para fins de liberação controlada de fármacos. / Ciprofloxacin is an important antibiotic, but with undesirable side effects. The use of layered materials as drug storage capsules and drug carriers can enable the development of target-specific drugs with high specificity for biomolecules or cells, which allow the release of drugs in chosen locations, thus reducing side effects .The combination of theoretical and experimental studies can provide a better understanding of the structure of lamellar aggregates with Ciprofloxacin antibiotic. In this context, to assist in the complete characterization of Ciprofloxacin, we perform theoretical calculations in the framework of the Density Functional Theory (DFT). We study different ionic states, obtaining the vibrational (IR, Raman), C-NMR and optical (UV/Vis) spectra. These theoretical results are compared with experimental results in order to unravel the molecular state upon encapsulation. Our results have shown that the Uv-Vis and NMR chemical shifts are not able to clearly differentiate the ionic states studied here. On the other hand, our calculation for the vibrational spectra reveals characteristic fingerprints of the Ciprofloxacin ionic states. This may permit, the identification of the ionic state of Ciprofloxacin in a certain sample, as layered materials, when used as drug carriers.

<p>Den här rapporten beskriver och utvärderar ett antal algoritmer för multisensordatafusion av radar och IR/TV-data på rådatanivå. Med rådatafusion menas att fusionen ska ske innan attribut- eller objektextrahering. Attributextrahering kan medföra att information går förlorad som skulle kunna förbättra fusionen. Om fusionen sker på rådatanivå finns mer information tillgänglig och skulle kunna leda till en förbättrad attributextrahering i ett senare steg. Två tillvägagångssätt presenteras. Den ena metoden projicerar radarbilden till IR-vyn och vice versa. Fusionen utförs sedan på de par av bilder med samma dimensioner. Den andra metoden fusionerar de två ursprungliga bilderna till en volym. Volymen spänns upp av de tre dimensionerna representerade i ursprungsbilderna. Metoden utökas också genom att utnyttja stereoseende. Resultaten visar att det kan vara givande att utnyttja stereoseende då den extra informationen underlättar fusionen samt ger en mer generell lösning på problemet.</p> / <p>This thesis describes and evaluates a number of algorithms for multi sensor fusion of radar and IR/TV data. The fusion is performed on raw data level, that is prior to attribute extraction. The idea is that less information will be lost compared to attribute level fusion. Two methods are presented. The first method transforms the radar image to the IR-view and vice versa. The images sharing the same dimension are then fused together. The second method fuses the original images to a three dimensional volume. Another version is also presented, where stereo vision is used. The results show that stereo vision can be used with good performance and gives a more general solution to the problem.</p>

<p>Denna rapport är resultatet av ett examensarbete, på 20 högskolepoäng, som har utförts på Scania CV AB, Tekniskt centrum, Södertälje. Examensarbetet behandlar Side Blind Spot Detection och har resulterat i ett prototypsystem som detekterar objekt i döda vinklarna på sidorna av en lastbil. Systemet är ett aktivt säkerhetssystem som syftar till att förhindra olyckor och ge ökad trafiksäkerhet på vägarna. </p><p>Examensarbetet har varit tvådelat för att uppnå detta mål. Denna rapport behandlar främst val av sensorteknik för att upptäcka objekt i de döda vinklarna på sidan av en lastbil. Den behandlar också hårdvara till användargränssnittet samt installation av användargränssnittet och sensorerna i en lastbil. Den andra delen av examensarbetet har bestått av utformning av användargränssnittet och programmering av systemet. Detta kan läsas i rapporten "Side Blind Spot Detection - System och användargränssnitt" författad av Jenny Hedenberg och Hanna Torell, Chalmers Tekniska högskola, 2005. </p><p>I rapporten har sex olika sensortekniker studerats och utvärderats. De sex sensorteknikerna är ultraljud, passiv IR, lidar (aktiv IR), kamera, IR kamera och radar. Resultatet av utvärderingen visade att radar är den mest lämpade sensortekniken för den här typen av applikationer och det är därför radar används som sensor i prototypsystemet. </p><p>Systemet har tre olika lägen beroende på hur mycket information föraren önskar få när ett objekt befinner sig i döda vinkeln vilket styrs av en systemknapp. Föraren får informationen från användargränssnittet som består av två LED- displayer som är placerade i dörrkarmarna på vardera sida. Förutom att visa varningarna visuellt i LED-displayen används också ljud vid varning. Resultatet blev som förväntat och visar de funktioner som användargränssnittet har på ett bra sätt. Vad gäller resultatet av hela prototypsystemet så visar det att radar är ett bra val för denna applikation för att den klarar av de krav som ställs. Tester av systemet visar dock att den införskaffade radarn har begränsningar som försvårar filtreringen. Detta leder till att systemet inte är helt tillförlitligt eftersom systemet ibland missar objekt och ibland felvarnar för objekt som inte finns eller för objekt som inte är relevanta.</p>