L’Insuffisance Rénale Chronique (IRC) résulte de la destruction progressive et irréversible des reins. Elle est associée à une rétention de toxines urémiques à l’origine des nombreuses complications de la maladie rénale chronique (cardiovasculaires, osseuses ou métaboliques). Nos travaux se sont focalisés sur l’impact de la dysfonction rénale et de l’urémie sur la fonction barrière de l’intestin et la motilité intestinale. Deux modèles d’IRC ont été implémentés : un modèle animal, chez la souris, par néphrectomie chimique (régime alimentaire enrichi en adénine) et un modèle cellulaire d’urémie en incubant des cellules coliques Caco-2 avec 10% de plasma de patients hémodialysés (HD). Le transit, la motilité, la perméabilité intestinale et la régulation des protéines des jonctions serrées ont été explorés. Les animaux urémiques présentent un transit gastro-intestinal ralenti et une perméabilité intestinale augmentée associés à une dérégulation de l’expression et de l’abondance des protéines des jonctions serrées dans le côlon (surexpression de la Claudine 1). La perméabilité de la monocouche cellulaire de Caco-2 incubées avec du plasma HD est significativement augmentée et est associée à une augmentation de l’expression et de l’abondance de la Claudine-1. En IRC, la motilité digestive et la fonction barrière de l’intestin sont significativement altérées. Ces dysfonctions pourraient contribuer à la production intestinale et l’absorption des toxines urémiques accélérant ainsi la progression du syndrome urémique et installant un véritable « cercle vicieux ». / Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) result from a progressive kidney dysfunction. CKD is associated with an increase in the concentration of uremic toxins inducing CKD-associated metabolic alterations. Our work focused on the impact of renal dysfunction on gut permeability and gut motility. In vivo, CKD was induced in mice by chemical nephrectomy (adenine-enriched diet); In vitro, Caco-2 cells were incubated for 24h with 10% (v/v) of uremic plasma to mimic the uremic environment. Gastrointestinal transit time, gut motility, intestinal permeability and expression of tight junction proteins were explored. In vivo, kidney failure was associated with an impaired gastrointestinal transit and an increased intestinal permeability associated with a dysregulation of tight junction proteins (mainly claudine-1 overexpression). The Caco-2 monolayer permeability was significantly increased in cell monolayers incubated with uremic plasma. Claudine-1 expression and abundance was increased. In CKD, gut motility and gut permeability (e.g. « leaky » gut) are significantly impaired. Generally speaking, these gut dysfunctions could promote the production and the absorption of uremic toxins contributing to the uremic syndrom.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 1800561 bytes, checksum: b3f0383028500936267460c70af67c2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to apprehend the social representations about depression and Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) elaborated by nephrological patients in dialysis treatment and their caregivers, with and without depressive symptoms. Specifically, we sought to measure the rate of depression in nephrological patients and their caregivers; relate bio-sociodemographic variables of patients and their caregivers with the depression; analyze the different representational semantic fields about CRF, treatment, hemodialysis, and depression and, finally, verify the consensus and dissent of social representations elaborated by participants in the context of CRF. It was treated as a field research, descriptive, qualitative and quantitative, having as theoretical basis the Social Representations. The locus of the research comprehended three hospitals that provide treatment of hemodialysis for adults and maintain agreement with the SUS. The sample type was non-probabilistic and by convenience, comprised 50 patients with ages between 20 and 73 years (M= 46.05; SD =13.4)and 50 caregivers aged 18 to 68 years (M= 40,7; SD=14.0). Were used as instruments: a bio-sociodemographic questionnaire,the hospital scale for anxiety and depression HADS-D (specifically the sub-depression scale), the technique of free association of words and a semi-structured interview. For processing of data were performed descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square,Pearson and Spearman's correlation). The evocations were analyzed by correspondence factorial analysis, and interviews were processed by Alceste (descending and ascending hierarchical analysis and cross-table analysis). The results indicated that 20% of patients and 46% of caregivers have symptoms of depression. There was a positive correlation (r= (0.37); p=0.008) between time of monitoring of caregivers and depression, suggesting that the as longer the duration of care, the higher is the level of depression of these accompanying. The CRF was represented by caregivers as synonymous of difficult disease. Renal patients have associated the disease complexity with their treatment(difficult), being objectified as an incurable disease and of unknown cause. Depression was objectified as bad. Participants have anchored the know in the physical-organic and psychoaffective aspects, highlighting their historical and factual experiences at the difficulty in treating the disease, namely hemodialysis and its multiple meanings (death and life). The analysis revealed five classes of the Alceste, "Meanings of depression", "Family support in the context of CRF", "Support spiritual in the treatment", "Nutritional factors", and "Discovering the diagnosis". Cross-analysis revealed that patients' representations are linked to treatment and of the caregivers is related to support to family members. Although patients show a high rate of depression, the prevalence of the disease in caregivers was spare. This fact points to the need to confront the problem not only in the context of the nephrological group, but also in the context of the caregivers who, in general, experience, joint with patients, the limitations imposed by the disease. / Objetivou-se apreender as representações sociais acerca da depressão e da Insuficiência Renal Crônica (IRC) elaboradas por pacientes nefrológicos em tratamento da hemodiálise e por cuidadores, com e sem sintomas depressivos. Especificamente, se buscou mensurar o índice da depressão nos pacientes nefrológicos e em seus cuidadores; relacionar as variáveis biossociodemográficas dos pacientes e de seus cuidadores com a depressão; analisar os diferentes campos semânticos representacionais acerca da IRC, tratamento, hemodiálise e depressão e, por último, verificar os consensos e dissensos das representações sociais elaboradas pelos participantes no contexto da IRC. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa de campo, descritiva, de cunho qualitativo e quantitativo, tendo como matriz teórica as Representações Sociais. O lócus da pesquisa compreendeu três instituições hospitalares, que disponibilizam o tratamento da hemodiálise para adultos e mantêm convênio com o SUS. A amostra foi do tipo não probabilístico e de conveniência, compreendida por 50 pacientes com idades entre 20 e 73 anos, (M=46,05; DP= 13,4) e 50 cuidadores com idades entre 18 e 68 anos (M= 40,7; DP=14,0). Utilizaram-se como instrumentos: um questionário biossociodemográfico, a escala hospitalar de ansiedade e depressão HADS-D (especificamente a sub-escala de depressão), a técnica da associação livre de palavras (TALP) e uma entrevista semiestruturada. Para tratamento dos dados, foram realizadas as estatísticas descritiva e inferencial (qui-quadrado e correlação de Pearson e Spearman). As evocações foram analisadas por meio da Análise Fatorial de Correspondência e as entrevistas foram processadas pelo programa Alceste (análise hierárquica descendente, ascendente e análise cruzada). Os resultados indicaram que 20% dos pacientes e 46% dos cuidadores apresentaram sintomas de depressão. Verificou-se uma correlação positiva (r= (0,37) e p= 0,008) entre o tempo de acompanhamento dos cuidadores e a depressão, sugerindo que quanto maior o tempo de cuidado, maior o nível de depressão desses acompanhantes. A IRC foi representada pelos cuidadores como sinônimo de doença difícil. Os pacientes renais associaram a complexidade da doença ao seu tratamento (difícil), sendo objetivada como uma doença incurável e de causa desconhecida. A depressão foi objetivada como ruim. Os participantes ancoraram o saber em aspectos físico-orgânicos e psicoafetivos, destacando suas vivências histórico-factuais frente às dificuldades no tratamento da doença, nomeadamente a hemodiálise e seus múltiplos significados (morte e vida). A análise do Alceste evidenciou cinco classes: Significados da depressão , Suporte familiar no contexto da IRC , Suporte espiritual no tratamento , Fatores nutricionais e Descobrindo o diagnóstico . A análise cruzada revelou que as representações dos pacientes estão vinculadas ao tratamento e a dos cuidadores se relaciona ao apoio dado aos familiares. Embora os pacientes apresentem um elevado índice de depressão, a prevalência da doença em cuidadores foi sobressalente. Esta realidade aponta para a necessidade de enfrentamento do problema, não apenas no contexto do grupo de nefrológicos, mas também no contexto dos cuidadores que, em geral, vivenciam, juntamente com os pacientes, as limitações impostas pela doença.

Virtual Communities is an increasingly common phenomenon on the Internet. Most of the Virtual Communities are operated and maintained on a non-profit basis with a direction towards entertainment. However, as more state administrated and commercial services become web-based, we believe that the number of Virtual Communities with a community-based or commercial direction will increase in a near future. In this thesis, we describe our participation in, and studies of, a number of Virtual Communities with focus on the IRC-channel ?3dfxsweden?. On the basis of our experiences, we describe the social elements that form the foundation on which the Virtual Community rely on. Based on this, we give suggestions on how to consider social factors in the operation of a Virtual Community.

Nowdays, when we are running out of public IPv4 addresses, we rely on techniques that at least postpone their complete exhaustion. One of these techniques is a network address translation (NAT). Internet providers require the highest possible bandwidth from devices that perform this task. This thesis compares NAT DPDK, built on top of DPDK framework, with freely available alternatives. This work also extends NAT DPDK with Application-Level Gateway support.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / We investigate some simulation-based approaches for the valuing of the employee stock options. The mathematical models that deal with valuation of such options include the work of Jennergren and Naeslund [L.P Jennergren and B. Naeslund, A comment on valuation of executive stock options and the FASB proposal, Accounting Review 68 (1993) 179-183]. They used the Black and Scholes [F. Black and M. Scholes, The pricing of options and corporate liabilities, Journal of Political Economy 81(1973) 637-659] and extended partial differential equation for an option that includes the early exercise. Some other major relevant works to this mini thesis are Hemmer et al. [T Hemmer, S. Matsunaga and T Shevlin, The influence of risk diversification on the early exercise of employee stock options by executive officers, Journal of Accounting and Economics 21(1) (1996) 45-68] and Baril et al. [C. Baril, L. Betancourt, J. Briggs, Valuing employee stock options under SFAS 123 R using the Black-Scholes-Merton and lattice model approaches, Journal of Accounting Education 25 (1-2) (2007) 88-101]. The underlying assets are studied under the GARCH (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity) effects. Particular emphasis is made on the American style employee stock options. / South Africa

論文摘要 隨著資訊及運輸科技的日新月異，人與人之間的互動已不再受距離或空間影響，「地球村」的觀念已然成型，相對「人際傳播行為」也因為跨區域、跨國界而更加複雜及重要。例如錯誤的「人際傳播策略」搭上不同的文化背景，便引發了嚴重的911攻擊事件；而近來引起國內八卦風潮的「璩美鳳光碟事件」也是由於處理不當的人際關係所引起的，如果這兩個事件的當事人(或政府)可以在事前便清楚該問題並採取正確的「人際傳播策略」，則所有的災難可能早就「消弭於無形」之間了。 人際傳播重要的「認知、過濾」理論－隱性人格論(Implicit Personality Theory)，常被用於解釋人際互動間進展及是否持續接觸的重要理論之一，它牽涉到訊息蒐集、篩選、判斷等認知處理過程，同時也被引申到人際傳播的效果闡述上，經過多年來的論證已顯示此理論對於人際交往及傳播的影響層面是無庸置疑的，不過當面對被視為未來趨勢的虛擬網路世界時，隱性人格理論是否仍在網路交往過程中扮演一重要角色，抑或是會產生本質的改變，還是根本毫無影響，目前似乎沒有任何具體答案，因此如何將已精粹成形的人際傳播理論運用在網際網路中的人際傳播上，相信該是「人際傳播學」在21世紀開啟的此時最迫切的課題。 本研究嘗試從訊息處理過程AID(A)的不同階段切入，並採用深度訪談方式訪問數位IRC的重度使用者，探討他們在網路聊天室內對於交談對象的虛擬人際互動過程，進而了解在網路的交往過程中是否一如真實世界中一般，有「隱性人格理論」所描述的現象產生；或者另有其他角色及影響層面。 經本研究歸納深度訪談內容及訊息，顯示「隱性人格理論」在虛擬的網路世界中的確存在且有其不同層面的影響力，不僅在互動過程中該理論的現象發生得更早，並且牽涉到更多自我主觀的認知判斷，但相對真實世界而言，該判斷是比較脆弱且易變的，也間接顯示出網路人際關係與現實世界中的交往是有本質上的差異。 / THESIS ABSTRACT The interaction among people is no longer limited by distance or space according to the development of new technology for information and transportation. The concept of ‘Global Village’ has been formed and ‘interpersonal communication behavior’ is getting more and more complicated and important as it is among the regions and across boundaries. For instance, serious attacking event of ‘911’ was caused by incorrect ‘communication strategy’ and different cultural background; and the ‘Ms. Chu event’ was also caused by inappropriate interpersonal relationship. These great sufferings could be avoided if the people or governments involved in those two events could have clarified the problems and taken proper ‘communication strategies’ in advance. ‘Implicit Personality Theory’, an important theory of ‘recognition and filtering’ in interpersonal communication, is a theory that was commonly applied to explain the progress of interpersonal interaction and to confirm the continuous connection. It involves in the process of handling recognition on information collection, screening, and judgment, etc. Other than that, it is also extended to elaborate the effect of interpersonal communication. After years of expound and prove, it is obviously that this theory has been demonstrated a deep impact to interpersonal association and communication. However, when facing the so-called future trend of virtual cyber world, there is still no concrete solution whether ‘Implicit Personality Theory’ will play an important role in the cyber world? If there an essential change will be occurred, or even no any influence at all. Consequently, it is considered the most urgent issue in the opening of 21st century that how the maturely formed ‘interpersonal communication theory’ can be applied to interpersonal connection in the cyber world. This study tried to get in from the different phases of AIDA in the process of handling information, and from an in-depth interview of several heavy users of IRC to explore the process of virtual interpersonal interaction to the chatting partner in internet chat room and further to understand if the phenomenon as described in ‘Implicit Personality Theory’ will be occurred in the process of cyber association, just the same as that in the real world, or if there any other party and object will be impacted. It was demonstrated that ‘Implicit Personality Theory’ exists in virtual cyber world and impacts to different parts throughout the induction of the contents and information from the in-depth interviews. The phenomenon of this theory not only appeared earlier in the process of interaction, but also more involved in judgment of recognition from self subjective. However, for the real world, this kind of judgment is weaker and easier to change, and indirectly shows that there were essential differences between cyber interpersonal relationship and real world communication. / 目錄 目錄．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．I 表目錄．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．II 圖目錄．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．III 第一章 概論 第一節 研究動機．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 1 第二節 研究目的．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 3 第三節 研究問題．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 4 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 人際傳播之定義．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 5 第二節 人際傳播的理論基礎．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 9 第三節 隱性人格理論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．10 第四節 網際網路與人際傳播．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．16 第五節 網路人際傳播．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．17 第六節 網路即時聊天．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．21 第三章 研究方法 第一節 研究架構－A-I-D模式．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 27 第二節 研究方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．29 第三節 研究對象．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．31 一、 設定合格受訪者條件．．．．．．．．．．．．31 二、 受訪者選取．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．33 第四節 研究設計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．35 一、 研究工具．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．35 二、 進行程序．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．37 第四章 研究發現 第一節 研究對象共同特性 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 41 第二節 第一階段－“A”ttention注意 ．．．．．．．．．．．．． 42 一、 在IRC中．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．42 二、 在真實世界中．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．46 第三節 第二階段－”I”nterest興趣 ．．．．．．．．．．．．． 47 三、 在IRC中．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．47 四、 在真實世界中．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．55 第四節 第三階段－“D”esire欲望．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．56 一、 在IRC中．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．57 二、 在真實世界中．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．60 第五節 總整理．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．61 第五章 結論與建議 第一節 研究結論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．66 第二節 檢討與建議．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．69 參考文獻．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 72 附件一：1996∼2001年蕃薯藤網路使用行為大調查．．．．．．．． 78 附件二：一對一深度訪談過錄文稿．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 83 附件三：受訪者背景與網路即時聊天室使用經驗簡介．．．．．．． 111 圖表目錄 圖目錄．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．II 圖2-1-1 傳播金字塔 5 圖2-1-2 5W公式 6 圖2-1-3 人際傳播的基本概念 8 圖2-3-1 交際關係的六個階段 13 圖2-5-1 微軟Out-look的e-mail 19 圖2-5-2 台北科技大學紅樓BBS資訊站 19 圖2-6-1 IRC多對多互動聊天畫面 22 圖2-6-2 IRC「悄悄話」一對一聊天房間 22 圖2-6-3 可針對特定對象，選擇擬人化動作 25 圖3-1-1 隱性人格理論的內向傳播過程 27 圖3-1-2 AIDA模式 28 圖3-1-3 研究架構 28 圖3-3-1：英國網路重度使用者定義圖示 32 表目錄．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．III 表2-1-1 人際傳播理論 9 表2-5-1 網路人際傳播介面比較表 20 表3-2-1 質化研究與量化研究的取向觀點 29 表3-2-2 質化與量化研究的差異 29 表3-3-1 網路使用時數描述性統計結果 33 表3-3-2 網路上癮者與非上癮者網路使用時數t檢定 33 表3-3-3 受訪者簡介 34 表4-5-1 兩種場域「推測性格」行為不一致的受訪者 41 表4-5-2 兩種場域「意願受影響」行為的差異 41 表4-5-3 受訪者與陌生人接觸的差異化比較表 42

Social media and its underlying technologies have created an advanced and sophisticated platform for digital activism. As a result, companies and organizations are undergoing a pivotal transition in how they reach and engage with users in a fast and efficient manner. Specifically, nonprofit organizations have taken advantage of using social media platforms to not only amplify their brand and image, but also spread awareness of their mission to larger audiences. The aim of this study is to delve into the use of social media in the activism measures of nonprofit organizations and determine its effectiveness across the organizations. First, an in depth literature analysis will explore social media and its impact on digital activism as well as how social media has been utilized by renown nonprofits in the case studies of Greta Thunberg, and the Black Lives Matter movement. Second, the study will depict both qualitative and quantitative data taken from local nonprofit organizations that explore the impact of social media towards their activism measures. The case companies used in this study are Dolgin Digital Media and the Local Initiatives Support Corporation. After a thorough analysis of the qualitative and quantitative data, it was determined that social media is an effective tool for nonprofits to not only communicate their mission efficiently and quickly to a mass audience, but also as a mechanism for brand amplification. / Sociala medier och dess underliggande tekniker har skapat en avancerad och sofistikerad plattform för digital aktivism. Som ett resultat genomgår företag och organisationer en avgörande övergång i hur de når och samarbetar med användare på ett snabbt och effektivt sätt. Specifikt har ideella organisationer utnyttjat att använda sociala medieplattformar för att inte bara förstärka sitt varumärke och sin image, utan också sprida medvetenheten om deras uppdrag till större publik. Syftet med denna studie är att fördjupa användningen av sociala medier i ideella organisationers aktivismåtgärder och bestämmadess effektivitet i organisationerna. Först, en djupgående litteraturanalys kommer att utforska sociala medier och dess inverkan på digital aktivism samt hur sociala medier har använts av kända ideella organisationer i fallstudierna av Greta Thunberg, och Black Lives Matter-rörelsen. För det andra kommer studien att skildra både kvalitativa och kvantitativa data som tas från lokala ideella organisationer som undersöker effekterna av sociala medier på deras aktivismåtgärder. De fallföretag som används i denna studie är Dolgin Digital Media och Local Initiatives Support Corporation. Efter en grundlig analys av kvalitativa och kvantitativa data, det fastställdes att sociala medier är ett effektivt verktyg för ideella organisationer för att inte bara kommunicera sitt uppdrag effektivt och snabbt till en masspublik, utan också som en mekanism för varumärkesförstärkning.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-04T13:20:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VERÔNICA ALMEIDA DE OLIVEIRA LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCS 2007..pdf: 10230277 bytes, checksum: cae5f62a081c1483532645845c2e6ded (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-04T13:20:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VERÔNICA ALMEIDA DE OLIVEIRA LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCS 2007..pdf: 10230277 bytes, checksum: cae5f62a081c1483532645845c2e6ded (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-26 / CNPq / Entendendo que as novas tecnologias da comunicação e informação vêm ganhando cada vez mais espaços em várias esferas da sociedade, tornado-se cada vez mais comum o estabelecimento da comunicação pessoal via internet, esta dissertação apresenta uma discussão acerca de suas implicações no campo das relações sociais, mais especificamente na esfera da socialidade e da interação social. O objetivo principal é analisar as novas formas de socialidade que emergem desse novo dispositivo de comunicação, tomando como locus para investigação, as salas de bate-papo na internet, especialmente o canal de IRC ifCampina_Grande. A pesquisa e análise dos dados empíricos objetivaram dar conta não só da identificação das novas práticas de socialidades emergentes nas salas de bate-papo, mas, também, expõe brevemente alguns fatores responsáveis pelos resultados auferidos, assim como indica a emergência das ferramentas de comunicação virtual via internet. / Understanding that the new technologies of communication and information have been gaining more and more spaces in several spheres of the society, making the establishment of interpersonal communication via internet become more and more common, this dissertation presents a discussion concerning the implications of this phenomenon in the field of the social relations, specifically focusing in the sphere of the sociality and of the social interaction. The main objective is to analyze the new sociality forms which emerge from that new communication device, taking as locus for investigation the internet chat rooms, especially the IRC #CampinaGrande channel. The research and analysis of the empiric data were aimed at giving an account not only of the identification of the new emergent practices of socialities in the chat rooms but, likewise, they briefly expose some factors responsible for the gained results, as well as they indicate the emergence of the tools of virtual communication via internet.