<p>Seismic isolation is a seismic design philosophy that aims to reduce the demand on structures as opposed to increasing their capacity to endure forces. Seismic isolation can be achieved by placing isolating bearings with relatively low stiffness compared to the structure itself beneath the superstructure. This low stiffness layer increases the structural period, shifting the structure into a period range of low seismic energy content.</p> <p>The objectives of this research were to investigate the dynamic properties, durability and limitations of stable unbonded fibre reinforced elastomeric isolator (SU-FREI) bearings. Vertical compression testing indicated the bearings possessed adequate vertical stiffness. Due to lack of bonding at the bearing interface surfaces rollover deformation was observed to occur during lateral cyclic testing. This response behaviour was found to result in advantageous effective lateral stiffness and damping properties. The bearings maintained stability during rollout testing while serviceability and fatigue testing both conformed to code specified test specimen adequacy limitations. Experimental shake table testing showed that the isolated structure behaved essentially as a rigid body during testing. Test results showed that a SU‐FREI isolation system significantly reduced the seismic demand on the structure.</p> <p>Modelling of the bearings dynamic properties was completed using a bilinear model and a backbone curve model. Both models showed adequate results in predicting experimental peak responses. A simplified design spectrum analysis was presented and used to model the structure in four Canadian cities. This design spectrum analysis approach showed adequate capabilities in predicting peak response values, such that the method could be used in preliminary analysis and design of isolated structures.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Conventional isolation models deal with massless isolators, which tend to overestimate the isolator performance because they neglect the internal resonances (IRs) due to the inertia of the isolator. Previous researches on the IR problem is not adequate because they only discussed this problem in terms of vibration based on single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) models. These studies did not reveal the importance of the IRs, especially from the perspective of the noise radiation. This dissertation is novel compared to previous studies in the following ways: (a) a three-DOF (3DOF) model, which better represents practical vibration systems, is employed to investigate the importance of the IRs; (b) the IR problem is studied considering both vibration and noise radiation; and (c) passive and hybrid control approaches using dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs) to suppress the IRs are investigated and their potential demonstrated. The 3DOF analytical model consists of a rigid primary mass connected to a flexible foundation through three isolators. To include the IRs, the isolator is modeled as a continuous rod with longitudinal motion. The force transmissibility through each isolator and the radiated sound power of the foundation are two criteria used to show the effects and significance of the IRs on isolator performance. Passive and hybrid DVAs embedded in the isolator are investigated to suppress the IRs. In the passive approach, two DVAs are implemented and their parameters are selected so that the IRs can be effectively attenuated without significantly degrading the isolator performance at some other frequencies that are also of interest. It is demonstrated that the passive DVA enhanced isolator performs much better than the conventional isolator in the high frequency range where the IRs occur. The isolator performance is further enhanced by inserting an active force pair between the two passive DVA masses, forming the hybrid control approach. The effectiveness and the practical potential of the hybrid system are demonstrated using a feedforward control algorithm. It is shown that this hybrid control approach not only is able to maintain the performance of the passive approach, but also significantly improve the isolator performance at low frequencies. / Ph. D.

In dieser Arbeit wird ein Modell für das Eu-reiche EuO formuliert. Es besteht in einer Erweiterung des Kondo-Gitter-Modells (KGM). Für das KGM existieren nur einige exakte Aussagen. In dieser Arbeit kommt eine neue hinzu, nämlich die exakte Abbildung des periodischen Anderson-Modells auf das antiferromagnetische KGM für beliebige Kopplungsstärke J. Reines EuO ist ein ferromagnetischer Halbleiter. Eu-reiches EuO zeigt einen gewaltigen Metall-Isolator-Übergang in der Nähe der Curie-Temperatur mit einem Sprung im Widerstand von bis zu 13 Größenordnungen. Das ist der größte Sprung im Widerstand, der jemals in der Natur beobachtet wurde. Wir reproduzieren diesen Sprung theoretisch mit der Kubo-Formel. Wir erzielen sehr gute Fits bereits in einer nicht vollständig selbstkonsistenten Theorie, bei der die Magnetisierung der Eu-Spins einer Brillouin-Funktion entnommen ist. In einer vollständig selbstkonsistenten Theorie bestimmen wir die Magnetisierung, die Curie-Temperatur, den spezifischen Widerstand und andere Transporteigenschaften. Wir berechnen Größen wie die elektronische Wärmeleitfähigkeit und die Thermokraft, für die weniger experimentelle Daten zum Vergleich vorhanden sind. Nichtsdestoweniger erscheinen z.B. die Rechnungen für die thermische Leitfähigkeit vertrauenswürdig, da das Wiedemann-Franz-Verhältnis mit der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit einen vernünftigen Wert liefert. Die Leitungselektronenzahl des Eu-reichen EuO kommt aus der Theorie unabhängig von der Leitfähigkeit heraus. Daher können wir aus der Leitfähigkeit und der Leitungselektronenzahl die durchschnittliche Drude-Mobilität (oder Streuzeit) berechnen. Diese Größe hat für höhere Impurity-(Sauerstoff-Leerstellen)-Konzentrationen einen Sprung in der Nähe der Curie-Temperatur von bis zu zwei Größenordnungen in Übereinstimmung mit dem Experiment. / In this thesis a model is formulated for Eu-rich EuO. It consists in an extension of the Kondo lattice model (KLM). For the KLM only a few exact statements exist. To those we add a new one, namely the exact mapping of the periodic Anderson model on the antiferromagnetic KLM for arbitrary coupling constant J. Pure EuO is a ferromagnetic semiconductor. Eu-rich EuO exhibits a huge metal--insulator transition near the Curie temperature with a jump in resistivity of up to 13 orders of magnitude. It is the biggest jump in resistivity ever observed in nature. We theoretically reproduce this jump. We achieve very good fits already within a not fully self-consistent theory where the magnetization of the Eu spins is taken from a Brillouin function. In a fully self-consistent theory we determine the magnetization, the Curie temperature, the resistivity and other transport properties. We calculate quantities like the electronic thermal conductivity and the thermopower, for which there are less experimental data to compare with. Nevertheless, e.g. the calculations for the thermal conductivity seem reliable since the Wiedemann-Franz ratio with the electrical conductivity gives a reasonable result. The conduction-electron number of Eu-rich EuO comes out of the theory independently of the conductivity. So we can calculate from the conductivity and the conduction-electron number the average Drude mobility (or scattering time). This quantitiy has a jump near the Curie temperature of up to two orders of magnitude for higher impurity (oxygen vacancy) concentrations in agreement with the experiment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Huederson Aparecido Botura da Silva.pdf: 9209159 bytes, checksum: 19951a63245110738c893753fdd3874c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-07 / In an eletric power transmission system, the insulators are directly associated with the security level of the web, which your fail influence on companies statistics. The polymeric insulators are become more utilized year after year, having numerous advantages to its competitors (glass and/ or porcelain), however, its useful life can not be determined yet. This paper discuss the use of the free frequency of 915 MHz for monitoring and supervision af this polymeric insulators, and can thus provide data about the web, as well, indicate its useful live. Was performed a data transmission with variations of the intensity of eletric fields resulting from the line fitting of the 500kv rated voltage insulator. The variation of the electric field was obtained using different anti-corona rings. Its values were obtained using software as Gmsh and GetDP which use the method of finites elements. Was possible to observe that the central frequency of the carrier didi not change when a sign passed throw the electric field, besides being possible to perform the communication between the sensors having, at the most critical configuration, a packet loss equal to 1,6%. Also was possible observerd that for all tests performed occurred a small degradation of the sign during the data transmission. / Em um sistema de transmiss?o de energia el?trica, os isoladores est?o diretamente associados ao n?vel de seguran?a da rede, na qual sua falha influ?ncia em indicadores das concession?rias. Os isoladores polim?ricos est?o adquirindo com o passar dos anos maior utiliza??o, sendo que possui in?meras vantagens perante seus concorrentes (vidro e/ou porcelana), entretanto sua vida ?til ainda n?o pode ser determinada. Este trabalho aborda a utiliza??o da frequ?ncia livre de 915 MHz para monitoramento e supervis?o destes isoladores polim?ricos, sendo poss?vel assim fornecer dados sobre a rede bem como indicando a sua vida ?til. Foi realizado uma transmiss?o de dados mediante varia??es da intensidade do campo el?trico decorrentes do terminal fase do isolador da classe de tens?o de 500 kv. A varia??o da intensidade do campo el?trico foi obtido utilizando an?is anti-corona diferentes, sendo seus valores obtidos atrav?s de simula??es utilizando os softwares Gmsh e GetDP que utiliza o m?todo dos elementos finitos. Foi poss?vel observar que a frequ?ncia central da portadora n?o teve varia??o quando o sinal passava pelo campo el?trico, al?m de ser poss?vel realizar a comunica??o entre os n?s sensores tendo, na configura??o mais cr?tica, uma perda de pacotes igual a 1,6%. Tamb?m foi poss?vel observar que para todos os ensaios realizados ocorreu pequena degrada??o do sinal durante a transmiss?o de dados.

Organic thin film transistors (TFT) are an attractive option for low cost electronic applications and may be used for active matrix displays and for RFID applications. To extend the range of applications there is a need to develop and optimise the performance of non-volatile memory devices that are compatible with the solution-processing fabrication procedures used in plastic electronics. A possible candidate is an organic TFT incorporating the ferroelectric co-polymer poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene)(P(VDF-TrFE)) as the gate insulator. Dielectric measurements have been carried out on all-organic metal-insulator-semiconductor structures with the ferroelectric polymer poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) as the gate insu-lator. The capacitance spectra of MIS devices, were measured under different biases, showing the effect of charge accumulation and depletion on the Maxwell-Wagner peak. The position and height of this peak clearly indicates the lack of stable depletion behavior and the decrease of mobility when increasing the depletion zone width, i.e. upon moving into the P3HT bulk. The lack of stable depletion was further investigated with capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements. When the structure was driven into depletion, C-V plots showed a positive flat-band voltage shift, arising from the change in polarization state of the ferroelectric insulator. When biased into accumulation, the polarization was reversed. It is shown that the two polarization states are stable i.e. no depolarization occurs below the coercive field. However, negative charge trapped at the semiconductor-insulator interface during the depletion cycle masks the negative shift in flat-band voltage expected during the sweep to accumulation voltages. The measured output characteristics of the studied ferroelectric-field-effect transistors confirmed the results of the C-V plots. Furthermore, the results indicated a trapping of electrons at the positively charged surfaces of the ferroelectrically polarized P(VDF-TrFE) crystallites near the insulator/semiconductor in-terface during the first poling cycles. The study of the MIS structure by means of thermally stimulated current (TSC) revealed further evidence for the stability of the polarization under depletion voltages. It was shown, that the lack of stable depletion behavior is caused by the compensation of the orientational polarization by fixed electrons at the interface and not by the depolarization of the insulator, as proposed in several publications. The above results suggest a performance improvement of non-volatile memory devices by the optimization of the interface. / Organische Transistoren sind besonders geeignet für die Herstellung verschiedener preisgünstiger, elektronischer Anwendungen, wie zum Beispiel Radio-Frequenz-Identifikations-Anhänger (RFID). Für die Erweiterung dieser Anwendung ist es notwendig die Funktion von organischen Speicherelementen weiter zu verbessern. Das ferroelektrische Polymer Poly(vinylidene-Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) eignet sich besonders gut als remanent polarisierbarer Isolator in Dünnschich-Speicherelementen. Um Schalt- und Polarisationsverhalten solcher Speicherelemente zu untersuchen, wurden P(VDF-TrFE)-Kondensatoren und Metall-Halbleiter-Isolator-Proben sowie ferroelektrische Feld-Effekt-Transistoren (Fe-FET) aus dem Halbleiter Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) (P3HT) und P(VDF-TrFE) hergestellt und dielektrisch untersucht. Die Charakterisierung der MIS-Strukturen mittels spannungsabhängiger Kapazitätsspektren machte deutlich, dass es nicht möglich ist, einen stabilen Verarmungzustand (Aus-Zustand) zu realisieren. Kapazität-Spannungs-Messungen (C-V) an MIS-Proben mit uni/bi-polaren Spannungszyklen zeigten eine stabile ferroelektrische Polarisation des P(VDF-TrFE)-Films. Eine Depolarisation des Isolators durch den Mangel an Minoritäts-Ladungsträgern konnte als Grund für die Instabilität des Verarmungs-Zustandes ausgeschlossen werden. Die C-V-Kurven wiesen vielmehr auf die Existenz fixierter, negativer Ladungsträger an der Grenzfläche hin. Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden: die Ursache der Ladungsträgerinstabilitäten in organischen ferroelektrischen Speicherelementen ist auf die Kompensation der ferroelektrischen Orientierungspolarisation durch "getrappte"(fixierte) negative Ladungsträger zurückzuführen. Dieses Ergebnis liefert nun eine Grundlage für die Optimierung der Isolator/Halbleiter-Grenzfläche mit dem Ziel, die Zahl der Fallenzustände zu minimieren. Auf diesem Wege könnte die Stabilität des Speicherzustandes in organischen Dünnschichtspeicherelementen deutlich verbessert werden.

This thesis, gathering four papers, concerns the enhancement in understanding and modelling of the audible dynamic stiffness of vibration rubber isolators including experimental measurements. Paper A studies the performances of three different types of vibration isolator using an indirect measurement technique to estimate the blocked dynamic transfer stiffness of each specimen. The measurements are performed over a wide audible frequency range of 200 to 1000 Hz in a specially designed test rig enabling the investigation of arbitrary preload influences. Paper B addresses the modelling of the audible-frequency stiffness of the rubber conical mount experimentally appraised in Paper A accounting for preload effects. The model is based on a simpliflied waveguide approach approximating the nonlinearities attributed to the predeformations by adopting shape factor considerations. The carbon black filled rubber is assumed incompressible, displaying a viscoelastic behavior based on a fractional derivative Kelvin-Voigt model efficiently reducing the number of required material parameters. In Paper C the focus is on the axial dynamic stiffness modelling of an arbitrary long rubber bushing within the audible frequency range. The problems of simultaneously satisfying the locally non-mixed boundary conditions at the radial and end surfaces are solved by adopting a waveguide approach, using the dispersion relation for axially symmetric waves in thick-walled infinite plates, while fulfilling the radial boundary conditions by mode-matching. The results obtained are successfully compared with simpliflied models but display discrepancies when increasing the diameter-to-length ratios since the influence of higher order modes and dispersion augments. Paper D develops an effective waveguide model for a pre-compressed cylindrical vibration isolator within the audible frequency domain at arbitrary compressions. The original, mathematically arduous problem of simultaneously modelling the preload and frequency dependence is solved by applying a novel transformation of the pre-strained isolator into a globally equivalent homogeneous and isotropic configuration enabling the straightforward application of a waveguide model to satisfy the boundary conditions. The results obtained present good agreement with the non-linear finite element results for a wide frequency range of 20 to 2000 Hz at different preloads. / QC 20101001

In this study, the efficiency of linear and rotational tuned mass dampers (TMD) and lever type vibration isolators (LVI) in improving ride comfort is investigated based on a vehicle quarter-car model. TMDs reduce vibration levels by absorbing the energy of the system, especially at their natural frequencies. Both types of TMDs are investigated in the first part of this study. Although linear TMDs can be implemented more easily on suspension systems, rotational TMDs show better performance in reducing vibration levels / since, the inertia effect of rotational TMDs is higher than the linear TMDs. In order to obtain better results with TMDs, configurations with chain of linear TMDs are obtained in the second part of the study without changing the original suspension stiffness and damping coefficient. In addition to these, the effect of increasing the number of TMDs used in the chain configuration is investigated. Results show that performance deterioration at lower frequencies than wheel hop is reduced by using chain of TMDs. In the third part of this study, various configurations of LVIs with different masses are considered and significant attenuation of vibration amplitudes at both body bounce and wheel hop frequencies is achieved. Results show that TMDs improve ride comfort around wheel hop frequency while LVIs are quite efficient around body bounce frequency. Finally, parameter uncertainty due to aging of components and manufacturing defects are investigated.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden Untersuchungen der atomaren Struktur und des elektrischen Widerstands an in-situ hergestellten amorphen Na-Sn-Legierungen im Temperaturbereich 2K < T < 500K vorgestellt. Zur Herstellung der hochreaktiven duennen Schichten wird eine neu entwickelte Praeparationsmethode unter Reinstgasatmosphaere und Ultrahochvakuum benutzt. Die Messungen muessen im UHV durchgefuehrt werden. In amorphem Na-Sn gibt es zwei im Sinne von Hume-Rothery bzw. Peierls elektronisch stabilisierte Bereiche, die jeweils einer Phase zugeordnet werden koennen. In Phase I (0 <= x <= 50) koennen sich die Atome nur durch eine Erhoehung der Atomzahldichte, was einer Volumenverkleinerung entspricht, in die Friedelminima des Paarpotentials legen. Dazu gibt das Na sein aeusseres Elektron ab und verkleinert damit seinen Radius. Der zweite Peak im Strukturfaktor S(K) verschiebt hier parallel zum Durchmesser der Fermikugel und ist damit der elektronisch induzierte. Der Peak liegt sehr nahe beim Fermikugeldurchmesser. Dadurch ergeben sich starke Anomalien im elektronischen Transport, im mittleren Konzentrationsbereich macht das System sogar einen Metall-Isolator-Uebergang. In Phase II (60 <= x <= 73) liegen die Atome ohne Aenderung des Volumens in den Friedelminima. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird davon ausgegangen, dass das Na eine Umgebung aufbaut bzw. findet, die der des reinen Na nahekommt. In Phase II ist der erste Peak in S(K) der elektronisch induzierte. Das System verhaelt sich hier aehnlich wie vergleichbare Edelmetall- Polyvalentelement-Legierungen, bei einer effektiven Valenz Z = 1.8e/a fallen der Peak und der Fermikugeldurchmesser exakt zusammen. In dieser Phase tritt aber in S(K) ein Prepeak bei kleinen Streuvektoren auf. In der elektronischen Zustandsdichte ergibt sich ein Pseudogap bei der Fermienergie und das Material wird ein schlechtes Metall. Im Ueberlappungsbereich (50 < x < 60) koexistieren beide Phasen nebeneinander. Dies wird durch ein in zwei Abstaende aufgespaltenes erstes Maximum in der Atomverteilungsfunktion deutlich. Die Atome besetzen durch ihre Umverteilung von der einen zur anderen Phase scheinbar auch die Positionen zwischen den Friedelminima.

L'essor des télécommunications sur fibres a conduit depuis quarante ans au développement des composants optiques intégrés. Cependant, en raison de difficultés technologiques, un dispositif n'a pas encore été réalisé de façon satisfaisante : il s'agit de l'isolateur optique, dont la fonction est de propager la lumière dans un seul sens. Ces travaux s'inscrivent dans cette problématique puisqu'ils visent à l'intégration d'un isolateur grâce à la technologie de l'échange d'ions Na+/Ag+ sur verre. La configuration adoptée se compose de trois éléments sur puce : un séparateur de polarisation et deux rotateurs de polarisation à 45 °, l'un réciproque et l'autre non. Le séparateur de polarisation a été réalisé sous la forme d'une jonction Y asymétrique. Après une étude théorique, nous présentons le procédé de fabrication ainsi que les résultats expérimentaux obtenus. Les diaphonies mesurées sont à l'état de l'art, elles dépassent (31,1 ± 0,4) dB et (32,7 ± 0,4) dB en mode TE et TM sur une plage spectrale supérieure à 70 nm. Nous avons mené l'étude du rotateur Faraday en collaboration avec le Laboratoire Télécom Claude Chappe de Saint Etienne pour la partie magnéto-optique. La structure employée est un guide d'onde à enterrage différentiel sur lequel est déposé un matériau magnéto-optique par un procédé sol-gel. Un angle de rotation non-réciproque de 50 ° a été mesuré, validant ainsi l'approche hybride. Un nouveau procédé de fabrication est également présenté pour un rotateur réciproque à évolution de mode adiabatique. Celui-ci consiste en un enterrage sous champ présentant une inhomogénéité transverse. Nous proposons finalement une méthode de fabrication de l'isolateur complet basée sur l'intégration monolithique des différents éléments. / For the past forty years, the growth of fiber telecommunications has led to the development of integrated optical components. However, due to technological issues, a device has not yet been realized: the optical isolator, which propagates light in a single direction. Our work fits into this context. It deals with the integration of an isolator using the Na+/Ag+ ion-exchange technology. The configuration we adopted consists of three elements on chip: a polarization splitter and two 45 ° polarization rotators, one is reciprocal and the other is not. The polarization splitter has been realized in the shape of an asymmetrical Y junction. After a theoretical study, we present the fabrication process and experimental results. State-of-the-art diaphonies of (31.1 ± 0.4) dB and (32.7 ± 0.4) dB have been measured in TE and TM mode over a bandwidth larger than 70 nm. The magneto-optical part of the study has been undertaken in collaboration with the Laboratoire Télécom Claude Chappe (LT2C) from Saint Etienne, France. The Faraday rotator is a selectively buried waveguide on which a magneto-optical material has been deposited using a sol-gel process. A non-reciprocal rotation of 50 ° has been measured, hence validating the hybrid approach. A novel fabrication process is presented for a reciprocal mode-evolution polarization rotator. The process consists in the burring of a waveguide under an electric field presenting a transverse inhomogeneity. We finally propose a fabrication method of the complete optical isolator. It is based on the monolithic integration of the three elements.

This diploma thesis deals with optical and optoelecronic components. The first part of the work describes the optical paths and methods of their measurement. The second part describes the coupler, circulator and isolator. Further described is a laser diode, a photodetector and a modulator. The third part describes the measurement procedure of the coupler, circulator, isolator, laser diode, photodetector and modulator. The measured values are compared with the catalog values.