A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Counselling Psychology) in the Department of Psychology at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2005. / Health is viewed as a complete state of well-being and not only the prevention of disease. This research was embarked upon to highlight the importance of health promotion as a method of improving one's health as compared to disease prevention. This study aims to detect whether there is a substantial difference in psychological wellness between individuals who exercise and those individuals that a sedentary. Secondly, this study aspires to determine whether there is a difference in psychological wellness between individuals who engage in different forms of physical activity. This study motivated by the fact that no other previous international research has implemented the RyfFs scales of psychological well-being (1995) and Fox's physical self-perception profile (1990) concurrently. It is hoped that results from the proposed scheme of work will afford experts in the field of health with further insight as to the importance of physical activity as a prescription for health promotion.

Summary: The possible involvement of an adrenergic-endorphin system in the mediation of the pressor response to isometric muscular contraction was studied in cats. Fatiguing contractions of the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles caused an increase in the mean arterial blood pressure by 35 to 70 mmHg. Intravenous infusion (30 μg·kg-1) as well as intracisternal injection (2.5 μg) of clonidine-HCl eliminated the pressor response to muscular contraction. In both sets of experiments, the mean blood pressure remained at the resting level throughout the duration of the isometric contraction. Injection of naloxone (0.5 μmol·litre-1) into the cisterna magna did not alter the resting blood pressure and did not affect the rise in mean arterial pressure during muscle contractions. Intracisternal injection of naloxone (0.5 μmol·litre-1) prior to an intracisternal injection of clonidine (2.5 μg) did not alter the resting blood pressure but effectively antagonised the anti-pressor effects of clonidine during fatiguing isometric contractions. These data may indicate that activation of muscle "ergoreceptor" afferents (group III and IV fibres) during muscular contraction may cause an increase in the arterial blood pressure by interfering with an inhibitory adrenergic-endorphinergic pathway in the brainstem.

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No description available.

Shoulder injuries are a focus of work related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD) research due to rising healthcare costs, an aging workforce, and long recovery times. Substantial research has been performed in the area of shoulder WMSDs and a number of risk factors have been implicated in their development; including static loads, repetition, and deviated posture. However, knowledge of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is limited. Thermography provides a non-invasive technique that may offer clues to unknown physiological markers associated with injury development during job task performance. The objective of this study was to quantify anterior deltoid surface temperature changes as function of changing task demands. Skin surface temperature changes of the anterior deltoid, modified Borg CR-10 ratings, and endurance time during overhead static exertions until exhaustion for two work loads (15 and 30% MVC) and shoulder angles (90o and 115o) were quantified. Ten participants (5 males and 5 females) participated in the study and were free of confounding conditions (such as chronic or acute shoulder injury) and were required to meet body fat percentile requirements. Thermography showed that the higher shoulder angle had a reduced blood flow while there were no differences in temperature for exertion. Modified Borg ratings were not found to be well correlated with temperature values. The findings suggest that workers performing overhead work should minimize their deviated posture when available to prevent a high risk of developing a shoulder WMSD. / Master of Science

This study investigates the effects of isotonic and isometric exercises on heart rate and blood pressure and seeks to determine the relationship of these effects to physical work capacity.

Neste trabalho, provamos um teorema de imersões isométricas em variedades Lorentzianas homogêneas tridimensionais, usando a teoria de G- estruturas. Tais variedades são aquelas consideradas na classificação das 3- variedades Lorentzianas homogêneas de Dumitrescu e Zeghib. Provamos também um teorema de rigidez isométrica para hipersuperfícies em variedades semi-Riemannianas com G-estrutura infinitesimalmente homogêneas. No caso particular em que o ambiente são variedades semi-Riemannianas dadas por produto de uma forma espacial por R ou variedades Riemannianas homogêneas tridimensionais, provamos o mesmo teorema de rigidez isométrica, porém com hipóteses mais fracas. / In this work we prove an isometric embedding theorem in homogeneous Lorentzian manifolds of dimension 3, that were recently classified by Dumitrescu and Zeghib in [11]. We also prove a rigidity result of isometric embeddings of hypersurfaces in semi-Riemannian manifolds endowed with an infinitesimally homogeneous G-structure. In the special case that the semi-Riemannian manifolds are produtcs of the type Q^n_cxR, or Riemannian homogeneous 3-manifolds, the result is proven under wear assumptions.

Neste trabalho, provamos um teorema de imersões isométricas em variedades Lorentzianas homogêneas tridimensionais, usando a teoria de G- estruturas. Tais variedades são aquelas consideradas na classificação das 3- variedades Lorentzianas homogêneas de Dumitrescu e Zeghib. Provamos também um teorema de rigidez isométrica para hipersuperfícies em variedades semi-Riemannianas com G-estrutura infinitesimalmente homogêneas. No caso particular em que o ambiente são variedades semi-Riemannianas dadas por produto de uma forma espacial por R ou variedades Riemannianas homogêneas tridimensionais, provamos o mesmo teorema de rigidez isométrica, porém com hipóteses mais fracas. / In this work we prove an isometric embedding theorem in homogeneous Lorentzian manifolds of dimension 3, that were recently classified by Dumitrescu and Zeghib in [11]. We also prove a rigidity result of isometric embeddings of hypersurfaces in semi-Riemannian manifolds endowed with an infinitesimally homogeneous G-structure. In the special case that the semi-Riemannian manifolds are produtcs of the type Q^n_cxR, or Riemannian homogeneous 3-manifolds, the result is proven under wear assumptions.

No description available.

Purpose: To determine the reliability of early force production (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ms) relative to peak force (PF) during an isometric mid-thigh pull and to assess the relationships between these variables. Methods:: Male collegiate athletes (N = 29; age 21.1 [2.9] y, height 1.71 [0.07] m, body mass 71.3 [13.6] kg) performed isometric mid-thigh pulls during 2 separate testing sessions. Net PF and net force produced at each epoch were calculated. Within- and between-session reliabilities were determined using intraclass correlation coefficients and coefficient of variation percentages. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficients and coefficient of determination were calculated to examine the relationships between PF and time-specific force production. Results:: Net PF and time-specific force demonstrated very high to almost perfect reliability both within and between sessions (intraclass correlation coefficients .82–.97; coefficient of variation percentages 0.35%–1.23%). Similarly, time-specific force expressed as a percentage of PF demonstrated very high to almost perfect reliability both within and between sessions (intraclass correlation coefficients .76–.86; coefficient of variation percentages 0.32%–2.51%). Strong to nearly perfect relationships (r = .615–.881) exist between net PF and time-specific net force, with relationships improving over longer epochs. Conclusion:: Based on the smallest detectable difference, a change in force at 50 milliseconds expressed relative to PF > 10% and early force production (100, 150, 200, and 250 ms) expressed relative to PF of >2% should be considered meaningful. Expressing early force production as a percentage of PF is reliable and may provide greater insight into the adaptations to the previous training phase than PF alone.