Title: Promotional Products - A quantitative study about which promotional product are thebest to be used in general and specific industries Authors: Philip Andersson and Kristiana Malinova Supervisor: Jean-Charles Languilaire Examiner: Christine Tidåsen End seminar: 2012-06-04 Level: Bachelor Dissertation in Marketing, 15 Swedish credits, Spring 2012 Key words: promotional products, promotional items, promotional gifts, product advertising,promotion, promotion methods and swag. Question:“Which are the best promotional products to be used by companies in general andin specific industries?” Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the use and the importance ofpromotional products for companies. What we want to achieve with this study is to find outwhich promotional product is the best in general and in specific industries. We will explorethe power of promotional items and how to achieve the best results when it comes to savingtime and money. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework includes theories regarding whatcompanies need to consider when choosing to use promotional products. The theories whichare used are based to on the four hypotheses which we have chosen to analyze. Methodology and Method: This dissertation is a quantitative study with a deductive andextensive approach. Empirical framework: The empirical framework present findings and statistics of theresearch. Analysis: The four hypotheses are analyzed and critical examined. Conclusion: If companies learn how use promotional products they will gain a greatadvantage on the market. The type of the industry is of great importance when it comes tochoosing the right promotional products.

ABSTRACT A MONTE CARLO STUDY INVESTIGATING MISSING DATA, DIFFERENTIAL ITEM FUNCTIONING, AND EFFECT SIZE by Phyllis Garrett The use of polytomous items in assessments has increased over the years, and as a result, the validity of these assessments has been a concern. Differential item functioning (DIF) and missing data are two factors that may adversely affect assessment validity. Both factors have been studied separately, but DIF and missing data are likely to occur simultaneously in real assessment situations. This study investigated the Type I error and power of several DIF detection methods and methods of handling missing data for polytomous items generated under the partial credit model. The Type I error and power of the Mantel and ordinal logistic regression were compared using within-person mean substitution and multiple imputation when data were missing completely at random. In addition to assessing the Type I error and power of DIF detection methods and methods of handling missing data, this study also assessed the impact of missing data on the effect size measure associated with the Mantel, the standardized mean difference effect size measure, and ordinal logistic regression, the R-squared effect size measure. Results indicated that the performance of the Mantel and ordinal logistic regression depended on the percent of missing data in the data set, the magnitude of DIF, and the sample size ratio. The Type I error for both DIF detection methods varied based on the missing data method used to impute the missing data. Power to detect DIF increased as DIF magnitude increased, but there was a relative decrease in power as the percent of missing data increased. Additional findings indicated that the percent of missing data, DIF magnitude, and sample size ratio also influenced the effect size measures associated with the Mantel and ordinal logistic regression. The effect size values for both DIF detection methods generally increased as DIF magnitude increased, but as the percent of missing data increased, the effect size values decreased.

The aim of the present paper is to analyse how Antanina Banelytė translated pronouns of address of Carolyn Slaughter’s novel A Black Englishman into Lithuanian, mainly the proper analysis where she translated English you as polite Jūs into Lithuanian and where it is translated as familiar tu. What is more, the present paper consists of two topics, and the second topic concerns with what particular translation strategies Antanina Banelytė has applied for the translation of culture-specific items in the novel. The translation of pronouns of address and culture-specific items is presented as a difficult task, since English and Lithuanian languages have different pronoun systems and most of the culture-specific items from the novel are unfamiliar to the target text readers. Therefore, the task of the translator was to create a naturally sounding target text and still to preserve its local colour of the Indian culture. In order to analyse the translator’s decisions in her translation theoretical framework is presented for both topics separately. First, forms of address in English and Lithuanian and their translation problems are discussed; then, current theories on translation of culture-specific items are presented. The analytical part on the translation of the pronouns of address was divided into two parts. In the first part, examples presenting pronoun forms used to address to a person of socially superior status are analysed; and in the second one the examples presenting the... [to full text] / Šio darbo tikslas išanalizuoti kaip Antanina Banelytė į lietuvių kalbą išvertė įvardžius naudojamus kaip kreipinius iš Carolyn Slaughter romano „A Black Englishman“ („Juodasis anglas“). Pagrindinis tikslas buvo ištirti, kodėl angliškas kreipinys „you“ vienur buvo verčiamas kaip mandagioji forma „Jūs“, o kitur kaip familiarus kreipimasis „tu“. Šis darbas gvildena dvi temas. Antroji šio darbo tema yra ištirti, kokias vertimo strategijas Antanina Banelytė pasitelkė versdama kultūrines realijas rastas nagrinėjamame romane. Abi šios užduotys pristatytos kaip labai sudėtingos, nes, visų pirma, anglų ir lietuvių kalbos turi skirtingas kreipinių formas; antra, dauguma kultūrinių realijų yra nepažįstamos lietuviško vertimo skaitytojams. Todėl, vertime buvo siekiama pateikti natūralų lietuvišką tekstą, bet tuo pačiu metu išsaugoti Indijos kultūros ypatumą. Vertėjos sprendimams priimtiems vertimo metu pagrįsti buvo pateikta teorinė medžiaga kiekvienai šio darbo temai atskirai. Pirmiausia buvo aptarta angliškos ir lietuviškos kreipinių formos bei jų vertimo problematika. Po to buvo pristatytos plačiausiai vartojamos vertimo strategijos kultūrinėms realijoms versti. Analitinė darbo dalis, kurioje nagrinėjamos kreipinių formos vertime, susideda iš dviejų dalių. Pirmoje dalyje yra analizuojami pavyzdžiai kuriuose yra panaudoti kreipiniai kreipiantis į aukštesnės socialinės padėties asmenį. Antroje dalyje analizuojami pavyzdžiai kuriuose naudojamos kreipinių formos kreipiantis į... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

The aim of this MA thesis is to analyze culture-specific items and their translation strategies in Vytautas Petrukaitis‘ Lithuanian translation of Mario Puzo’s famous novel The Godfather (1969) and in Lithuanian subtitles of the film The Godfather (1972) directed by Francis Ford Coppola. In 1969 Vytautas Petrukaitis translated Puzo’s novel The Godfather into the Lithuanian language; in 2009 Coppola’s film with Lithuanian subtitles appeared on Lithuanian screen and in DVD. Both the novel The Godfather and the subtitles of the film The Godfather include a large number of culture-specific items. The analysis of culture-specific items follows the categorization of culture-specific items suggested by Jurgita Mikutytė; the discussion of translation strategies applied in translation of culture-specific items from English into Lithuanian is based on the classification of translation strategies as proposed by Eirlys E. Davies. The thesis is comprised of the introduction, four sections, the conclusion, two appendices, and a list of references. Part One introduces the subject of culture-specific items and presents their classification and translation strategies. Part Two of the paper discusses the aspects of audiovisual translation and its two main forms; namely, dubbing and subtitling. Part Three is devoted to the issue of adaptation; thus, the relationship between two different mediums, literature and film, is discussed. Part Four, which is composed of two sub-sections, analyses... [to full text] / Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojamos kultūrinės realijos bei jų vertimo strategijos Mario Puzo romano „Krikštatėvis“ (The Godfather, 1969) vertime iš anglų kalbos į lietuvių kalbą bei Francis Ford Coppola režisuoto filmo „Krikštatėvis“ (1972) lietuviškuose subtitruose. 1969 m. vertėjas Vytautas Petrukaitis išvertė garsų Mario Puzo romaną „Krikštatėvis“ į lietuvių kalbą; 2009 m. Lietuvos ekranuose bei DVD formate pasirodė filmas „Krikštatėvis“ su lietuviškais subtitrais. Kultūrinių realijų vertimo analizė remiasi Jurgitos Mikutytės pasiūlytomis kultūrinių realijų kategorijomis ir Eirlys E. Davies vertimo strategijomis. Darbas sudarytas iš įžangos, keturių dalių, išvadų, dviejų priedų ir literatūros sąrašo. Pirmoji dalis pristato kultūrines realijas, jų kategorijas ir vertimo strategijas. Antroji dalis aptaria audiovizualųjį vertimą ir dvi pagrindines jo formas – dubliavimą ir subtitravimą. Trečioji dalis svarsto adaptacijos problemą ir atskleidžia ryšį tarp literatūros ir filmo. Ketvirtojoje dalyje, kurią sudaro du poskyriai, yra analizuojamos kultūrinės realijos bei jų vertimo strategijos Vytauto Petrukaičio į lietuvių kalbą išverstame Mario Piuzo romane „Krikštatėvis“ ir filmo „Krikštatėvis“ lietuviškuose subtitruose (vertėjas nežinomas). Pirmasis poskyris analizuoja kultūrines realijas romane, o antrasis poskyris – filmo subtitruose. Kultūrinės realijos yra suskirstytos į Jurgitos Mikutytės pasiūlytas kategorijas: geografinės realijos, etnografinės realijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Šiame darbe išsamiai tyrinėjamos informacinio žanro – žinučių turinio ir raiškos ypatybės – nustatomos informacinių žinučių temos, informacijos pobūdis, pasiskirstymas pagal įvykio vietą, žinutę sudarančių sakinių ir žodžių kiekis. Didelis dėmesys skiriamas mokslinės literatūros, susijusios su žiniasklaidos žanrų tyrinėjimu ir informacinių žinučių savybėmis, apžvalgai. Renkantis tyrimo medžiagą buvo atsižvelgta į tai, kad šiandieninėje žiniasklaidoje pastebima žinučių gausa, kurių vienas pagrindinių šaltinių yra naujienų agentūra. Lietuvoje veikianti naujienų agentūra „Baltic news service“ kasdien pateikia daugiau kaip 1,000 naujienų, todėl informacinių žinučių turinio ir raiškos analizei atlikti buvo pasirinkta 1,000 žinučių, kurios atrinktos iš 2007 metų naujienų agentūros BNS tekstyno. Siekiant atskleisti informacinių žinučių turinio ir raiškos ypatybes, remtasi turinio analizės kiekybiniu metodu ir tekstynų lingvistikos metodika. Informacinės žinutės išsamiai suskirstytos į 20 temų, į užsienio ir vidines šalies naujienas, pastarosios skirstytos dar detaliau – į regionines ir nacionalines bei nespecifikuotas – kuriose įvykio vieta nenurodoma. Pagal informacijos pobūdį žinutės suskirstytos į įvykines, pranešančias apie konkrečius praeities ir ateities veiksmus, ir neįvykines – prognozes, planus ar šnekos aktus. Atlikta informacinių žinučių turinio analizė parodė, kad BNS naujienų agentūra informacinėmis žinutėmis daugiausiai pateikia verslo ir finansų, teisėsaugos ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The goal of this research is to analyze the content and expression of informational news items. The analysis is based on topic detection, information purpose, distribution depending on event place, estimation of sentences and words in the informational news items. The theoretical part of this research is focussed on the scientific literature, related to exploration of genres and features of informational news items. The research material was chosen because the mass media is spreading, it is noticed abundance of news, mainly in news agencies. „Baltic News Service“ agency releases over 1,000 news items per day, for this reason, 1,000 news items have been selected for this research from 2007 BNS corpora. The methodology is based on content analysis and quantitative methods of corpus linguistics techniques. Informational news items were divided into 20 topics, foreign and national news items, last mentioned were divided into regional and national. Those news items, which does not indicate the place, were named to nonspecific news items. The news items according to information purpose were divided into event describing – particular future and past events and non-events – about prognoses, plans or speech acts. Content analysis showed, that the main topics of informational news items are business and finance, law enforcement and politics, dominate national reports which inform the readers or listeners about future or past events. Foreign news items are mostly used to inform about... [to full text]

Translation of CSIs in literary texts poses many problems for the translator. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to reveal what translation strategies the translator of the novel Arvydas Sabonis uses when transferring CSIs in Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London (2007), which describes the life of the pour in Paris and London in the 1920s. This thesis consists of a summary in Lithuanian and English, five parts,a list of references and two appendixes. Part One is the Introduction to the study which gives a brief summary of the Orwell’s novel Down and Out in Paris and London, reveals the aim, objectives and structure of the thesis. Part Two, Culture-Specific Items, introduces the concept of culture, the definition and division of CSIs and their place in literary translation. Part Three, Translation of Culture-Specific Items, reveals the issues of translation of CSIs and names possible solutions proposed by Venuti (domestication and foreignisation) and by Davies (preservation, addition, omission, globalisation, localisation, transformation, and creation). Part Four, Translation Analysis of Culture-Specific Items in Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London discusses the difficulties of culture-specific items translation in the novel, introduce the method of analysis, provides examples of CSIs translations in accordance to the categories of CSIs: proper names and common expressions and their subcategories, names the used translation principles and strategies, and discusses... [to full text] / Kultūrinių realijų vertimas yra vienas iš sunkiausių uždavinių keliamų vertėjui. Šio baigiamojo magistro darbo tikslas yra atskleisti kokias vertimo strategijas pasirinko Arvydas Sabonis Orvelio romane „Dienos Paryžiuje ir Londone“, kuris buvo išverstas 2007 m. Romanas, parašytas 1933 m., gvildena skurdo problemą ir aprašo skustančiųjų gyvenimą Paryžiuje ir Londone. Šį darbą sudaro santraukos lietuvių ir anglų kalbomis, penkios dalys, šaltinių sąrašas ir du priedai. Pirmojoje dalyje, įžangoje, pristatoma tema, tikslas ir siekiniai. Antrojoje dalyje aptariama kultūros sąvoka, kultūrinių realijų apibrėžimas, suskirstymas ir vieta literatūriniame vertime. Trečiojoje dalyje nurodomos problemos, su kuriomis susiduria vertėjas versdamas kultūrines realijas, ir pateikiamos vertimo strategijos, kurias siūlo Venuti ir Davies. Ketvirtojoje dalyje atskleidžiami vertimo sunkumai su kuriais susidūrė Arvydas Sabonis versdamas Orvelio romaną „Dienos Paryžiuje ir Londone“, analizuojamas kultūrinių realijų vertimas pagal jų kategorijas ir subkategorijas, aprašant naudotas vertimo strategijas ir jų galimas pasirinkimo priežastis. Paskutinėje, penktojoje, dalyje aptariamos tyrimo išvados. Atlikus kultūrinių realijų vertimo analizę G. Orvelio romano „Dienos Paryžiuje ir Londone“ išaiškėjo, kad dažniau buvo naudotas forenizacijos principas, kuris buvo pasirinktas siekiant išlaikyti prancūziškų realijų autentiškumą ir sukurti anglišką aplinką, nes lietuvių skaitytojams Paryžius ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

As a result of the legacy of industrial contamination over the last century, areas of sediment deposition in the St. Lawrence River at Cornwall, ON, contain high concentrations of mercury (Hg). The popular sport-fish species, yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and walleye (Sander vitreus) have been found to contain mercury concentrations exceeding Ontario Ministry of Environment consumption guidelines. Interestingly, a paradox exists between two contaminated sites – despite elevated sediment Hg concentrations at Zone 2, fish from Zone 1 contain higher Hg concentrations. Further research has indicated that these patterns of Hg were not attributed to growth rate, condition factor, diet composition, or trophic position of yellow perch. Rather, Hg concentrations in yellow perch may be described by the heterogeneity of prey contamination and fish bioenergetics. As a result of the paradox between total Hg (THg) concentrations in sediments and biota between two contaminated sites, it was necessary to examine the benthic invertebrate community and how it may transfer Hg from sediments to yellow perch. This apparent paradox now extends to all prey items, since prey items from the stomach contents of yellow perch caught in Zone 1 were significantly more contaminated than those of Zone 2. Use of δ15N and δ13C, measures of trophic position and energy source, respectively, indicated that prey selection, but not food chain length, may also be an important factor in explaining the variation in Hg burdens in yellow perch. Small-scale patterns of biomagnification, as shown by a comparison of δ15N and logTHg, indicated that the rates of biomagnification were similar among zones, but the amount of THg present at the base of the food web was twice as high at Zone 1 as at other contaminated sites. Overall, the relative importance of vertical and horizontal food web structure changed spatially and temporally, highly influencing THg concentrations of prey items and yellow perch. / Thesis (Master, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2007-08-02 08:02:40.26

Cancer is a broad term used to describe more than 100 diseases that can affect any part of the body. Cancer is the uncontrollable division of abnormal cells in the human body, which can invade nearby tissue and spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body (National Cancer Institute, 2007b). Cancer can affect people all over the world, from every race, society and age (Albrecht, 2006:3). The treatment of cancer is becoming more and more expensive as newer and more effective drugs enter the market (Niezen et al., 2006:2887) and diagnosing and screening of cancer patients is showing remarkable progress (Meropol & Schulman, 2007:180). The general objective of this study was to investigate and review the prescribing patterns of antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents in a section of the private health care sector of South Africa. This research can be classified as retrospective and quantitative. Data were obtained from a medicine claims database, of a pharmacy benefit management company. The study population consisted of all prescriptions, containing one or more cancer medicine items (classified according to the ATC classification), for the study period January 2005 to December 2006. Different aspects of cancer were investigated in order to determine the international and national prevalence of cancer and types of cancer and cancer treatment. An overview of managed care aspects were given and through this study it is evident that pharmacoeconomic studies and other managed care aspects could play a major role as information system in the decision making about cancer treatments. The prescribing patterns of antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents were reviewed, analysed and interpreted. It was determined that the number of cancer patients, the number of prescriptions containing one of more cancer drug and the number of cancer medicine items respectively comprised less than 1% of the total number of patients, prescriptions and medicine items recorded on the total database. To the contrary, the total cost of cancer medicine items comprised 4.00% and 5.31% of the total cost of all medicine items (total database) in 2005 and 2006 respectively. This indicates the relatively high cost of cancer medicine items. Almost 50% of all cancer patients are 59 years of age or older and the total cost of cancer medicine items claimed by patients 59 years and older comprised almost 60% of the total cost of all cancer medicine items claimed during the two study years respectively. Cancer medicine items claimed by patients <19 years of age comprised only 2% of all cancer medicine items claimed in both study years and less than 1% of the total cost of all cancer medicine items. Cancer medicine items claimed by patients between the age of 19 and 59 years of age comprised 45.32% and 44.80% of the total number of cancer medicine items in 2005 and 2006 respectively whilst the cost for these age groups comprised 40.81% and 40.73% of the total cost of cancer medicine items. More than 70% of all cancer patients in 2005 and 2006 were females whilst male cancer patients comprised about 30% of all cancer patients. The number of cancer medicine items claimed by female cancer patients also comprised more than 70% of the total number of cancer medicine items claimed in 2005 and 2006, however, the total cost of cancer medicine items was divided almost even between male (45%) and female (55%) cancer patients for both study years. Therefore, according to this study, cancer medicine items claimed by male cancer patients are relatively more expensive than those claimed by female cancer patients. In completion of this study, recommendations for further studies concerning cancer treatment and cost-effective usage of cancer medicine were formulated, including the influence of the nature of the cancer, the age and gender of the patients as well as the treatment costs of cancer. / Thesis (M. Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Cancer is a broad term used to describe more than 100 diseases that can affect any part of the body. Cancer is the uncontrollable division of abnormal cells in the human body, which can invade nearby tissue and spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body (National Cancer Institute, 2007b). Cancer can affect people all over the world, from every race, society and age (Albrecht, 2006:3). The treatment of cancer is becoming more and more expensive as newer and more effective drugs enter the market (Niezen et al., 2006:2887) and diagnosing and screening of cancer patients is showing remarkable progress (Meropol & Schulman, 2007:180). The general objective of this study was to investigate and review the prescribing patterns of antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents in a section of the private health care sector of South Africa. This research can be classified as retrospective and quantitative. Data were obtained from a medicine claims database, of a pharmacy benefit management company. The study population consisted of all prescriptions, containing one or more cancer medicine items (classified according to the ATC classification), for the study period January 2005 to December 2006. Different aspects of cancer were investigated in order to determine the international and national prevalence of cancer and types of cancer and cancer treatment. An overview of managed care aspects were given and through this study it is evident that pharmacoeconomic studies and other managed care aspects could play a major role as information system in the decision making about cancer treatments. The prescribing patterns of antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents were reviewed, analysed and interpreted. It was determined that the number of cancer patients, the number of prescriptions containing one of more cancer drug and the number of cancer medicine items respectively comprised less than 1% of the total number of patients, prescriptions and medicine items recorded on the total database. To the contrary, the total cost of cancer medicine items comprised 4.00% and 5.31% of the total cost of all medicine items (total database) in 2005 and 2006 respectively. This indicates the relatively high cost of cancer medicine items. Almost 50% of all cancer patients are 59 years of age or older and the total cost of cancer medicine items claimed by patients 59 years and older comprised almost 60% of the total cost of all cancer medicine items claimed during the two study years respectively. Cancer medicine items claimed by patients <19 years of age comprised only 2% of all cancer medicine items claimed in both study years and less than 1% of the total cost of all cancer medicine items. Cancer medicine items claimed by patients between the age of 19 and 59 years of age comprised 45.32% and 44.80% of the total number of cancer medicine items in 2005 and 2006 respectively whilst the cost for these age groups comprised 40.81% and 40.73% of the total cost of cancer medicine items. More than 70% of all cancer patients in 2005 and 2006 were females whilst male cancer patients comprised about 30% of all cancer patients. The number of cancer medicine items claimed by female cancer patients also comprised more than 70% of the total number of cancer medicine items claimed in 2005 and 2006, however, the total cost of cancer medicine items was divided almost even between male (45%) and female (55%) cancer patients for both study years. Therefore, according to this study, cancer medicine items claimed by male cancer patients are relatively more expensive than those claimed by female cancer patients. In completion of this study, recommendations for further studies concerning cancer treatment and cost-effective usage of cancer medicine were formulated, including the influence of the nature of the cancer, the age and gender of the patients as well as the treatment costs of cancer. / Thesis (M. Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。