A ivermectina é uma lactona macrocíclica utilizada para o tratamento de parasitoses na espécie humana e amplamente empregada em medicina veterinária como endectocida. Em mamíferos, diversas evidências indicam que as lactonas macrocíclicas interagem com canais de cloro mediados pelo ácido gama-aminobutírico (GABA). Sabe-se que o sistema GABAérgico está envolvido com a manifestação do comportamento sexual. Assim, no presente trabalho foram estudados, em ratos, os efeitos da ivermectina na coordenação motora, na motivação e no desempenho sexual de machos, bem como no comportamento sexual de fêmeas; além disso, avaliaram-se os níveis séricos de testosterona e as concentrações de diferentes neurotransmissores e seus metabólitos no hipotálamo e estriado, áreas do sistema nervoso central relacionadas, respectivamente, com o comportamento sexual e atividade motora. No presente estudo foram usadas as doses de 0,2 e 1,0 mg/kg, por via intraperitoneal, de uma formulação comercial de ivermectina; estas doses foram escolhidas considerando que a primeira é a dose usualmente empregada terapeuticamente e a segunda baseada em achados prévios que mostraram interferência no comportamento sexual de ratos machos. Os resultados mostraram que a administração de ivermectina em ratos: promoveu prejuízo na coordenação motora de machos; não interferiu na motivação sexual e na ereção peniana de machos; prejudicou o comportamento sexual de ratas; não alterou o peso relativo dos testículos, epidídimos, próstata e vesícula seminal, porém aumentou o peso relativo do fígado; não alterou o índice gonadossomático de machos, bem como não foram observadas alterações no estudo histopatológico dos diferentes órgãos; reduziu os níveis séricos de testosterona de machos; diminuiu os níveis de GABA hipotalâmico e estriatal, bem como reduziu a atividade dos sistemas serotoninérgico e dopaminérgico hipotalâmicos e, no estriado, reduziu a atividade do sistema dopaminérgico. Os resultados foram discutidos considerando a interferência da ivermectina nos sistemas de neurotransmissores central. / Ivermectin is a macrocyclic lactone used for the treatment of parasitic infections in humans and widely used in veterinary medicine as endectocide. In mammals, a number of evidence indicate that interact with the macrocyclic lactones chloride channels mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is known that the GABAergic system is involved in the manifestation of sexual behavior. Thus, in the present work were studied in rats, the effects of ivermectin on motor coordination, motivation and sexual performance of males and females in sexual behavior; furthermore, evaluated the serum levels of testosterone and different concentrations of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in the hypothalamus and striatum areas of the central nervous system related, respectively, sexual behavior and motor activity. In the present study doses of 0.2 and 1.0 mg / kg were used, intraperitoneally, a commercial formulation of ivermectin; these doses were chosen considering that the first dose is usually employed therapeutically and the second based on previous findings have shown that interference with sexual behavior of male rats. The results showed that administration of ivermectin in rats: impairment in motor coordination promoted male; did not interfere on the sexual motivation and the penile erection in male; impaired sexual behavior of female rats; did not alter the relative weight of the testes, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicles, but increased the relative liver weight; did not alter the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of males and no changes were observed in the histopathological study of different organs; reduced serum testosterone levels of male; decreased levels of hypothalamic and striatal GABA and reduced the activity of the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems hypothalamic and the, reduced the activity of the dopaminergic system striatal. The results were discussed considering the interference of ivermectin in central neurotransmission systems.

A ivermectina é uma lactona macrocíclica utilizada para o tratamento de parasitoses na espécie humana e amplamente empregada em medicina veterinária como endectocida. Em mamíferos, diversas evidências indicam que as lactonas macrocíclicas interagem com canais de cloro mediados pelo ácido gama-aminobutírico (GABA). Sabe-se que o sistema GABAérgico está envolvido com a manifestação do comportamento sexual. Assim, no presente trabalho foram estudados, em ratos, os efeitos da ivermectina na coordenação motora, na motivação e no desempenho sexual de machos, bem como no comportamento sexual de fêmeas; além disso, avaliaram-se os níveis séricos de testosterona e as concentrações de diferentes neurotransmissores e seus metabólitos no hipotálamo e estriado, áreas do sistema nervoso central relacionadas, respectivamente, com o comportamento sexual e atividade motora. No presente estudo foram usadas as doses de 0,2 e 1,0 mg/kg, por via intraperitoneal, de uma formulação comercial de ivermectina; estas doses foram escolhidas considerando que a primeira é a dose usualmente empregada terapeuticamente e a segunda baseada em achados prévios que mostraram interferência no comportamento sexual de ratos machos. Os resultados mostraram que a administração de ivermectina em ratos: promoveu prejuízo na coordenação motora de machos; não interferiu na motivação sexual e na ereção peniana de machos; prejudicou o comportamento sexual de ratas; não alterou o peso relativo dos testículos, epidídimos, próstata e vesícula seminal, porém aumentou o peso relativo do fígado; não alterou o índice gonadossomático de machos, bem como não foram observadas alterações no estudo histopatológico dos diferentes órgãos; reduziu os níveis séricos de testosterona de machos; diminuiu os níveis de GABA hipotalâmico e estriatal, bem como reduziu a atividade dos sistemas serotoninérgico e dopaminérgico hipotalâmicos e, no estriado, reduziu a atividade do sistema dopaminérgico. Os resultados foram discutidos considerando a interferência da ivermectina nos sistemas de neurotransmissores central. / Ivermectin is a macrocyclic lactone used for the treatment of parasitic infections in humans and widely used in veterinary medicine as endectocide. In mammals, a number of evidence indicate that interact with the macrocyclic lactones chloride channels mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is known that the GABAergic system is involved in the manifestation of sexual behavior. Thus, in the present work were studied in rats, the effects of ivermectin on motor coordination, motivation and sexual performance of males and females in sexual behavior; furthermore, evaluated the serum levels of testosterone and different concentrations of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in the hypothalamus and striatum areas of the central nervous system related, respectively, sexual behavior and motor activity. In the present study doses of 0.2 and 1.0 mg / kg were used, intraperitoneally, a commercial formulation of ivermectin; these doses were chosen considering that the first dose is usually employed therapeutically and the second based on previous findings have shown that interference with sexual behavior of male rats. The results showed that administration of ivermectin in rats: impairment in motor coordination promoted male; did not interfere on the sexual motivation and the penile erection in male; impaired sexual behavior of female rats; did not alter the relative weight of the testes, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicles, but increased the relative liver weight; did not alter the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of males and no changes were observed in the histopathological study of different organs; reduced serum testosterone levels of male; decreased levels of hypothalamic and striatal GABA and reduced the activity of the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems hypothalamic and the, reduced the activity of the dopaminergic system striatal. The results were discussed considering the interference of ivermectin in central neurotransmission systems.

Orientador: Alvimar Jose da Costa / Banca: Gilson Pereira de Oliveira / Banca: Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes / Resumo: Os objetivos específicos do presente trabalho foram diagnosticar espécies de nematódeos resistentes à ivermectina de alta concentração (3,15% e 3,5%) por meio de necropsias parasitológicas realizadas em bovinos procedentes de oitos municípios dos estados de Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul; avaliar comparativamente as eficácias terapêuticas de duas formulações contendo altas concentrações de ivermectina 3,15% (630 mcg/Kg) e 3,5% (700 mcg/Kg), contra nematódeos parasitos de bovinos naturalmente infectados; fornecer subsídios para um melhor conhecimento sobre a distribuição da resistência de nematódeos à ivermectina, em diferentes regiões do Brasil. Para isto foram utilizados 108 animais, naturalmente infectados, os quais foram selecionados pelas médias de três pré-contagens (-3,-2 e -1) de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), divididos em grupos experimentais, constituídos por seis repetições. Quatorze dias pós-tratamento (DPT), os animais foram eutanasiados e necropsiados. Resistência à ivermectina 3,15% (630 mcg/Kg) e 3,5% (700 mcg/Kg) foi diagnosticada obtendo eficácia terapêutica insuficientemente efetiva (<90%) pelas médias aritméticas ou 1000 espécimes sobreviveram nos grupos tratados, dentre as quais: Haemonchus placei (0,0-89,27%), Cooperia punctata (0,0-26,46%), Cooperia pectinata (0,0-90,16%), Cooperia spatulata (21,82-71,50%), Trichostrongylus axei (82,23%), Oesophagostomum radiatum (54,93-83,33%) e Trichuris discolor (64,71-82,58%); Considerando apenas os resultados analisados estatisticamente referentes aos oito experimentos realizados (116 necropsias) pode-se inferir que a resistência à ivermectina, em altas concentrações (630 e 700 μg/Kg) está amplamente disseminada, sobretudo nas espécies Haemonchus placei, Cooperia punctat... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The specific objectives of the present study were to diagnose high concentration ivermectin (3,15% and 3,5%) resistance in nematodes through parasitological necropsies conducted in bovines originating from eight cities from the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul; evaluate, by comparison, the therapeutic efficacies of two formulations containing high concentrations of ivermectin, respectively 3,15% (630 mcg/Kg) and 3,5% (700 mcg/Kg), against nematodes parasitizing naturally infected bovines; provide aid for a better knowledge about the distribution of ivermectin resistance in nematodes throughout different regions of Brazil. To achieve these goals 108 naturally infected animals were used, all selected using the average of three EPG counts (-3, -2 and -1), divided in experimental groups consisting of six repetitions. Fourteen days after treatment all animals were euthanized and necropsied. Resistance to 3,15% ivermectin (630 mcg/Kg) and 3,5% ivermectin (700 mcg/Kg) was diagnosed by obtaining insufficient therapeutical efficacy (< 90%) when analyzing arithmetic means or by finding at least 1000 specimens that survived in the treated groups, amongst which, Haemonchus placei (0,0-89,27%), Cooperia punctata (0,0-26,46%), Cooperia pectinata (0,0-90,16%), Cooperia spatulata (21,82-71,50%), Trichostrongylus axei (82,23%), Oesophagostomum radiatum (54,93-83,33%) e Trichuris discolor (64,71-82,58%). Considering only the statistically analyzed results related to the eight experiments conducted (116 necropsies) it can be inferred that resistance to high concentration ivermectin (630 and 700 μg/Kg) is highly disseminated, specially in Haemonchus placei, Cooperia punctata, Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia spatulata, Trichostrongylus axei, Oesophagostomum radiatum and... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

La gale humaine, récemment reconnue comme maladie tropicale négligée par l’OMS est due à l'acarien Sarcoptes scabiei variété hominis. La gale est un problème majeur de santé publique avec une prévalence mondiale estimée à 200 millions de cas/an. La morbidité est surtout liée aux surinfections bactériennes par Streptococcus pyogenes et Staphylococcus aureus. L’arsenal thérapeutique demeure limité. Plusieurs molécules sont disponibles, surtout des traitements topiques (dont la perméthrine). L’ivermectine de la famille des lactones macrocycliques est la seule molécule orale disponible. Elle a une efficacité prouvée mais pas absolue. La plupart des molécules ne sont pas ovicides et leurs demi-vies, plus courtes que le cycle du parasite, impliquent de proposer systématiquement une deuxième application/prise à une semaine d’intervalle. Des inquiétudes concernant l'apparition de sarcoptes résistants à la perméthrine et à l’ivermectine apparaissent. Des alternatives sont donc nécessaires à courte échéance. Le traitement de la gale comprend toujours un traitement médical pour le patient et ses contacts mais également une désinfection de son environnement mais aucune mesure de décontamination n’a pu réellement faire la preuve de son efficacité.L’objectif de cette thèse a été de proposer et d’évaluer des alternatives thérapeutiques pour la prise en charge de la gale en utilisant de nouveaux modèles expérimentaux, in vitro et in vivo, notamment dans un modèle animal porcin. Dans la première partie de la thèse, deux spécialités vétérinaires de la famille des lactones macrocycliques (moxidectine) ou des isoxazolines (afoxolaner) ont été évaluées dans deux essais thérapeutiques. L’efficacité d’une administration orale unique de moxidectine et d’afoxolaner a été évaluée sur des porcs expérimentalement infestés. Une évaluation pharmacologique plasmatique et cutanée a aussi pu être réalisée. La deuxième partie de la thèse a porté sur une meilleure connaissance des molécules déjà disponibles et sur leur amélioration. L’activité ovicide de différentes molécules a été évaluée. La possibilité d’utiliser une dose plus importante d’ivermectine a pu elle aussi être étudiée. Dans la troisième partie de la thèse, nous avons travaillé sur la prise en charge de l’environnement. Nous avons évalué in vitro l’efficacité́ de différentes procédures de lavage en machine pour l’éradication d’une population de Sarcoptes scabiei ainsi que l’effet de la congélation, du séchage en lave-linge et de l’utilité de sacs en plastique occlus. Nous avons aussi étudier l’activité de molécules répulsives ou de produits acaricides pour la prise en charge des sarcoptes dans l’environnement.L’ensemble des résultats de ces différentes études va nous permettre de proposer de nouvelles alternatives pour la prise en charge thérapeutique de la gale. Certaines nouvelles alternatives vont pourvoir être évaluées chez l’homme prochainement. Pour l’environnement, des recommandations précises et universelles à l’échelle individuelle mais aussi collective pourront être proposées dans les pays développés mais aussi dans les pays en voie de développement. / Human scabies is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei variety hominis. Scabies was recently recognized as a neglected tropical disease, due to its high global prevalence estimated to be around 200 million cases/year and its high morbidity mainly related to bacterial superinfection by Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. The therapeutic arsenal remains limited. Several molecules are available, including topical treatments. Ivermectin, a member of the macrocyclic lactone family is the only oral drug available. It has proven efficacy but not absolute. Most molecules are not ovicidal and their half-lives are too short to cover the entire parasite cycle. Indeed, a second application/intake at one week interval is mandatory. Furthermore, resistance to the main acaricides has been reported. Thus, alternatives need to be found in the short term. Treatment of scabies always includes medical treatment for the patient and his contacts, but also a disinfection of his environment. However, the efficacy of decontamination procedures, especially those possible in resource poor settings, has not been determined with a good level of evidence.The aim of this thesis was to propose and evaluate therapeutic alternatives for the management of scabies by using new experimental models, in vitro and, in vivo in an experimental porcine animal model.In the first part of the thesis, two veterinary molecules from the macrocyclic lactones family (moxidectin) or the isoxazolines (afoxolaner) were evaluated in two therapeutic trials. Efficacy of a single oral administration of moxidectin and afoxolaner was evaluated in experimentally infested pigs. A plasma and cutaneous pharmacological evaluation was also possible.The second part of the thesis focused on increasing our knowledge on molecules already available and on their improvement. We studied the ovicidal activities of currently available molecules for human scabies treatment and molecules use in the veterinary clinic. Furthermore, we studied the potential of a higher dose of ivermectin for scabies treatment.In the third part of the thesis, we worked on the management of the environment. We evaluated in vitro the effectiveness of different machine washing procedures for the eradication of a population of Sarcoptes scabiei as well as the effect of freezing, drying and the usefulness of closed plastic bags. We also studied the activity of repellent molecules or acaricide products for the management of Sarcoptes mites in the environment.Using the results of these different studies it will be possible to propose new alternatives for the therapeutic management of human scabies. New alternatives will be evaluated in humans in the next future. For the environment, specific and universal recommendations at individual and collective level will be proposed.

Ivermectin (IVM) is the only safe drug for mass-treatment of onchocerciasis. IVM-resistance has been reported in gastrointestinal nematode parasites of animals. A reduction in response to IVM in Onchocerca volvulus could have significant consequences for the onchocerciasis control programs. Over the last few years, studies have reported genetic selection or reduced responses to IVM in some O. volvulus populations. The risk of a recrudescence of the disease was recently reported with the emergence of resistant adult parasite population in Ghana. It is important to understand the effects of IVM on O. volvulus populations to be able to identify genetic markers to follow IVM selection in the field. In this study, O. volvulus samples were derived from a clinical trial in Cameroon, in which patients were sampled before, and following three years (1994-1997) of IVM treatments. There were four treatment groups: 150mug/kg (1xp.a. or 4xp.a.) and 800mug/kg (1xp.a. or 4xp.a.). DNA from macrofilariae was genotyped for beta-tubulin and P-glycoprotein-like protein (PLP) gene, as well as two control genes and other loci. Reproductive organs of female worms were analyzed by microscopy. A correlation was established between the reproductive status of the female worms and beta-tubulin genotype with the beta-tubulin heterozygous female worms being less fertile than the homozygous female worms. This disadvantage in fertility seemed to disappear after repeated exposure with IVM. We have found evidence that repeated IVM treatment selects for specific alleles of beta-tubulin and PLP. We observed that IVM selection pressure was higher in the female worms than in the male worms. Additionally, loss of polymorphism and selection pressure were higher following thirteen three-monthly doses of IVM compared to annual doses of IVM. Moreover, we found evidence of excess of homozygosity in O. volvulus population, that may be caused by non-random mating and/or subdivision population, which may have implication for the control program. PLP and beta-tubulin genes appear to be promising DNA markers for field use to follow IVM selection. In this perspective, alternative control measures could be considered locally in regions where gene selection is apparent, reducing the likelihood that IVM resistance would develop further and spread.

Onchocerciasis, commonly known as "River blindness" is a disease affecting over 37 million people, worldwide. It is caused by the parasitic nematode Onchocerca volvulus and transmitted by the blackfly vector of the genus Simulium. The drug ivermectin (IVM) is the principal means of controlling the disease. As a result of recent reports on sub-optimal response to ivermectin and genetic selection in O. volvulus, we carried out a 21 month epidemiological study to investigate the response of O. volvulus to repeated rounds of IVM treatments in 2501 subjects from 19 Ghanaian communities that have received between 6 and 18 annual treatments and one IVM naive community. Skin microfilaria (mt) assessments were done before IVM treatment and at days 30, 90, 180 and 364 post-IVM treatment. At day 90 after the second IVM treatment, nodulectomies were carried out on 140 patients and embryogrammes constructed on female worms. We found IVM is still an effective microfilaricide, with efficacy of 98-100%. However, its effect on adult worm fertility has been reduced. Day 90 and 180 post-treatment showed significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) skin mf repopulation of 7.1% to 53.9%, and >100% of pretreatment counts at day 364 post-treatment in four communities compared with the other six communities, which had &lt;80% of pretreatment mf counts on day 364. From these results we classified the 10 communities into good IVM response (four communities), intermediate IVM response (two communities), poor IVM response (three communities), and the previously IVM naive community. Nodule and worm viability and worm densities were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in the poor response communities compared with the good response communities, with the intermediate falling between the two. Embryogramme analysis showed significantly higher reproductive activity and output in worms from poor response communities with up to 41% of females having live stretched mf in utero compared with good response communities which had no intra-uterine stretched mf. These results show evidence of lack of sustained response of adult O. volvulus to IVM in the poor response communities, manifested as a rapid return to fertility after IVM treatment. We conclude that IVM resistance is emerging in onchocerciasis and is manifested as a loss of effect of IVM on suppression of parasite reproduction. / Beta tubulin isotype 1 gene has been shown to be linked to IVM treatment and selection in O. volvulus and veterinary nematodes. Genetic analysis of the full length genomic DNA sequence of beta-tubulin from worms obtained in the three IVM response categories and IVM naive community showed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 24 sites on the entire 3696 bp. The frequencies of eight SNPs were significantly different (p&lt; 0.05) between the poor response communities and the good response/naive communities. Four SNPs, 183 T/G, 1188 T/C, 1309 CIT and 1545 A/G resulting in a genotype configuration GG/CC/TT/GG (183/1188/1309/1545) was significantly higher in the poor IVM response communities than the other communities. The phenotypic and genotypic analyses are consistent with a conclusion that IVM resistance has been selected. These four SNPs could be used to develop a genetic marker for early detection of IVM resistance. This study has shown for the first time that IVM resistance is emerging in Onchocerca volvulus and that there are genetic changes associated with IVM resistance which could be used for epidemiological monitoring for emerging resistance.

Onchocerca volvulus is a parasitic filarial nematode responsible for human onchocerciasis, a disease commonly known as "River Blindness". Although there are no well documented cases of ivermectin resistance in O. volvulus, reports of suboptimal responses to ivermectin have appeared. The purpose of this thesis was to examine genetic polymorphisms in O. volvulus and to determine whether there was genetic evidence of ivermectin selection on O. volvulus genes. Analysis of 17 genes from O. volvulus was undertaken in two populations of worms, either from ivermectin-naive patients or from patients who had been repeatedly treated with ivermectin annually. In 14 of the genes no differences in genetic polymorphism were found (although polymorphisms were identified). However, chi square analysis (chi2=0.05) indicated significant differences in allele frequencies for a P-glycoprotein, a beta-tubulin and a putative dyf=8 gene. Analysis of the O. volvulusbeta-tubulin alleles identified three amino acid substitutions in the H3 region with ivermectin selection. Microtubules play a key structural role in the formation of neurons, and in ivermectin-resistant Haemonchus contortus, amphidial neurons show distorted microtubule bundles. Polymerization and depolymerization assays of the recombinant O. volvulus beta-tubulin alleles showed interesting differences between the polymerized tubulin using the two different alleles. It is speculated that similar differences could cause the disorganization of the microtubules identified in the amphidial neurons in ivermectin resistant H. contortus. In addition to the coding mutations, a 24 bp deletion in the adjacent intron to the H3 was detected. A PCR diagnostic assay was developed to genotype individual macro- and microfilariae. Further analyses were conducted to investigate the possibility of a direct relationship between ivermectin and beta-tubulin. Data obtained from equilibrium dialysis experiments indicated that BODIPY FL ivermectin bound to purified O. volvulus alpha- and beta-tubulins. More interesting, non-fluorescent ivermectin and taxol competed with the BODIPY FL ivermectin. The work presented in this thesis provides evidence of genetic selection by ivermectin on O. volvulus and suggests a putative binding site for ivermectin on tubulin. These data provide novel information on ivermectin selection in O. volvulus and on the possible involvement of tubulin in ivermectin resistance.

P2X7-Rezeptoren stellen Schlüsselmoleküle bei der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung proinflammatorischer Zustände, chronischer Schmerzen sowie der neuroglialen Kommunikation dar. Ihre Aktivität wird durch eine Vielzahl zellbiologischer Mechanismen beeinflusst. Dazu gehört die allosterische Modulation durch extrazelluläre niedermolekulare Stoffe. Die Entwicklung selektiver und potenter P2X7-Modulatoren ist darum Gegenstand intensiver Forschung. Bisher sind jedoch keine Pharmaka für die klinische Anwendung verfügbar. Die Untersuchung zugelassener pharmakologischer Substanzen in einem akademischen Screening erbrachte eine hohe Trefferrate für P2X7-Rezeptoren. In dieser Arbeit wird die P2X7-Wirkung einiger der potentesten allosterischen Modulatoren genauer charakterisiert. Das Antihistaminikum Clemastin stellt dabei einen positiven allosterischen Modulator dar, der den Rezeptor gegenüber niedrigeren ATP-Konzentrationen sensibilisiert. Ivermectin, ein häufig angewendetes Anthelminthikum, konnte als potenzierender Modulator des humanen P2X7-Rezeptors charakterisiert werden. Mit den Phenothiazinen Prochlorperazin und Trifluoperazin zeigen sich schließlich ZNS-gängige Inhibitoren der ATP-induzierten P2X7-Aktivität, die für weiterführende in vivo-Untersuchungen hilfreiche pharmakologische Werkzeuge darstellen können.

p. 1-112 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-24T21:04:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 11111111111.pdf: 829006 bytes, checksum: d72adf5912d3d4a5a6ab9659a04a516d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-04T17:26:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 11111111111.pdf: 829006 bytes, checksum: d72adf5912d3d4a5a6ab9659a04a516d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-04T17:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 11111111111.pdf: 829006 bytes, checksum: d72adf5912d3d4a5a6ab9659a04a516d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Introducción: El control de las infecciones causadas por geohelmintos está basado en la administración periódica de drogas antihelmínticas a los grupos de alto riesgo, particularmente a niños en edad escolar que viven en áreas endémicas. Existen datos limitados sobre la efectividad de tratamientos antihelmínticos periódicos a largo plazo en la prevalencia de infecciones por geohelmintos particularmente desde programas operacionales. Objetivo: El presente estudio investigó el impacto de 17 años de tratamiento en masa con un antihelmíntico de amplio espectro, la ivermectina, usada para el control de la oncocercosis, en la parevalencia e intensidad de infección por geohelmintos en niños escolares. Métodos: Un estudio transversal fue conducido en comunidades que han recibido tratamientos anuales o bianuales y comunidades adyacentes que no han recibido dicho tratamiento en dos cantones de la Provincia de Esmeraldas en Ecuador. Una única muestra de heces fue colectada de cada niño y fue examinada usando las técnicas de Kato Katz y por concentración con formol-éter. Datos sobre los factores de riesgo para las infecciones por geohelmintos fueron colectadas por medio de cuestionarios aplicados a los padres. Resultados: Un total de 3563 niños en edad escolar (6-16 años) de 31 comunidades tratadas y 27 comunidades no tratadas fueron investigados. El tratamiento con ivermectina tuvo un efecto significante en la prevalencia (ORadj= 0,06; IC 95%: 0,03-0,14) y en la intensidad de la infección (RPadj=0,28; IC 95%: 0,11-0,70) por Trichuris trichiura pero no se observó dicho efecto en la infección por Ascaris lumbricoides o uncinarias. Conclusión: Tratamientos con ivermectina anuales y bianuales por un periodo de alrededor de 17 años tuvieron un efecto significante en la infección por T. trichiura pero no sobre otras infecciones por geohelmintos. La adición de una segunda droga antihelmíntica, tal como el albendazol, sería necesaria para obtener un efecto a largo plazo en la infección por A. lumbricoides en áreas altamente endémicas. / Salvador

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:36:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 felippelli_g_me_jabo.pdf: 1436569 bytes, checksum: 00f0274450e4cffec2477f87c66b1216 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os objetivos específicos do presente trabalho foram diagnosticar espécies de nematódeos resistentes à ivermectina de alta concentração (3,15% e 3,5%) por meio de necropsias parasitológicas realizadas em bovinos procedentes de oitos municípios dos estados de Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul; avaliar comparativamente as eficácias terapêuticas de duas formulações contendo altas concentrações de ivermectina 3,15% (630 mcg/Kg) e 3,5% (700 mcg/Kg), contra nematódeos parasitos de bovinos naturalmente infectados; fornecer subsídios para um melhor conhecimento sobre a distribuição da resistência de nematódeos à ivermectina, em diferentes regiões do Brasil. Para isto foram utilizados 108 animais, naturalmente infectados, os quais foram selecionados pelas médias de três pré-contagens (-3,-2 e -1) de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), divididos em grupos experimentais, constituídos por seis repetições. Quatorze dias pós-tratamento (DPT), os animais foram eutanasiados e necropsiados. Resistência à ivermectina 3,15% (630 mcg/Kg) e 3,5% (700 mcg/Kg) foi diagnosticada obtendo eficácia terapêutica insuficientemente efetiva (<90%) pelas médias aritméticas ou 1000 espécimes sobreviveram nos grupos tratados, dentre as quais: Haemonchus placei (0,0-89,27%), Cooperia punctata (0,0-26,46%), Cooperia pectinata (0,0-90,16%), Cooperia spatulata (21,82-71,50%), Trichostrongylus axei (82,23%), Oesophagostomum radiatum (54,93-83,33%) e Trichuris discolor (64,71-82,58%); Considerando apenas os resultados analisados estatisticamente referentes aos oito experimentos realizados (116 necropsias) pode-se inferir que a resistência à ivermectina, em altas concentrações (630 e 700 μg/Kg) está amplamente disseminada, sobretudo nas espécies Haemonchus placei, Cooperia punctat... / The specific objectives of the present study were to diagnose high concentration ivermectin (3,15% and 3,5%) resistance in nematodes through parasitological necropsies conducted in bovines originating from eight cities from the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul; evaluate, by comparison, the therapeutic efficacies of two formulations containing high concentrations of ivermectin, respectively 3,15% (630 mcg/Kg) and 3,5% (700 mcg/Kg), against nematodes parasitizing naturally infected bovines; provide aid for a better knowledge about the distribution of ivermectin resistance in nematodes throughout different regions of Brazil. To achieve these goals 108 naturally infected animals were used, all selected using the average of three EPG counts (-3, -2 and -1), divided in experimental groups consisting of six repetitions. Fourteen days after treatment all animals were euthanized and necropsied. Resistance to 3,15% ivermectin (630 mcg/Kg) and 3,5% ivermectin (700 mcg/Kg) was diagnosed by obtaining insufficient therapeutical efficacy (< 90%) when analyzing arithmetic means or by finding at least 1000 specimens that survived in the treated groups, amongst which, Haemonchus placei (0,0-89,27%), Cooperia punctata (0,0-26,46%), Cooperia pectinata (0,0-90,16%), Cooperia spatulata (21,82-71,50%), Trichostrongylus axei (82,23%), Oesophagostomum radiatum (54,93-83,33%) e Trichuris discolor (64,71-82,58%). Considering only the statistically analyzed results related to the eight experiments conducted (116 necropsies) it can be inferred that resistance to high concentration ivermectin (630 and 700 μg/Kg) is highly disseminated, specially in Haemonchus placei, Cooperia punctata, Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia spatulata, Trichostrongylus axei, Oesophagostomum radiatum and... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)