This thesis is an attempt at understanding South African photography through the lens of Nontsikelelo “Lolo” Veleko, Tracy Rose, David Goldblatt, Jo Ractliffe and Santu Mofokeng. Through the works discussed this thesis intends to unpack photography as a complex medium similar to that of language and text, as well as attempt to understand how exploring South African experiences and spaces through the lens of photography shapes and mediates them. Furthermore it also attempts to understand how these experiences and spaces conversely affect the discourse of photography or at the very least our perception of it. Through these photographers and their works it is hoped that ultimately the interconnected relationship of exchanging codes that takes place between photography and society will be highlighted. The example of connectivity or dialogue I believe exists between the medium of photography and the physical/social and psychological spaces it photographs will be mediated through Deleuze and Guattari‟s conception of “the wasp and the orchid” where “the wasp becomes the orchid, just as the orchid becomes the wasp...an exchanging or capturing of each other‟s codes”. Other theorists I will be looking at include Vilém Flusser, focusing in particular on his book Towards a Philosophy of Photography, as well as Susan Sontag, Roland Barthes and others. The main aims and objectives of this thesis are to understand the veracity of the documentary image and whether or not the image harbours any objective truth, as well as whether truth, if it can truly be said to exist in the world, resides between the camera and the seen world. This dichotomy is further complicated by the matter of subject-hood and technical and philosophical understandings of the camera as an apparatus. At no point do I aim to be conclusive, rather it is hoped that by developing the dynamic tension between the theory and the image world that I will be able to bring fresh insight into the reading of a changing South African condition and the subject position of the photographer in relation to this condition.

I denna uppsats undersöks användningen av den etablerade och utbredda konstruktionen ja men/nej men, vars mångskiftande interaktionella betydelse i det svenska samtalsspråket inte tidigare har klarlagts i regelrätta studier. Utifrån en CA-baserad metodik och en modifierad modell av appraisalteorins dialogicitetssystem har ja men/nej men-konstruktionernas position, funktion, attityd och form i fyra dyadiska poddsamtal kategoriserats och analyserats. Kategoriseringen av konstruktionerna utgår ifrån – och kompletterar – tidigare internationella studier, och en övergripande beskrivning av de olika svenska ja men/nej men-konstruktionerna presenteras. I analysen av 137 fullföljda ja men/nej men-inledda yttranden, utkristalliserar sig nio funktioner för ja men/nej men, varav sju är sekvensreglerande och positionsoberoende. Av de sekvensreglerande funktionerna bidrar tre till att utvidga sekvensen (bekräftande, kompletterande, förhandlande), medan fyra inskränker och avslutar sekvensen (korrigerande, ifrågasättande, sammanfattande, skiftande). Utöver en sekvensreglerande funktion fyller de turinbäddade, men inte de turinledande, konstruktionerna även en av två praktiska funktioner (reparerande, anföringsmarkerande). Samtalsdeltagarna använder företrädesvis ja men/nej men-konstruktionerna turinledande i sekvensutvidgande yttranden. Ja men används något oftare än nej men, medan konstruktionen jo men ytterst sällan används. Ja men och nej men används såväl turinledande som turinbäddat, och i samtliga nio funktioner. Det kvantitativa resultatet indikerar att deltagarna i poddsamtalen tenderar att använda ja men med framhävande attityd i utvidgande funktioner, och nej men med nedtonande attityd i inskränkande funktioner. I den anföringsmarkerande funktionen ses ett samband mellan lexikal konstruktion och den handling som realiseras i det citerade yttrandet. En diakron studie av detta användande för att utröna om fenomenet är en rest från ett ursprungligt, prototypiskt bruk av konstruktionen föreslås som fortsatt forskning om ja men/nej men. / This thesis presents an examination of the well-establish and frequently used construction ja men/nej men (yes but/no but), which interactional significance in the Swedish language has not yet been investigated. By employing a CA-based method, and a modified model of the appraisal system of engagement, the position, interactional function, attitude, and form of the ja men/nej men-constructions in four dyadic podcasts has been categorized and analyzed. The categorization is based on – and contributes to – international studies, and a comprehensive description of the Swedish construction is presented. In the 137 analyzed ja men/nej men-initiated utterances, nine functions emerge of which seven regulate sequences, regardless of a turn-initiated or turn-embedded position. Three of these regulating functions expand the sequence (confirming, completing, negotiating), while four close it (correcting, challenging, concluding, shifting). The turn-embedded constructions also assume two additional practical functions (repairing, quotative marking). The participants primarily use the construction in sequence-expanding utterances and are more frequently using ja men than nej men, very rarely jo men. The result indicates that the participants tend to use an authoritative ja men to expand the sequence, and a hedging nej men to close the sequence. A correlation, although not significant, between lexical construction and function is seen in the quotative marking function, where the performed action in the quoted utterance seems to determine the lexical choice. A diachronic study of this usage, to investigate if this is a prototypical use, is one of the suggestions for future research of the usage of the Swedish ja men/nej men-construction.

Louisa May Alcott wrote Little Women in 1868 and the novel has been loved and praised ever since. Throughout the years, Jo March is the character that has been viewed as the heart of the novel, celebrated both as a tomboy and a feminist icon. In the novel, she is initially portrayed with gender-nonconforming traits, with strong ambitions of becoming a writer, and she longs for independence rather than to conform to the norms of femininity prevalent in the 19th century. However, Jo’s character arc takes a surprising turn when she marries Mr. Bhaer in the end, leaving her extensive declarations of independence behind. This essay argues that there is a question of literary ambiguity in the breakdown of Jo’s character arc, questioning the authenticity in her declared happiness at the end. It furthermore offers a psychological analysis of Jo March’s character arc by using Sigmund Freud’s concept of sublimation to examine Jo’s struggle with anger and internal conflicts, revealing that she redirects her excessive emotions into creative processes of writing and ultimately into marriage. The analysis further examines the discrepancy in the portrayal of Jo at the beginning of the novel and at the end, arguing for the “happy” ending as unconvincing and unresolved. Through close readings of the novel with support from Freud’s concept of sublimation, the essay reveals unresolved tensions withing her character that questions the conventional interpretation of Jo’s journey from tomboy to traditional woman. Never before has the character Jo March been analyzed through a psychoanalytic perspective, making this essay contributing to a more extensive dialogue on the unresolved nature of her story.

The study provides a theoretical account for the representation of apartheid in South African fiction. Narrative strategies employed in the post-apartheid novels The innocence of roast chicken (Richards, 1996), The smell of apples (Behr, 1996), All we have left unsaid (Case, 2006) and Thirteen cents (Duiker, 2011) reveal that depictions of the past contribute to narrative structure and the production of meaning. Genettean temporal relations, namely narrative order, duration and frequency are a systematic method to analyse the selected novels, since it enables a contrast between the narrative past as the histoire, and the narrative present as the récit. Retrospective events are constructed as memories, thereby are complemented by Bergson’s psychological and philosophical theory in the analysis and interpretation of the dualistic interaction between the apartheid and post-apartheid temporal centres adopted within the novels. The representation of apartheid may be seen as sub-themes and time as configurations of temporal zones. / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / M.A. (Theory of Literature)

The study provides a theoretical account for the representation of apartheid in South African fiction. Narrative strategies employed in the post-apartheid novels The innocence of roast chicken (Richards, 1996), The smell of apples (Behr, 1996), All we have left unsaid (Case, 2006) and Thirteen cents (Duiker, 2011) reveal that depictions of the past contribute to narrative structure and the production of meaning. Genettean temporal relations, namely narrative order, duration and frequency are a systematic method to analyse the selected novels, since it enables a contrast between the narrative past as the histoire, and the narrative present as the récit. Retrospective events are constructed as memories, thereby are complemented by Bergson’s psychological and philosophical theory in the analysis and interpretation of the dualistic interaction between the apartheid and post-apartheid temporal centres adopted within the novels. The representation of apartheid may be seen as sub-themes and time as configurations of temporal zones. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M. A. (Theory of Literature)

Abstract in English, Xhosa and Tswana / The recognition of the role of females in drug trafficking was established more than 30 years ago and there are notable cases of women undertaking leading roles in this crime for almost 100 years. This phenomenon has gained popularity in South Africa as is evidenced by the number of women who are found and incarcerated for smuggling drugs into or out of South Africa. The purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the female drug mule phenomenon and explain the reasons why female drug mules are involved in drug smuggling. The objectives of the study were to develop a profile for female drug mules incarcerated in South African correctional centres, specifically Kgoši Mampuru II and Johannesburg Female Correctional Centre; to establish risk factors for being recruited and used as drug mules; to explain the mules’ motivations for being involved in drug smuggling; to determine the physical and emotional impact drug smuggling has on the drug mules; and to determine the methods used by drug mules to smuggle drugs. A qualitative research approach, with the use of one-on-one semi-structured interviews, was used to obtain information from participants. The sample comprised 20 diverse female offenders incarcerated at Kgoši Mampuru II and Johannesburg Correctional Centres. The data from the schedule of interview questions were analysed using thematic analysis, coding and categorising. It is envisaged that this research will be of significance to the criminal justice system, as recommendations on deterrence and preventative measures regarding the use of females as drug mules may be made from the findings. The general findings of this research demonstrate that a female drug mule, in the context of this study, is an African or Spanish woman that is open to methods that can produce various streams of income to support her children and family. Secondly, the findings in this dissertation revealed that women are recruited as drug mules because of their vulnerable economic state. Lastly, the most common method used to smuggle drugs revealed by participants in this research is through luggage concealment. Through this study, an in-depth insight into the history and life circumstances of female drug mules is provided. This will also help society to understand why some individuals are at risk of being recruited as mules or are motivated to engage in drug smuggling. Consequently, this research study may assist in the creation of early detection, education and awareness programmes surrounding the risks associated with drug smuggling. / Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini ekuhambiseni iziyobisi kwaqala ukubhalwa ngako ngaphaya kweminyaka engama-30 adlulayo, kanti phantse kwiminyaka eli-100 eyadlulayo zazikho iingxelo ngamakhosikazi adlala iindima eziphambili ekuhambiseni iziyobisi. Apha eMzantsi Afrika lo mbandela uye wafumana ukwaziwa kakhulu ngenxa yeqela labasetyhini abafunyaniswe baza bavalelwa entolongweni ngenxa yokuthubelezisa iziyobisi ezingenisa okanye ezikhupha kweli loMzantsi Afrika. Injongo yesi sifundo yayikukuqonda nzulu lo mkhwa wemeyile (isilwanyana sokuthwala) yeziyobisi nokuchaza izizathu zokuba ababhinqileyo babe ziimeyile zeziyobisi. Esi sifundo sijonge ukuqulunqa ubume bomntu obhinqileyo oyimeyile yeziyobisi okhe wavalelwa kwiintolongo zaseMzantsi Afrika, ngakumbi iKgoši Mampuru II kunye neJohannesburg Correctional Centre. Okunye okujongwe sesi sifundo kukufumanisa umngcipheko abakuwo abafazi abarhwebeshwayo basetyenziswe njengeemeyile zeziyobisi; kuchazwe izinto ezikhuthaza ukuba ubani abe yimeyile yeziyobisi; kufunyaniswe ukuba ukuthubelezisa iziyobisi kumchaphazela njani umthubelezisi/imeyile emphefumlweni nasemzimbeni; kubuye kufunyaniswe iindlela ezisetyenziswa zezi meyile zingabafazi ekuthubeleziseni iziyobisi. Kusetyenizswe indlela yophando eqwalasela amanani ukuze kufunyanwe ulwazi kwabo bathathe inxaxheba, kwenziwa nodliwano ndlebe lobuso ngobuso olungaqingqwanga ngqongqo. Isampulu yophando ibe ngamabanjwa abhinqileyo angama-20 ahlukeneyo navalelwe eKgoši Mampuru II naseJohannesburg Correctional Centre. Iinkcukacha zolwazi/idata ehlalutyiweyo iquka ezo nkcukacha zithathwe kwiimpendulo zemibuzo yodliwano ndlebe apho kuhlalutywe imixholo, kwafakwa iimpawu/iikhowudi zabuya zahlulahlulwa zaba ngamahlelo iinkcukacha zolwazi. Kucingwa ukuba olu phando luya kuba luncedo kwinkonzo yezobulungisa kuba okufunyanisiweyo nokucetyiswayo kunganceda ekuqulunqeni amanyathelo okuthintela nokuthibaza abaphuli mthetho ekusebenziseni abantu ababhinqileyo njengeemeyile zeziyobisi, kubabonise nabo abafazi ububi bokuba ziimeyile zeziyobisi. Uluntu ngokubanzi nalo luya kuncedakala kokufunyaniswe lolu phando. Esi sifundo siveze ukuqonda nzulu ngembali neemeko zobomi beemeyile zeziyobisi ezibhinqileyo. Olu lwazi lunganceda ukuba abantu baqonde ukuba kwenzeka kanjani ukuba abanye abantu babe semngciphekweni wokurhwebeshelwa ukusebenza njengeemeyile zeziyobisi, baqonde nokuba zintoni ezikhuthaza ubani ukuba azibandakanye nokuthubelezisa iziyobisi. Ngoko ke olu phando lunganceda ekwenzeni iinkqubo zokuqaphela kwangoko ubani oyimeyile, ezokufundisa nezokwazisa uluntu ukuze kuthintelwe imingcipheko enxulumene nothubeleziso lweziyobisi. / Seabe sa batho ba bomme mo kgwebong e e seng mo molaong ya diritibatsi se kwadilwe la ntlha dingwaga di feta 30 tse di fetileng, mme mo sebakeng se se ka nnang dingwaga di le 100, go nnile le dikgetse tse di lemogilweng tsa basadi ba ba eteletseng pele kgwebo e e seng mo molaong ya diritibatsi. Mo Aforikaborwa, ntlha eno e tlhageletse thata ka ntlha ya palo ya basadi ba ba tshwerweng le go golegwa ka ntlha ya go tsena gongwe go tswa ka diritibatsi ka tsela e e seng mo molaong mo Aforikaborwa. Maitlhomo a thutopatlisiso eno e ne e le go tlhaloganya thata ntlha ya basadi ba ba tsamaisang diritibatsi e seng ka fa molaong le go tlhalosa lebaka la gore goreng basadi ba ba tsamaisang diritibatsi e seng ka fa molaong ba nna le seabe mo go tsamaiseng diritibatsi jalo. Maikaelelo a thutopatlisiso ke go dira porofaele ya basadi ba ba tsamaisang diritibatsi ka tsela e e seng mo molaong, ba ba golegilweng kwa ditikwatikweng tsa kgopololo tsa Aforikaborwa, go totilwe Ditikwatikwe tsa Kgopololo tsa Kgosi Mampuru II le Johannesburg, go bona dintlha tsa matshosetsi a gore basadi ba ngokelwe go dirisiwa jaaka batsamaisi ba ba seng mo molaong ba diritibatsi; go tlhalosa gore batsamaisi ba ba seng mo molaong ba diritibatsi ba susumediwa ke eng gore ba nne le seabe mo go tsamaiseng diritibatsi ka tsela eo; go lebelela gore go tsamaisa diritibatsi go go seng mo molaong go amile jang motho yo o tsamaisang diritibatsi mo mmeleng le mo maikutlong; le go lebelela mekgwa e e dirisiwang ke batsamaisi ba diritibatsi ba basadi go tsamaisa diritibatsi ka tsela e e seng mo molaong. Go dirisitswe molebo wa patlisiso e e lebelelang mabaka go bona tshedimosetso go tswa go bannileseabe, ka tiriso ya dipotsolotso tse di batlileng di rulagana tsa batho bongwe ka bongwe. Sampole e dirilwe ka bagolegwa ba basadi ba ba farologaneng ba le 20 ba ba golegilweng kwa Ditikwatikweng tsa Kgopololo tsa Kgosi Mampuru II le Johannesburg. Data e e lokolotsweng e na le data e e gogilweng go tswa mo sejuleng ya dipotso tsa dipotsolotso mme e lokolotswe go ya ka morero, go khouta le go aroganya data ka dikarolo. Go solofelwa gore patlisiso eno e ka nna mosola mo tsamaisong ya bosiamisi jwa bosenyi ka ntlha ya fa diphitlhelelo le dikatlenegiso di ka thusa mo go tlhamiweng ga dikgato tsa thibelo go dira gore batlolamolao ba tshabe go dirisa basadi jaaka batho ba ba tsamaisang diritibatsi e seng mo molaong le go thibela basadi go nna batsamaisi ba diritibatsi ba ba seng mo molaong. Baagi le bona ba ka ungwelwa go tswa mo diphitlhelelong tsa patlisiso eno. Ka thutopatlisiso eno, go tlamelwa ka tshedimosetso e e boteng ya lemorago le seemo sa botshelo sa basadi ba ba tsamaisang diritibatsi e seng ka fa molaong. Seno se ka thusa baagi go tlhaloganya gore goreng batho bangwe ba le mo matshosetsing a go ka ngokelwa go tsamaisa diritibatsi ka tsela e e seng mo molaong gongwe ba rotloetsega go nna karolo ya go tsamaisa diritibatsi ka tsela eo. Ka ntlha ya seo, thutopatlisiso eno e ka thusa gore go tlhamiwe mananeo a temogo ya go sa le gale, thuto le temoso go fokotsa matshosetsi a a amanang le go tsamaisa diritibatsi e seng ka fa molaong. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminal Justice)

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Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-08-30T18:38:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCAS ALVES DE LIMA NIC?SIO.pdf: 34799286 bytes, checksum: addbc267f24556eec3d04519ec6fd916 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T18:38:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCAS ALVES DE LIMA NIC?SIO.pdf: 34799286 bytes, checksum: addbc267f24556eec3d04519ec6fd916 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / The present study seeks to raise issues relating to the housing rights by observing the actions of social movements in particular in the central area of the city of S?o Paulo (district of Rep?blica) considering its impact on the territory and in society. The condition of vulnerability in the residence is present both in central areas as the edges urban peripheral areas, however, the housing programs need to be subdivided according to the location, because many times does not believe that it comes from different contexts with specific needs. Even the social movements who are fighting for the housing rights still experience ways of dealing with the issue of the centrality and the resistance has been the main instrument for guaranteeing rights and encourage discussion with the various actors (society, real estate market, State) that produce the urban space. The research investigates how the housing of low-income population and its dynamics in central areas is understood, managed, accept and even compelled by society, by the real estate market and by the State and which institutional tools the movements have for the maintenance of guaranteed rights. Take as the object of research the occupations of idle buildings in the center of S?o Paulo in particular "Occupation S?o Jo?o" and the role of the ?Front of Fight for Housing? - the FLM (Frente de Luta pela Moradia) - entered the territory of the district of Rep?blica. / O presente estudo busca levantar quest?es referentes ao direto ? moradia observando a atua??o dos movimentos sociais em especial na regi?o central da cidade de S?o Paulo (distrito da rep?blica) considerando seu impacto no territ?rio e na sociedade. A condi??o de vulnerabilidade na moradia est? presente tanto nas ?reas centrais como nas bordas perif?ricas urbanas, entretanto, os programas habitacionais carecem de distin??o segundo a localiza??o, pois muitas vezes n?o considera que se trata de contextos distintos com necessidades espec?ficas. At? mesmo os movimentos sociais experientes que lutam pelo direito ? moradia ainda experimentam formas de lidar com a quest?o da centralidade e a resist?ncia tem sido a principal instrumento para a garantia de direitos e fomentar a discuss?o com os diferentes atores (sociedade, mercado, Estado) que produzem o espa?o urbano. A pesquisa investiga como a moradia da popula??o de baixa renda e suas din?micas em ?reas centrais ? entendida, gerida, aceita e at? combatida pela sociedade, pelo mercado e pelo Estado e quais ferramentas institucionais os movimentos possuem para a manuten??o da garantia de direitos. Toma-se como objeto da pesquisa as ocupa??es de edifica??es ociosas no centro de S?o Paulo em especial a ?Ocupa??o S?o Jo?o? e a atua??o da Frente de Luta por Moradia ? a FLM ? inseridas no territ?rio do distrito da rep?blica.

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