Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2005. / Supervisor: Enrique H. Fierro. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Les économies de Jacobs représentent l’idée répandue que la diversité économique promeut le développement économique dans les villes. Dans les études des économies de Jacobs, le médiateur entre la diversité et le développement est presque toujours l’innovation, que stimule la diversité des connaissances. De plus, les mesures conventionnelles de cette innovation sont biaisées en faveur des grandes entreprises établies, ainsi que de la technologie matérialisée et de l’invention. Cependant, le rôle critique de l’entrepreneuriat dans le développement apparaît de plus en plus clairement. De plus, l’économie est de plus en plus mue par la connaissance et les services plutôt que par la technologie matérialisée, ce qui favorise des entreprises plus petites et plus entrepreneuriales. Étant donné l’importance économique de l’entrepreneuriat, l’étude de sa contribution à l’économie urbaine semble nettement insuffisante. Au contraire, selon Jane Jacobs, le moteur primaire du développement économique est l’entrepreneuriat innovant, que favorise la diversité des activités et non seulement des connaissances. Par suite, notre question de recherche est de savoir si la diversité économique promeut l’entrepreneuriat innovant dans les villes. Nous définissons l’entrepreneuriat innovant à la lumière de la recherche en gestion entrepreneuriale et dans le contexte de l’économie de la connaissance et des services. Nous reformulons les économies de Jacobs autour de l’entrepreneuriat innovant, que favorise la structure des activités locales plutôt que leur taille.Nous mesurons l’entrepreneuriat innovant sous la forme des naissances de nouveau siège d’entreprise dans la base de données Crunch Base de la création d’entreprise et du capital-risque, un indicateur qui corrige les biais des mesure conventionnelles. Nous observons une corrélation statistique fiable entre la diversité de secteurs découpés au niveau le plus fin et l’entrepreneuriat innovant dans l’ensemble des aires métropolitaines areas des États-Unis entre 1999 et 2016, en neutralisant la taille de l’emploi. Ce résultat corrobore l’existence d’économies de Jacobs, d’un point de vue qui adhère plus strictement à la thèse de Jacobs en 1969, mais qui n’en reste pas moins tout à fait inédit pour sa succession scientifique. Ce point de vue contribue aussi à rendre à l’entrepreneuriat sa place critique dans le développement urbain. / Jacobs economies represent the widespread idea that economic diversity fosters economic development incities. In the scholarship of Jacobs economies, the mediator between diversity and development is almost invariably innovation, stimulated by the diversity of knowledge. Moreover, the conventional measurements of such innovation skew towards big, established business, as well as materialised technology and invention.However, the critical role of entrepreneurship in development has been appearing more and more clearly. Furthermore, the economy is increasingly powered by knowledge and services rather than materialised technology, which enables smaller and more entrepreneurial business. In view of the economic importance of entrepreneurship, its contribution to urban economies appears significantly under-researched. In contrast,according to Jane Jacobs, the primary engine of economic development is innovative entrepreneurship,enabled by the diversity of activities, not just knowledge. Our research question then is whether economicdiversity fosters innovative entrepreneurship in cities.We define innovative entrepreneurship in the light of entrepreneurial management research and in the context of the knowledge and service economy. We reframe Jacobs economies around innovative entrepreneurship, enabled by the structure of local activities, rather than their size. We measure innovative entrepreneurship as the births of new headquarters in the CrunchBase database of new ventures and venture capital, a metric which corrects the biases of conventional measurements. We find robust statistical correlation between most-granular industrial diversity and innovative entrepreneurship across allmetropolitan areas of the United States between 1999 and 2016, controlling for employment size. This result supports the existence of Jacobs economies, from a perspective which adheres more closely toJacobs’s 1969 thesis but is still very new to its scholarship. This perspective also contributes to giving entrepreneurship back its critical place in urban development.

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es die Fick-Jacobs Näherung, welche eine genaue Beschreibung zahlreiche Transporteigenschaften von Brownschen Teilchen in räumlich beschränkten Geometrien liefern kann, auf experimentell vorherrschende Gegebenheiten, z.B., sich stark ändernde Geometrien, komplizierte Kraftfelder, Teilchenausdehnung und endliche viskose Reibung, zu erweitern. Dazu wird zuerst die exakte Lösung für die stationäre Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte mittels Entwicklung in einem geometrischen Parameter, der die Kanalmodulation misst, berechnet. Die höheren Entwicklungsterme ermöglichen die Berechnung von Korrekturen zu den Transportkoeffizienten für sich stark ändernde Geometrien. Ferner kann die Fick-Jacobs Näherung mittels der Entwicklungsmethode auf beliebige Kraftfelder verallgemeinert werden. Am Beispiel des mikrofluidischen Kanals zeigen wir, dass das Zusammenspiel von externen Kräften (skalare Potentiale) und Strömungen (Vektorpotentiale) zur effizienten Trennung von Objekten, mittels des Effektes des hydrodynamisch induzierten entropischen Einsperrens, genutzt werden kann. Da das effiziente Sortieren nach Größe eine der wichtigsten Ziele in der Grundlagenforschung ist, zeigen wir wie die Teilchenausdehnung in die Fick-Jacobs Näherung integriert werden kann. Abschließend wird der Einfluss der Mediumsviskosität auf den Teilchentransport untersucht. Wenn die Zeitskalen separieren, führt adiabatische Eliminierung auch für endliche Reibung zu einer Fick-Jacobs ähnlichen Beschreibung. Diese ist unweigerlich mit Energiegleichverteilung und mit verschwindender Geschwindigkeitskorrelation verbunden. Numerische Simulationen zeigen, dass diese Beschreibung für moderate bis starke Dämpfung und schwache externe Kräfte akkurat ist. Für starke Kräfte wird die angenommene Energiegleichverteilung infolge von Teilchen-Wand Kollisionen verletzt. Dies führt zu einer nichtlinearen Abhängigkeit der Teilchengeschwindigkeit und des effektiven Diffusionskoeffizienten von der Kraftstärke. / This work intends to show how experimentally relevant issues such as strong channel corrugation, sophisticated external force fields, particle size, and the solvent''s viscosity can be incorporated into the commonly used Fick-Jacobs approach which provides a powerful tool to capture many properties of Brownian particles'' transport in confined geometries. First, we derive exact solutions of the stationary probability distribution in terms of an expansion parameter specifying the channel corrugation. Thereby, the leading order is equivalent to the Fick-Jacobs approach. By means of higher expansion orders, which become significant for strong channel corrugation, we obtain corrections to the key particle transport quantities. Going one step further, we generalize the Fick-Jacobs approach to the most general forces. As an exemplary application, we consider microfluidic devices in which the interplay of conservative forces and pressure-driven flows (vector potentials) offers a unique opportunity to efficiently separate Brownian particles of the same size using the newly discovered effect of hydrodynamically enforced entropic trapping. Since separation and sorting by size is a main challenge in basic research, we demonstrate that within certain limits the analytic expressions for the key transport quantities, derived for point-like particles, can be applied to extended objects, too. Lastly, we study the impact of the solvent''s viscosity on particle transport. If the time scales separate, adiabatic elimination results in an effective description even for finite damping. The possibility of such description is intimately connected with equipartition and vanishing velocity correlation. Numerical simulations show that this approach is accurate for moderate to strong damping and for weak forces. For strong external forces, equipartition may break down due to reflections at the boundaries. This leads to a non-monotonic dependence of the particle mobility on the force strength.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Research on Harriet Jacobs' slave narrative, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl exploded after 1981, when Professor Jean Fagin Yellin discovered textual evidence for refuting then-current claims that Lydia Maria Child was the author of this engrossing story. Child was indeed the book's editor, but Yellin discovered letters from Jacobs among the papers of abolitionist Amy Post that proved that the ex-slave was the author of her own narrative. Though the research this discovery engendered has been quite extensive, especially regarding the narrative's close adherence to the conventions of a sentimental novel, very few scholars have attempted to deal with a feature relatively unique to Jacobs" narrative: the use of African American English (AAE) in representing the speech of a number of her characters. Nor has any scholar exclusively focused on the authenticity of her representation of AAE. This paper, a first step in such an effort, demonstrates that Jacobs' use conforms to features found by linguists in their studies of contemporary AAE and Early Black English (EBE).

Att skapa hållbara städer är ett av de viktigaste målen idag för att tackla problem som rör ekologiska, ekonomiska och sociala frågor i vår värld. Syftet med denna uppsats är att visa hur ägare av det fysiska rummet i städer, nämligen fastighetsägare, har möjligheter men också restriktioner för att påverka. Genom att lösa sociala problem i städer, med cirkulärt ekonomiska verksamheter i fastigheterna, kan vi komma närmare att uppnå Jane Jacobs bild av en levande och demokratisk stad där människor själva bidrar till en hållbar stadsutveckling. För att kunna förstå fastighetsägarnas möjligheter och restriktioner, i detta fall Hemsö fastighets AB, har intervjuer genomförts med Vd:n som fastställer riktlinjerna i företaget, men även andra medarbetare, för att få en bild av deras handlingsutrymme. Dessa möjligheter och restriktioner diskuteras sedan utifrån Jacobs teorier för en stadsutveckling som i denna uppsats anses vara ett socialt hållbar sätt och exemplifieras med cirkulärt ekonomiska verksamheter för att visa hur detta även leder till en hållbar stadsutveckling. Resultatet visade att restriktionerna är detaljplaner, hyresavtal, bygglov och företagets lönsamhetskrav. Den visade också på många möjligheter och en vilja att vara hållbara. Problemet som visat sig är bristen på kunskapen om hur det kan ske.

This thesis is a quest to identify the factors that influence social capital in one spatially isolated, multi-ethnic neighborhood, Kungsmarken. The commonly held view that many Modernist-style housing estates have evolved into dead-end areas that breed social ills and require endless outside assistance (Jane Jacobs), does not contain the whole truth. A fraction of this complex problem will be tackled in this thesis. The study case of Kungsmarken in Karlskrona, Sweden, is studied to better understand the links between an area’s physical structure, demographics, socio-cultural trends, economy, and social capital. By analyzing these various potential factors, interviewing the residents and other key persons, and examining public statistics, the author draws several conclusions. One main conclusion is that the social capital developments in Kungsmarken can be directly linked to the broad economic trends in the municipality. Other conclusions include that while the physical structure is a hindrance, trust and close relationships still exist between the residents, which indicates that social capital exists there. The ultimate objective of this study is to identify and explain the factors that either help or hinder the development of social in Kungsmarken.

In mountain lakes, which were affected by acidification in the past or in the present, invertebrate species have become top predators and they influence the whole community. This thesis deals with foraging strategies of three of these predators, Cyclops abyssorum and Heterocope saliens (Crustacea: Copepoda) and Glaenocorisa propinqua (Insecta: Heteroptera) in the model localities Černé lake, Plešné lake and Prášilské lake. The main aim was the determination of food composition and food preferences of these predators. The quality and quantity of consumed food I investigated with a microscope using a method which has not been published yet. To make a microscope preparation I used Potassium hydroxide or Lactic acid in order to dissolve soft organic matter, so that the chitinous particles were well visible. The found food of animal origin was subsequently compared with the prey availability with the use of Jacobs' index. In addition to this research, a feeding experiment with G. propinqua was carried out. The food of all the invertebrate predators was dependent on food availability or eventually on the season of the year. G. propinqua mostly preferred as a prey members of Daphniidae family and then the species Polyphemus pediculus (Cladocera), if they were available (Prášilské lake). In Plešné lake,...

Thesis advisor: Carlo Rotella / Addressing a gathering of social scientists at Boston’s Lowell Institute in 1870, Frederic Law Olmsted worried that the "restraining and confining conditions" of the American city compelled its inhabitants to "walk circumspectly, watchfully, jealously" and to "look closely upon others without sympathy." Olmsted was telling his audience what many had already been saying, and would continue to say, about urban life: sympathy was hard to come by in the city. The urban intellectuals that I examine in this study view with greater optimism the affective possibilities of the city’s social landscape. Rather than describe the city as a place that necessarily precludes or interferes with the sympathetic process, late-nineteenth- and twentieth-century urban intellectuals such as Stephen Crane, Jane Addams, W. E. B. Du Bois, Joseph Mitchell, A. J. Liebling and Jane Jacobs attempt to redefine the nature of that process. Their descriptions of urban relationships reconfigure the affective patterns that lay at the heart of a sentimental culture of sympathy—patterns that had remained, in many ways, deeply connected to those described by Adam Smith and other eighteenth-century moral philosophers. This study traces the development of what I call "urban sympathy" by demonstrating how observers of city life translate received literary and nonliterary idioms into cultural forms that capture the everyday emotions and obligations arising in the city’s small-scale contact zones—its streets, sidewalks, front stoops, theaters, cafes and corner stores. Urban Sympathy calls attention to the ways in which urban intellectuals with different religious, racial, economic, scientific and professional commitments urbanize the social project of a nineteenth-century sentimental culture. Rather than view the sympathetic exchange as dependent upon access to another’s private feelings, these writers describe an affective process that deals in publicly traded emotions. Where many see the act of identification as sympathy’s inevitable product, these observers of city life tend to characterize an awareness and preservation of differences as urban sympathy’s outcome. While scholars traditionally criticize the sympathetic process for ignoring the larger social structures in which its participants are entangled, several of these writers cultivate a sympathetic style that attempts to account for individuals and the larger social, economic and political forces that shape them. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: English.

Prophet Muhammad stated, “A white has no superiority over black nor a black has any superiority over white except by piety and good action.” Because of the continual idea of race as a social construct, this study examines the memoirs of Douglass, Jacobs and Malcolm X, as it relates to the narrative of self and identity. They have written their personal autobiographies utilizing diction as a tool that develops their art of storytelling about their distinct life journeys. These protagonists utilize their autobiographical experiences to construct a generational transference of race and identity from when Douglass was born in 1818, to Jacob’s escape to freedom in 1838 to the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965. Historically, the texts are written from where slavery was still an institution until it was abolished in 1865, proceeding through to the Civil Rights movement. Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs and Malcolm X will experience racial trauma throughout their personal narratives that were life-altering events that severely influenced them as they matured from adolescence to adulthood. The writer has determined that, “Racial trauma can be chracterized as being physically and or psychologically damaged because of one’s race or skin color that permanently has long lasting negative effects on an individual’s thoughts, behavior or emotions,” i.e., African American victims of police brutality are racially traumatized because they suffer with behavioral problems and stress, after their encounters. This case study is based on the definition of race as a social construct for Douglass, Jacobs and Malcolm X’s narratives that learn to self-identify beyond the restrictions of racial discrimination which eventually manifests into white oppression in a world that does not readily embrace them. Their autobiographies provide self-reflection and a broad comprehension about how and why they were entrenched by race. Douglass, Jacobs and Malcolm X were stereotyped, socially segregated, and internalized awareness of despair because of their race. Conclusions drawn from Frederick Douglass-Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: American Slave, Harriet Jacobs-Incidences of a Slave Girl, and Malcolm X’s- Autobiography of Malcolm X will exemplify the subject of African American narrators countering racism and maneuvering in society.

The term "narratives of confinement" redefines the parameters by which first-person, fictive and non-fictive, accounts of female captivity are classified, broadening the genre beyond Indian captivity narratives and slave narratives to include other works in which female narrators describe physical and/or psychological confinement due to tangible or non-tangible forces. Often these narratives exhibit the transformation of the drudgery of housewifery into powerful symbols of resistance and subversion, especially in reaction to traumatic events related to confinement. Needlework and food, including its preparation and distribution, frequently emerge as metaphors that express the ways in which disempowered women seek to regain control in their lives: sewing often represents an effort by women to seize power, blending the creative act with economic achievement; food preparation also relates to creativity and economic achievement and often represents love and nurturing. In this study, I examine three representative narratives of confinement, using close reading and scholarly evidence as support: Mary Rowlandson's 1682 Indian captivity narrative, A True History of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson; Harriet Jacobs' 1861 slave narrative, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself; and Toni Morrison's 1987 fictional neo-slave narrative, Beloved. My examination begins the dialogue regarding the connection between domestic metaphors and narratives of confinement, broadening scholarship to allow more consideration for the subtle, feminized language of domesticity.