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Ce mémoire expose les représentations des pratiques rituelles traditionnelles des Iroquoiens et des Algonquiens que les missionnaires jésuites français ont dévoilés dans leurs écrits. Parfois malgré eux, les missionnaires présentent dans leurs témoignages des êtres doté-e-s de pouvoirs religieux, que nous examinerons ici. Le territoire analysé est donc principalement celui des missions jésuites, soit la vallée laurentienne, le pays périphérique et la région des Grands Lacs, tranche d’Amérique qui restait essentiellement autochtone lors de la période qui nous intéresse, soit de 1632, date de la première relation du jésuite Paul Le Jeune, jusqu’à 1724, date de publication de l’ouvrage Mœurs des Sauvages de Joseph-François Lafitau. Cet examen minutieux des ouvrages jésuites a alors révélé, dans une perspective de l’histoire du genre, des extraits relatifs aux rituels et aux sphères d’activités des hommes et des femmes autochtones. Ces résultats sont par le fait même confrontés à de nombreuses études d’une part sur les Premières Nations, et d’autre part sur les jésuites et leurs missions nord-américaines. Cette jonction multidisciplinaire nous mène alors à se demander : que voient, ou ne voient pas, les missionnaires du rôle des hommes, des femmes, et dans une certaine mesure, des « hommesfemmes » et des « femmes-hommes » au sein des rituels autochtones, et dans quelles circonstances ? / This thesis presents representations of the traditional ritual practices of the Iroquoians and Algonquians that the French Jesuit missionaries have revealed in their writings. Sometimes in spite of themselves, the missionaries describe Indigenous people endowed with religious powers, descriptions which we will examine. The territory analyzed is therefore mainly that of the missions, namely the St. Lawrence Valley, the surrounding country and the Great Lakes region, a slice of America that remained largely Indigenous during the period of interest to us, namely from 1632, date of the first Relations with the Jesuit Paul Le Jeune, until 1724, the date of publication of the book Mœurs des Sauvages by Joseph-François Lafitau. This careful examination of the Jesuit works reveals, from a perspective of gender history, excerpts relating to rituals and spheres of activity of Aboriginal men and women. These results are confronted with numerous studies on First Nations or on the Jesuits and their North American missions. This multidisciplinary convergence then leads us to ask: what do missionaries see, or do not see, in the role of men, women, and to some extent, “men-women” and “women-men” within Aboriginal rituals, and in what circumstances?

This is an investigation of the epic poetry produced in and about the Ibero-American world during the early modern period (sixteenth to eighteenth centuries) in trilingual perspective: in addition to the more familiar Spanish- and Portuguese-language texts, consideration is also––and, for the purposes of the thesis, above all––given to material in Latin. Latin was the third of the international literary languages of the Iberian imperial world; it is also by far the most neglected, having fallen between the cracks of modern disciplinary boundaries in their current configurations. The thesis seeks to rehabilitate the Latin-language component as a fully-fledged member of the Ibero-American epic tradition, arguing that it demands to be analysed with reference not only to the classical and classicising traditions but to those same themes and concerns––in this case, the centre|periphery binary––as are investigated for counterparts when in Spanish or Portuguese. The crucial difference is that––while the ends may be the same––the means of thematising these issues derive in form and signifying power from interactions with the conceptual vocabularies and frameworks of the Greco-Roman epic tradition. How is America represented and New World space figured––even produced––in a poetic idiom first developed by ancient Mediterranean cultures with no conception whatsoever of the continent of the western hemisphere? At the core is one such long neglected Ibero-American Latin-language epic by a figure who lived across the Iberian imperial world: the 'De Invento Novo Orbe Inductoque Illuc Christi Sacrificio' (Faenza, 1777) by Catalan-born Jesuit José Manuel Peramás. Peramás’s epic––which has never been the subject of a literary-critical study before––is offered as a test case: an exercise in analysing a Latin-language Hispanic epic qua Hispanic epic and setting it into Ibero-American literary-cultural context. This is to be understood in relation to the field of so-called ‘New World poetics’: an at present emergent zone of inquiry within Iberian colonial studies which until now has been developing almost completely without reference to the Latin-language portion of the corpus.