La joint-venture est une technique juridique étroitement liée au secteur amont de l’industrie pétro-gazière internationale. Pratiquement, elle correspond dans ce domaine à des architectures contractuelles très diversifiées basées sur des ingénieries juridiques différentes. Depuis sa création dans l’industrie pétro-gazière américaine, la technique de la joint-venture, par sa grande adaptabilité congénitale, a généré différentes versions servant les relations juridiques entre les acteurs internationaux dans ce domaine. La structure juridique de chacune de ses variantes a une particularité qui lui est propre. Elle est formée selon les stratégies, les objectifs, les besoins, les expériences, les limites techniques et les moyens financiers et managériaux des participants. Dans ce contexte, l’étude sur le rôle de cette technique dans les relations juridiques entre deux principaux acteurs pétro-gaziers dans la seconde moitié du 20ème siècle est très importante. En effet, dès son entrée dans les relations juridiques entre les pays producteurs de pétrole et de gaz naturel et les sociétés pétro-gazières internationales, la technique de « joint-venture participation » est progressivement devenue la stratégie principale du secteur amont de l’industrie pétro-gazière des pays producteurs. En d'autres termes, quel que soit la structure contractuelle principale de l’État-hôte au secteur amont du pétrole et du gaz, lorsque lui, ou l’un de ses membres, participe conjointement,avec une société pétro-gazière internationale, à des projets d’exploration et de développement, le recours à la technique juridique de la joint-venture est indispensable.L’impact de telle participation sur la joint-venture est considérable. La présence d’un participant doté de prérogatives de la puissance publique au sein d’une joint-venture pétrogazière affecte l’équilibre paritaire entre les participants, et en conséquence influence sa structure juridique, son processus de formation et son fonctionnement. / The joint venture is a legal technic closely related to the international upstream oil and gasindustry. Practically, it corresponds to very diversified contractual architectures based ondifferent legal engineering. Since its creation in the USA oil and gas industry, the technic ofjoint venture with its great congenital adaptability has generated various versions assistingthe legal relationship of international players in this field. Legal structure of each of itsvariants has its particularities formed according to the strategies, objectives, needs,experiences, means and technical, financial and managerial limits surrounded participants. Inthis context, the study of the role of this technic in the contractual framework between twooil and gas main players in the second half of the 20th century is very important. Indeed, uponit enters in the legal relationship between oil and gas producers countries and international oiland gas companies, the technic of "participating joint venture" has gradually become a keystrategy of producers countries in their upstream oil and gas sector. In other words,regardless of the principal contractual structure of the host-state in upstream oil and gassector, where it or its dismemberment participates with an international oil and gas companyin exploration and development projects, the use of legal technic of the joint venture isindispensable. The impact of such participation on the joint venture is considerable. Thepresence of a participant with public powers within a petroleum joint venture affect the paritybalance among participants and therefore influence its legal structure, and the process of itsformation and its functioning.

Cette étude tente de donner un aperçu général du développement historique, des particularismes et des principales problématiques du droit positif des investissements directs étrangers. En effet, une étude exégétique des textes législatifs et règlements portant sur des investissements étrangers est, certes, nécessaire pour la compréhension du régime juridique des investissements directs étrangers, mais sa connaissance ne suffit pas pour qu'un investisseur puisse réussir son investissement sur le territoire chinois. Le régime juridique des investissements directs étrangers est le fruit d'un travail d'imitation législative de systèmes de droits étrangers. Son développement est indéniablement lié aux éléments de la vie politique, culturelle, sociale et économique du pays. De la politique de l'économie planifiée à l'économie de marché, en quarante ans, le gouvernement a pu créer un droit quasiment exhaustif à partir du vide. Cependant, la rapidité du travail législatif n'est nullement une preuve de sa qualité. En effet, dans le but de rattraper son retard sur les systèmes juridiques des pays économiquement développés, le gouvernement a dû implanter les solutions étrangères, sans pour autant effectuer un travail approfondi d'adaptation ou d'harmonisation, diminuant ainsi la qualité et l'efficacité des lois.Initialement, le droit des investissements directs étrangers était uniquement constitué de trois lois distinctes et des règlements d'application desdites lois. Il s'agissait de la Loi sur les EJV sino-étrangères et son règlement d'application, la Loi sur les WFOE et son règlement d'application, et CJV sino-étrangères et son règlement d'application. Ce régime est ensuite complété par d'autres textes, chacun régissant qu'une seule forme spécifique d'entreprise à participation étrangère.Les litiges font partie de la vie courante non seulement des personnes morales, mais, également des personnes physiques, et permettent de mesurer l'efficacité de la justice au sein d'un État. Malgré le fait que les litiges constituent le moyen ultime de tester l'efficacité de la loi ou d'un système de droit, ils ne surviennent qu'en dernier ressort, surtout dans les États tels que la Chine, où l'histoire démontre une préférence constante envers les modes informelles de résolution des différends au détriment de la procédure étatique contentieuse.Après trois décennies de réforme, la Chine fait désormais partie intégrante de la scène internationale. Par conséquent, ses pratiques portant sur la résolution des différends sont de plus en plus en harmonie avec les standards internationaux. En d'autres termes, la recherche d'une résolution efficace des différends est similaire de celle des autres États occidentaux : idéalement un différend doit être résolu dans le délai court, à un coût bas et avec moins de stress que possible, mais, arrivant tout de même à un résultat acceptable.Le droit chinois des investissements directs étrangers a subi le plus de réformes législatives en Chine. Il est donc primordial de suivre constamment l'actualité juridique. En effet, les deux catalogues récent (2015 et de 2017) illustrent une tendance libéralisatrice du marché national en ouvrant de plus en plus les secteurs d'industrie aux investissements étrangers, et en introduisant un système proche de la " liste négative ". Puis la Réforme de 2016 est venue remplacer la procédure d'autorisation des projets d'investissements directs étrangers par un simple système d'enregistrement. Certes, ces éléments récents ont su apporter des solutions à des difficultés existantes, mais en raison du nombre de vices du droit positif, une réforme en profondeur est nécessaire. Le Projet de loi des investissements étrangers, publié par le Ministère du Commerce en 2015, a le potentiel d'effacer tous les défauts du régime actuel. Cependant, malgré les promesses du gouvernement, son futur demeure très incertain à l'heure actuelle. / This study aims to give a general overview of the historical development, particularisms and main issues of the positive law of foreign direct investment, by looking at different areas of law, ranging from the history of law to the very content of foreign investment law, and through dispute settlement mechanisms for foreign investment. An exegetical study of laws and regulations on foreign investments is a necessary step for the understanding of the legal regime of foreign direct investment, but its knowledge of the law is not sufficient for an investor to succeed in his investment.Its development is undeniably linked to the elements of the political, cultural, social and economic aspects of the country. From the promotion of Marxist values of the Soviet system under the Mao Zedong period, to the adoption of legal pragmatism under the direction of Deng Xiaoping; from the policy of the planned economy to the market economy. In forty years, the government was able to create an entire legal system from almost nothing. However, the speed of legislative work is by no means a proof of its quality. Indeed, in order to catch up with the legal systems of the economically developed countries, the government had to implement foreign solutions, without carrying out any in-depth adaptation or harmonization work, thus reducing the value and the effectiveness of the law.Initially, the foreign direct investment law consisted only of three separate laws and their implementing regulations : Sino-Foreign EJV Law and its Implementing Regulation, the WFOE Law and its Implementing Regulation, and Sino-Foreign CJV and its Implementing Regulation. This was then competed by other laws and regulations, each governing only one specific form of foreign-invested enterprise.Litigation is part of everyday life which allows the legislator to measure the efficiency of justice within a State. Despite the fact that litigation is the ultimate means of testing the effectiveness a legal system, it is only a last resort, especially in states such as China, in which its history demonstrates a constant preference for alternative modes of dispute resolution to the detriment of contentious proceedings.After three decades of reform, China has become an integral part of the international scene. As a result, its practice of resolving disputes is increasingly aligned with international standards. The quest for effective dispute resolution is now similar to that of other Western states: ideally a dispute must be resolved in the short time frame, at a low cost and with as little stress as possible, but with an acceptable result.It is therefore essential to constantly follow legal news. Indeed, the two recent catalogs (2015 and 2017) illustrate a liberalizing trend of the national market by opening more sectors to foreign investments, and by introducing a system close to the "negative list". And the 2016 Reform replaced the authorization procedure for foreign direct investment projects with a simple registration system. While these recent developments have provided solutions to existing difficulties, due to the number of flaws in substantive law, a thorough reform is needed. The Draft Law on Foreign Investment, published by the Ministry of Commerce in 2015 for public commentary, has the potential to erase all the flaws of the current regime. However, despite the promises made by the government, its future remains very uncertain at the moment.

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Este trabalho objetivou fazer uma análise da gestão de pessoas na subsidiária brasileira de uma empresa multinacional do segmento de produção e distribuição de equipamentos de refrigeração diante de situação de transformação dos negócios oriunda da fusão com outro grupo econômico, considerando seu impacto no ambiente interno e no ambiente de negócio em um momento de instabilidade na economia mundial e de importantes alterações no segmento onde a Empresa opera. Para tanto, foi conduzido um estudo de caso, com a realização de 10 entrevistas e consulta a dados e documentos internos, sendo as informações levantadas analisadas com base no referencial teórico e mediante análise de conteúdo. Dentre os principais resultados, destacam-se: a necessidade de revisão dos processos e práticas de gestão de pessoas neste novo cenário, o foco na gestão da transformação com suporte da área de RH, o valor da comunicação interna para assegurar o alinhamento de todas as partes interessadas e a demanda por reforço no desenvolvimento da liderança, preparando-a para gerir a Empresa em tempos de transição e mudanças. / This study aimed to analyze the human resource management in a Brazilian subsidiary of a multinational enterprise in the production and distribution of refrigeration equipment segment, facing business transformation due to the merger with another economic group, considering the impact on the internal environment and the business environment in a time of instability in the world economy and important changes in the field the company operates. To that end, a case study was conducted, composed of 10 interviews and consultation to internal documents and data, analyzing the collected information in the light of theoretical framework and content analysis. Among the key findings, we highlight: the need to review processes and practices of people management under the new scenario; the focus on managing the transformation of human resources support; the value of internal communication, ensuring alignment and leadership development of all stakeholders, preparing them to manage the company in times of transition and change.

- Criteria for a definition of a full function joint venture in the decision-making of the Commission This thesis focuses on the progress in the Commission's approach towards full functioning joint ventures and on criteria for their determination. A full functioning joint venture is a joint venture type that fulfils criteria given by the Commission of the European Union - joint control and full functioning, that consists of functional autonomy, lasting basis and resources. The first, inductive part provides a short joint venture typology and explains ways by which the European law regulates those concentrations. The second part of the thesis serves as a necessary historic excursus to the progress in the European Union Commission's view on cooperative and concentrative concentrations and its goal is to clarify on the basis of which factors and how this approach has developed from 1968 to the present. The third, main, part of the thesis is an analysis of particular full functioning joint venture determination criteria. Each criterion is analysed separately with regards to specialised publications, regulations, reports and directives, especially by analysing European Union Commission's rulings, as the result of the application of the approach towards full functioning joint ventures by the European...

Este trabalho objetivou fazer uma análise da gestão de pessoas na subsidiária brasileira de uma empresa multinacional do segmento de produção e distribuição de equipamentos de refrigeração diante de situação de transformação dos negócios oriunda da fusão com outro grupo econômico, considerando seu impacto no ambiente interno e no ambiente de negócio em um momento de instabilidade na economia mundial e de importantes alterações no segmento onde a Empresa opera. Para tanto, foi conduzido um estudo de caso, com a realização de 10 entrevistas e consulta a dados e documentos internos, sendo as informações levantadas analisadas com base no referencial teórico e mediante análise de conteúdo. Dentre os principais resultados, destacam-se: a necessidade de revisão dos processos e práticas de gestão de pessoas neste novo cenário, o foco na gestão da transformação com suporte da área de RH, o valor da comunicação interna para assegurar o alinhamento de todas as partes interessadas e a demanda por reforço no desenvolvimento da liderança, preparando-a para gerir a Empresa em tempos de transição e mudanças. / This study aimed to analyze the human resource management in a Brazilian subsidiary of a multinational enterprise in the production and distribution of refrigeration equipment segment, facing business transformation due to the merger with another economic group, considering the impact on the internal environment and the business environment in a time of instability in the world economy and important changes in the field the company operates. To that end, a case study was conducted, composed of 10 interviews and consultation to internal documents and data, analyzing the collected information in the light of theoretical framework and content analysis. Among the key findings, we highlight: the need to review processes and practices of people management under the new scenario; the focus on managing the transformation of human resources support; the value of internal communication, ensuring alignment and leadership development of all stakeholders, preparing them to manage the company in times of transition and change.

Este trabalho objetivou fazer uma análise da gestão de pessoas na subsidiária brasileira de uma empresa multinacional do segmento de produção e distribuição de equipamentos de refrigeração diante de situação de transformação dos negócios oriunda da fusão com outro grupo econômico, considerando seu impacto no ambiente interno e no ambiente de negócio em um momento de instabilidade na economia mundial e de importantes alterações no segmento onde a Empresa opera. Para tanto, foi conduzido um estudo de caso, com a realização de 10 entrevistas e consulta a dados e documentos internos, sendo as informações levantadas analisadas com base no referencial teórico e mediante análise de conteúdo. Dentre os principais resultados, destacam-se: a necessidade de revisão dos processos e práticas de gestão de pessoas neste novo cenário, o foco na gestão da transformação com suporte da área de RH, o valor da comunicação interna para assegurar o alinhamento de todas as partes interessadas e a demanda por reforço no desenvolvimento da liderança, preparando-a para gerir a Empresa em tempos de transição e mudanças. / This study aimed to analyze the human resource management in a Brazilian subsidiary of a multinational enterprise in the production and distribution of refrigeration equipment segment, facing business transformation due to the merger with another economic group, considering the impact on the internal environment and the business environment in a time of instability in the world economy and important changes in the field the company operates. To that end, a case study was conducted, composed of 10 interviews and consultation to internal documents and data, analyzing the collected information in the light of theoretical framework and content analysis. Among the key findings, we highlight: the need to review processes and practices of people management under the new scenario; the focus on managing the transformation of human resources support; the value of internal communication, ensuring alignment and leadership development of all stakeholders, preparing them to manage the company in times of transition and change.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Costa Simoes.pdf: 455883 bytes, checksum: a4c94c8859d2103e45da95662f2396a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-04 / The contractual joint venture comes from an association of interests synthesized in a contract, which will determine all wills and goals of co-venturers. The connection between contractual joint venture and competition law occurs when a non corporate joint venture s creation, being a contractual legal instrument as is, can be adjusted by the parties as best fit them. Such a contractual association may aim to infringe freedom of competition, which affects the economic power, and, as a result of the relationship merely contractual, it is difficult for the State to monitor this conduct. / A joint venture contratual advém de uma associação de interesses sintetizada em um contrato, que determinará todas as vontades e objetivos dos coventurers. A ligação do instituto da joint venture contratual com o direito da concorrência ocorre na medida em que a criação de uma non corporate joint venture, sendo um instrumento jurídico contratual como é, pode ser ajustada pelas partes como melhor lhes aprouverem. Tal associação contratual poderá ter como objetivo infringir a livre concorrência, o que afeta o Poder Econômico, e, em razão da relação meramente contratual, é difícil para o Estado fiscalizar este tipo de conduta.

Since China embraced the “Open Door” policy in 1978, innovation has been an increasingly important factor for the Chinese economy. China is now the third largest country in the world league table of patent applications. China has also received large amounts of foreign direct investment, much of it from major Western innovative companies. In the earlier years of the Open Door policy, much of the involvement of Western companies was through joint ventures. International joint ventures are still important, and it is believed have substantially enhanced China's innovative capability. It is the contention of this research that there is a direct correlation between the arrivals of Sino-Western JVs and China's increased innovation capabilities. This is an important area of study as China moves towards becoming a developed economy. The gap in research at present is in applying innovation theory to China and to JVs. The thesis explores the contribution of Sino-Western JVs to the development of China's innovative capabilities. A model of the innovation process is developed, and eight important factors that are considered to enhance a company's innovative capacity, are derived from the model. The factors, expressed as propositions, are: 1: Becoming part of a wide innovative network in its industry 2: Taking part in an open innovation system in its industry 3: Relating closely to universities, and particularly their research laboratories 4: Relating closely to research institutions 5: Developing a social atmosphere conducive to innovation 6: Developing a strong strategic planning system with innovation as a focus 7: Having innovation as a primary objective of both partners at the outset of the joint venture 8: Focusing on developing intellectual property To investigate whether these propositions were accepted by Sino-Western joint ventures, 40 semi-structured interviews were conducted in ten international (Sino-western) joint ventures in China. In general the interviews provided support for the propositions. However, some reservations were expressed. Executives were reluctant to engage in open (collaborative) innovation, preferring to seek patents for developed intellectual property. They also perceived the main objective of the Western partners to be commercial success rather than innovation, although the Chinese partners were very much innovation-orientated. The research contributes to our understanding of the contribution of Sino-western JVs to the innovative capability of Chinese companies, and provides support for most of the propositions identified in the literature. Respondents remarked that most of the propositions would apply also to self-standing companies in China, and suggested that joint ventures could stimulate innovation in indigenous Chinese companies. In addition to providing a historical overview of the development of innovation in China, developing an innovation process model and testing it in the Chinese context, the thesis makes important policy and practical recommendations to Chinese organizations.

Internationaliseringen av näringslivet har lett till att svenska företag tenderar att samarbeta mer med andra bolag. Exempel på en sådan samarbetsform är joint ventures, det innebär att två eller fler företag bildar ett nytt samägt bolag. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det uppstår abnormal avkastning hos svenska företag vid tillkännagivandet av ett ingått joint venture. Vidare undersöks som underliggande faktorer om nationella och internationella joint ventures och relativa storleksskillnaden mellan moderbolagen påverkar en eventuell abnormal avkastning. Studien är kvantitativ och för att undersöka marknadsreaktionen används en eventstudie. Urvalet består av 198 joint ventures från perioden 2000-2016 som ingåtts av företag noterade på NASDAQ OMX Stockholm large, mid och small cap. Resultatet visar att det generellt uppstår en positiv abnormal avkastning i samband med tillkännagivandet av ett ingått joint venture. Dock tycks ingen av de undersökta faktorerna vara drivande bakom marknadsreaktionen.