Numerous studies have focused on the effectiveness of integrated treatment services for people with cooccurring disorders (CODs) within the criminal justice system (CJS). However, there has been a paucity of research on the effectiveness of community-integrated treatment services with CODs and influences on decreasing their interaction within the CJS. This study quantitatively examined the possible relationships between integrated treatment services and CODs and their effect on decreasing interactions within the CJS. The sample (N = 320) consisted of people with CODs from a community-based facility. The statistical analysis was a 2-way (2 x 2) and 3-way (2 x 2 x 2) mixed factorial analysis of variance. Results indicated a statistically significant difference in the number of interactions within the CJS between integrated treatment services and single treatment services, as well as a statistically nonsignificant difference between male and female. Future studies are recommended to examine the predictive value of the long-term effects of integrated treatment services in decreasing interactions within the CJS. The social implications of the study could be integral to community behavioral health care agencies and administrators of correctional institutions in demonstrating how pertinent integrated treatment services can be in decreasing the overrepresentation of people with CODs within the CJS. Furthermore, it will contribute to the continuous need for developing evidence-based programming and practices for CODs within community-based programs, increasing public safety to communities, and the tremendous cost-effectiveness to correctional programs.

Cette thèse porte sur le traitement pénal des viols et des agressions sexuelles. Attachée au processus de qualification de ces violences sexuelles lors de la phase d’enquête, qui mobilise policiers, médecins légistes et procureurs, la recherche vise à faire la sociologie pénale de la notion de consentement : objet depuis longtemps de réflexions de théorie politique et de théorie du droit, le consentement est ici examiné comme objet vivant de l’enquête de police, de la consultation de médecine légale et de la mise en œuvre des poursuites par le parquet.Une ethnographie de dix mois a été conduite dans un service de police judiciaire d’une grande agglomération. Elle s’est accompagnée de la constitution d’une base de données à partir des dossiers traités par ce service. En parallèle, des entretiens ont été menés avec 18 policiers de trois Brigades des Mineurs, 10 médecins légistes, 10 magistrats du parquet, ainsi que 7 des membres d’une commission préfectorale d’action contre les violences faites aux femmes. Une observation des réunions de la commission a également été réalisée.La thèse montre que l’objectivation du non consentement par les acteurs pénaux emprunte trois voies. La première est celle de la violence et des corps : le non consentement est attesté par les traces laissées par la violence physique sur le corps des victimes. La seconde est relationnelle : la contrainte se déduit de l’analyse la relation entre le mis en cause et la plaignante, celle-ci étant entendue à la fois au sens de la nature du lien entre les parties, mais aussi de leurs positions respectives dans l’espace social. La troisième est celle des émotions : la plaignante doit faire la preuve de sa docilité et de sa souffrance en acceptant toutes les épreuves procédurales demandées par les acteurs pénaux.Ces différentes acceptions du non consentement et, partant, des violences sexuelles, varient suivant les contraintes institutionnelles et les professions des acteurs. Les policiers et les magistrats, qui ont rarement des jugements divergents sur les affaires, enquêtent à charge et décharge, sont plus susceptibles de remettre en cause la parole de la plaignante et sont orientés vers la recherche de la preuve, tandis que les médecins légistes considèrent qu’il ne leur appartient pas d’objectiver l’absence ou la présence d’un consentement. En outre, les féministes de la commission d’action contre les violences faites aux femmes contestent le cadrage policier des violences sexuelles car elles considèrent qu’il impute aux victimes la responsabilité de l’agression.Enfin, le travail de démonstration du consentement est un travail sur et avec des représentations de normes traditionnelles de sexualité. La sexualité des femmes et des adolescentes est située par les policiers et les magistrats dans la sphère de l’amour et des affects, tandis que celle des hommes est renvoyée du côté du besoin et de la pulsion. La thèse souligne l’intérêt des policiers des services étudiés pour la subjectivité féminine, ce qui est singulier dans une institution qui valorise la virilité. / This study addresses the handling of rape and sexual abuse by the criminal justice system. The legal characterisation of the facts regarding cases of sexual abuse was a crucial issue during the empirical research that was conducted for the purpose of this study among police officers, forensic doctors, and prosecutors. Consent has long been conceptualised from a political theoretic or legal theoretic perspective. This dissertation intends to analyse the concept of consent in light of sociology of law and examines it as an object involving police investigations, forensic medical examinations, and prosecution cases.A 10-month ethnographic research was conducted among the criminal police department of a big city in France. Using the complaints filed with this police department a data base was set up. In addition, a series of interviews were conducted with 18 police officers from three different child abuse investigation units, 10 forensic doctors, 10 prosecutors, and 7 members of a Prefectural committee developing actions fighting violence against women. 5 of their meetings were also observed.This dissertation shows that actors working in the criminal justice system have objectified what non-consent is in three distinct ways. First, actors objectify non-consent by violence: non-consent is evidenced by signs of violence on the body of victims. Second, non-consent is objectified by existing relationships: actors determine constraint by examining the nature of the relation between the respondent and the claimant as well as their respective position in social space. Third, actors objectify non-consent based on emotions: the claimant has to be docile and to openly share her pain while accepting the ordeals required by actors from the criminal justice system.These different interpretations of non-consent, and thus the different perceptions of sexual abuse, are variously distributed among actors according to their professional occupation and the institutional constraints they encounter. Police officers and prosecutors who investigate both incriminating and exonerating evidence are more likely to challenge the victim’s testimony and are more prone to look for pieces of evidence. In addition, the criminal justice system prevents police officers and prosecutors from developing different opinions on cases. In contrast, forensic doctors consider that it is not for them to evaluate whether there has been consent or not. Regarding feminist activists participating in the Prefectural committee fighting violence against women, they strongly question how police officers have framed sexual abuse and consider that this framing blames women for experiencing sexual abuse.Finally, proving the existence of consent is a task that questions the actors’ own traditional representations of sexuality. Women and adolescent girls’ sexuality is perceived by police officers and prosecutors as a personal matter related to love and affects. Men’s sexuality, however, is regarded as a need and sex drive. This dissertation eventually underlines the concern of police officers for feminine subjectivity, which is a singular thing in an institution rewarding masculinity.

How the Swedish criminal justice system deals with sexual crime has been a widely debatedtopic in recent years and the debate uses media as its main stage. State investigations haveexpressed concerns that the way the media portrays the criminal justice system in a negativeway can affect women’s trust in the system. No dramatic effects on women’s trust have beenrecorded but surveys show that a high degree of young Swedish women experiences highlevels of fear of sexual crime. This essay aims to examine if, and in what way the debateregarding how the Swedish criminal justice system handles sexual crime affects women’strust in the system, as well as if the feelings of unsafety are present in women's trust towardsthe justice system. The aim is achieved by answering three main frames of questions; How doyoung women perceive the public debate regarding the Swedish criminal justice system’shandling of sexual crimes? What significance does the public debate have on young women’sfeelings of trust in the justice system? What significance does the public debate have onyoung women’s feeling of unsafety? These questions are answered by utilising establishedtheories of trust and norms, research about medias reporting of crime, research about therelationship between information and trust and feminist theory. Data was collected byconducting interviews with eight young Swedish women where elicitation was utilised usingfour articles debating how the Swedish justice system has handled sexual crime. Byimplementing the forementioned theories and research the answers were analysed with thefollowing results: The public debate was deemed to affect the women’s trust in the Swedishjustice system in a negative way, however a general trust in the system still remained withfeelings of distrust and trust being able to coexist. The feeling of unsafety was present in theway all women regarded trusting in the justice system. This stemmed from a perceivedconception of women being distrusted and questioned in the justice system and in societywhich created feelings of not feeling safe. The fact that trust is not measured in regard tospecific types of crime can invite a feminist critique by hiding gendered feelings of unsafety. / Hur det svenska rättsväsendet hanterar sexualbrott har varit ett mycket debatterat ämne desenaste åren och debatten har en stor närvaro i media. Statliga utredningar har argumenteratför att det negativa sättet som media porträtterar rättsväsendet kan påverka kvinnors tillit förrättssystemet negativt. Ingen dramatisk effekt på kvinnors förtroende har registrerats, menundersökningar visar att en hög grad av unga svenska kvinnor upplever stor otrygghet ioffentliga utrymmen. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka vilken betydelse den offentligadebatten har för unga kvinnors tillit till rättsväsendet i relation till hanteringen av sexualbrottsamt vilken betydelse känslor av otrygghet har för tilliten. Detta undersöks genom trefrågeställningar: Hur uppfattar unga kvinnor den offentliga debatten om rättsväsendetshantering av sexualbrott? Vilken betydelse får debatten för unga kvinnors tillit tillrättsväsendet? Vilken betydelse får debatten för unga kvinnors upplevda otrygghet? Dessafrågor besvaras med hjälp av etablerade teorier om tillit och normer, forskning ommedierapportering om brott, forskning om förhållandet mellan information, kunskap och tillitsamt feministisk teori. Empiriskt material samlades in genom intervjuer med åtta ungasvenska kvinnor där elicitation användes i form utav fyra artiklar som diskuterade hur detsvenska rättsväsendet hanterat sexualbrott. Genom att tillämpa de tidigare nämnda teoriernaoch forskningen analyserades svaren med följande resultat: Den offentliga debatten ansågspåverka kvinnornas tillit till det svenska rättsväsendet på ett negativt sätt, men ett allmäntförtroende för systemet kvarstod fortfarande då känslor av misstro och tillit kundesamexistera. Känslan av otrygghet var närvarande i sättet samtliga kvinnor förhöll sig tillsamt litade på rättsväsendet. Detta härrör från en uppfattning om att kvinnor misstros ochifrågasätts både i rättsväsendet och i samhället vilket skapade känslor av otrygghet. Att tillitinte mäts i relation till specifika typer av brott kan dölja könsrelaterade känslor av otrygghetsom i förlängningen kan påverka kvinnors tillit.

This study gathered information about adults with disabilities who were served with special education services during high school and incarcerated after high school, on their job preparation plan and explored the effects of that preparation on the individual's perception of successful transition after high school. It also investigated what, if anything, could have been done in high school to prevent their entrance or continuation in the criminal justice system. Due to the difficulty in accessing this population, only three individuals were interviewed. However, the rich information provided from this study indicated that to help them live independently and successfully transition into adulthood and avoid incarceration, they needed the following supports: more teaching of practical skills while in high school to help them have better control of their anger and emotions, and help obtaining a job of interest, that would allow financial stability and skills. This information may be beneficial to teachers developing appropriate Individualized Transition Plans. This information could allow educators to more effectively prepare their students to transition effectively and prevent them from becoming incarcerated.

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Over the past few years, much debate has been centered on domestic violence, also known as intimate partner violence (IPV), and how it should be handled in our society and criminal justice system. In previous years, domestic violence has been seen not only as a private family matter, but a situation in which no outsiders should intrude. In 2014, the Centers for Disease Control stated that intimate partner violence is a public health problem with 27% of women and nearly 12% of men who have had some sort of experience with sexual or physical violence at the hands of an intimate partner, being stalked, or had violence impacting their lives in some way. Over the past 20 years, many policies have been enacted that attempt to not only hold offenders responsible for their actions, but also to help victims obtain the resources they so desperately need. While it may seem simple to say that police should arrest more and judges should give harsher sentences in an attempt to control domestic violence, they do need effective tools to help them achieve these results. In this paper, I analyze the satisfaction victims of intimate partner violence have with no-drop policies. These policies do not allow victims to drop charges against a perpetrator. Using data from the Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), findings indicate that male victims are more likely to be satisfied with the no-drop policy than are female victims. Because victims did not want the criminal justice system response to their victimization to go beyond arrest, future research needs to focus on why victims do not support jailing or therapy for offenders.

While a number of studies have indicated disparities in mental health services use among African-Americans, specific factors that account for within-group disparities have not been thoroughly addressed. Research shows that African-American adolescent males generally are less likely to utilize mental health services and this is especially true among those involved with the juvenile justice system (Hazen, Hough, Landsverk, & Wood, 2004). Previous research indicates that culture is a viable and necessary factor to consider regarding African-Americans' pattern of mental health help-seeking (Cauce et al., 2002). This study utilized a qualitative research design and the Network-Episode Model (NEM) (Pescosolido & Boyer, 1999) as the theoretical framework to examine the influence of culture on the attitudes of African American adolescent males released from juvenile detention facilities to understand their mental health help-seeking. Criterion sampling procedures were utilized to recruit for the study, two groups of African-American adolescent males (n = 54) who initially received services at John Hope Family Renewal Center following their release from juvenile detention. In-depth interviews with participants were conducted and participants' case records were reviewed. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts produced four overarching themes: (1) beliefs about causes of mental health problems, (2) other beliefs about mental health, (3) social barriers - isolation/exclusion, and (4) social network influence on service utilization. Comparisons were made between those youth who used services and those who discontinued service use. Findings revealed that: 1) participants' beliefs about the root causes of mental health problems prevented some from utilizing mental health services, 2) cultural factors partially influenced participants' attitudes and negatively shaped their behaviors towards use of mental health services. Findings also revealed that mental health stigma, ineffective treatment, fear and shame from peers, negative community reaction, and mistrust of mental health providers were important barriers to service utilization. Implications for social work practice, policy, and future research are discussed.

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