Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet var att undersöka vilken skillnad i vinkel mellan olika kroppssegment det är hos elitlöpare och motionärer. Frågeställning: Hur skiljer sig stegvinkel, armvinkel, underbensvinkel, bålvinkel och knävinkel hos elitlöpare och motionärer? Metod: Sex löpare deltog i studien, varav tre springer 10km på 35 minuter och tre springer 10km på 45 minuter. Genom att filma dessa med en 25Hz-kamera vid löpning på löpband, och sedan via analysprogrammet cSwing 2008 mäta vinklarna mellan olika kroppssegment erhölls data för vidare behandling. Resultat: De vinklar som visade på en skillnad mellan grupperna var armvinkeln vid maximal stegvinkel, underbensvinkeln, knävinkeln i den bakre pendelfasen och knävinkeln i den främre pendelfasen. Skillnaderna visade på en löpteknisk fördel hos 35-minuterslöparna. Slutsats: Träning i form av löpskolningsövningar, rörlighet och styrketräning för att aktivera muskulatur som arbetar kring ovan nämnda leder kan leda till förbättringar hos 45-minuterslöparna. Löpskolning innebär olika övningar för att förbättra löptekniken genom att göra individen medveten om rörelsemönstret och aktiverad muskulatur, samt banar in motoriken.

No description available.

Syftet med denna studie var att studera vilka skillnader som uppvisas i horisontell kraftutveckling mellan en vanlig stav och Kraftstaven och om rörelsemönstret i höft-, hand- och armbågsleden särskilde sig för testpersonen (TP). Studien genomfördes på en van skidåkare med rullskidor som var väl förtrogen med de båda stavsorterna, TP genomförde ett maximalt stavfrånskjut och mätningarna gjordes endast på själva stavfrånskjutet i stakningscykeln. TP genomförde tio försök med varje stav och studien utfördes på det försök som närmast motsvarade snittet. Innan varje försök accelererade TP nedför en ramp mot kraftplattor där stavfrånskjutet genomförses, i plattorna registrerade den horisontella kraftutvecklingen i frånskjutet. Parallellt med detta videofilmades rörelsen och filmen bearbetades i ett datorbaserat teknikanalysprogram för att kunna utläsa skillnaderna i rörelsemönstret i lederna. Kraftstaven ger en högre horisontell kraft vid stavfrånskjutet och den högsta kraften utvecklas tidigare i fasen än med en vanlig stav, detta trots att inga avgörande skillnader uppvisas i TP´s rörelsemönstret. Förklaringen till att följande resultat uppvisas kan man finna i Kraftstavens böjda rör som skapar en gynnsammare vinkel mellan stav och underlag för att överföra kraften i den horisontella riktningen. Rörelsemönster i höft-, armbågs- och handled uppvisade inga signifikativa skillnader mellan stavsorterna varvid detta inte kan förklara de differenser som uppvisas i kraftutveckling.

No description available.

The dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a promising low-cost technology alternative to conventional solar cell in certain applications. A DSSC is a photo-electrochemical photovoltaic device, mainly composed of a working electrode, a dye sensitized semiconductor layer, an electrolyte and a counter electrode. Sunlight excites the dye, producing electrons and holes that can be transported by the semiconductor and electrolyte to the external circuit, converting the sunlight into an electrical current. A material that could be useful for DSSCs is the nanoscale cupric oxide, which can act as a p-type semiconductor and has interesting properties such as low thermal emittance and relatively good electrical properties. The goal of this project was to synthesize and characterize CuO nanoparticles using three different methods and look into each products potential use and efficiency in DSSCs. The particles were synthesized using two different solution based chemical precipitation methods and a flame spray pyrolysis method, yielding nanostructures with different compositions, structures and sizes ranging from ~20 to 1000 nm. The nanoparticle powder synthesized by the flame spray pyrolysis route was tested as semiconductor layer in the working electrode of the DSSC. Current-voltage measurements presented low solar conversion efficiencies with a reversed current, meaning that the cupric oxide cells did not work in a desirable way. Further studies of the cupric oxide synthesis and its suitability in DSSCs are needed to increases the future possibilities for gaining well working p-type DSSCs with higher efficiencies.

This dissertation explores a unique body of historical writings published in the native-language newspapers of the Hawaiian kingdom during the 19th century and examines the incorporation of these materials into contemporary knowledge. Scholars of the 20th century have translated a fraction of the historical material, reorganized its contents and published those portions as reference texts on Hawaiian history, culture and ethnography. These English presentations, along with other translated texts have become an English-language canon of Hawaiian reference material that is widely used today. The canon of translated texts is problematic in that it alters the works of the original authors, recasting important auto-representational writings by Hawaiians of the 19th century into a modern Western framework. General reliance upon these translated texts has fostered a level of authority for the canon texts similar to that of primary source material. Such authority and reliance have in many ways eclipsed the Hawaiian authors' original works and have obscured the larger corpus of published writings from the period. General acceptance of the sufficiency of the translated works, a dearth of access tools and few fluent readers of Hawaiian has resulted in much of the archive of historical material remaining unutilized and largely inaccessible to date. However, the impetus of Hawaiian language renewal efforts and more recent Hawaiian scholarship has brought new attention to this body of writings, and such awareness is generating new efforts to rearticulate this neglected resource into the production of knowledge, now and in the future.

Zugl.: Hamburg, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2008

This thesis investigates the diverse ways in which social agents construct the relationship between past, present and future through a study of historical consciousness and its role in the negotiation of identity and shifting power relations in the border region of Southwest Serbia. The focus of the research falls on ethnic relations between Serbs and Bosniaks, who predominantly inhabit the area, and the boundaries that they imagine surround the world they live in. The goal has been to trace the life of these ethnic boundaries, and with it the relationships between those who imagine them by following their transformations in history, as well as to inquire into elements of social patterns that may be discernable within a contextualized and historicized analysis of the region. In order to achieve this, I have analysed the diverse pasts and futures that coalesce in the many 'time spaces' that Southwest Serbia's social actors inhabit in any present moment and from which they (re)construct these boundaries and their identities. The research has been situated within the wider anthropological discussion about the relation of culture (memory) and history and draws on insights made by relevant studies and ethnographies conducted on the territory of the former Yugoslavia. The data presented demonstrates that ethnicity and nationality are not fully crystalized as concepts in Southwest Serbia, their contents are imagined in inconsistent ways in and between social groups, while ethno-national identities and histories are not on the whole felt to be crucial to one's personal sense of self, but are perceived and put to use as malleable political resources. As a result, the most dominant allegiance in Southwest Serbia is to one's family, the only group whose 'essence' escapes political malleability and whose members share a common cross-temporal vision.

Wireless communications systems of all types must deliver reliable connections to the end users to be accepted by the public. The reliability of these systems is composed of two aspects. The first aspect is the reliability of the actual hardware and software composing the device and is completely under the control of the designers of the equipment. The second aspect of reliability or availability is the wireless propagation link connecting the users. This link is very difficult to model exactly and is composed of a fixed propagation loss plus random elements of propagation loss.This thesis focuses on the propagation links associated with satellite communications systems (Satcom). The fixed portion of the link loss in this case is the "spreading loss" or free space loss which occurs due to the large distance between the user and the satellite. The random portion of the link loss in these systems is due to many things such as rain, absorption, shadowing, multipath and cross polarization effects. However the major element associated with fades in Satcom systems is rain and the fades associated with rain. Rain becomes an even more dominate term in the situation as higher frequencies are used to obtain the increases in bandwidths required to accommodate the increases in use. Rain fades on the satellite links are modeled as random processes whose parameters are given in RECOMMENDATION ITU-R P.837-5 of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Over the years this recommendation has been revised and the current revision is 837-5 as indicated above. However, the data used to develop these models has always come from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts based upon data measured at approximately 100 stations around the world. Since 1998 satellite sensory data is available for the tropics which directly measures rain data in this area. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a join satellite project involving the USA and Japan. As a result of the availability of TRMM data it is possible to improve the statistical rain rate models for the tropical regions of the world. Recently a number of researchers (T.V, Omotosho, C.O. Oluwafemi, C Prabhakara et all) have begun to use TRMM data to improve the rain rate and rain fade estimates. The ITU has also begun to study using TRMM data in their recommendations. In this thesis the TRMM data is used to construct a rain rate and rain fade models for the Indian sub-continent as well as other parts of the tropics. This model is compared to the predictions based upon the ITU 837-5 models and substantial differences are found in the heavy rain fall areas. India is currently building a satellite (GSAT-4) to measure rain fades at 20/30 GHz and it is hoped that these results can be used to compare with the measured GSAT-4 data when it is available.

This thesis analyses the use of law in the emergence and functioning of public enterprises in Bangladesh, which are viewed as a politico-economic and legal institution devised to implement public policy. According to a meeting of experts at Tangier (Morocco) from the 15-19 December 1980 on the "Concept, definition and classification of public enterprises", a public enterprise is an organisation which is: -owned by public authorities including central, state or local authorities, to the extent of fifty percent or more, -is under the top managerial control of the owning public authorities, such public control including, inter alia, the right to appoint management and to formulate critical policy decisions, -is established for the achievement of a defined set of public purposes, which may be multidimensional in character -and is consequently placed under a system of public accountability -is engaged in activities of a business character -involves the basic idea of investment and returns -and which markets its outputs in the shape of goods and services. Thus, public enterprises would include any commercial, financial, industrial, agricultural or promotional undertaking owned by a public authority, either wholly or through majority shareholding which is engaged in the production and sale of goods and services and whose affairs are capable of being recorded in the balance sheets and profit and loss accounts. In spite of the fact that many of the problems of public enterprises are a direct concern of lawyers, this thesis is the first attempt by a lawyer to study legal aspects of public enterprises in the context of Bangladesh. It aims to make an original contribution to the growing body of scholarship establishing links between public law and politics. It was undertaken at a time when the idea of privatisation is sweeping all over the world, necessitating a fresh discussion on the role of public enterprises and the practicality of significant privatisation in a poor country like Bangladesh. By its very nature, the thesis can only be both analytical as well as descriptive. The scheme of analysis involves reference to historical, political, social and economic factors that have contributed to the emergence of public enterprises in Bangladesh and the later privatisation of some of them The thesis is influenced by the recognition of the importance of contextual non-legal factors that have influenced the development process in Bangladesh. Like in many other developing countries, in Bangladesh the role of law in achieving developmental objectives has been over-emphasised. Of course problems of development have clearly influenced the perception of the predominant role of legislation. But law is only one factor interwoven with other factors in a wider social and economic fabric. This is not to de- emphasise the importance of formal legal provisions, but they should be seen as symbols of attempts to implement the law's underlying tasks, and, in the course of this, as providing political resources which individuals and groups can utilise to gain their ends. It is, therefore, important not to confuse the instruments of implementation with the underlying purposes themselves. Thus this thesis, instead of focusing only on the different kinds of legal rules, looks at the underlying power relationships in Bangladesh and the interests for which state power is being used which, in turn, influence the actual functioning of the public enterprises. The roles of the state and the bureaucracy in the functioning of public enterprises are included in this discussion. It explains the behaviour, performance and development of public enterprises in Bangladesh. It also, examines the political and socio-economic context in which public enterprises are embedded. The central hypothesis of the thesis is that the creation and operation of public enterprises are mostly determined by the character of the political coalition in power, and that political changes are reflected in intra-organisational dimensions. It recognizes that even though public enterprises are powerful socio-economic and legal entities, to understand their functioning it is necessary to analyse their external environment. Indeed, an adequate approach to public law should be to investigate public policy, and ask what demands government makes of the constitutional and legal systems in seeking to achieve its objectives, how those systems respond to those expectations, and the problems created by those responses for the government. Thus public law is a tool used to achieve public ends. The use of public law may occur directly either through the moulding of social processes by regulatory rules or through the establishment and definition of institutions. Thus the version of public law adopted in the thesis has for its main focus of interest the design of institutions through which public policy is implemented along with the relationship between those institutions and other parts of the constitutional structure. Therefore, a particular concern of this thesis will be institutional design for the operation of public enterprises in Bangladesh. Operational aspects include both organisation and management. Organisation is viewed as the structure of hierarchy in the functioning of public enterprises and management can be defined as the processes by which the work is accomplished including planning, financing, staffing, controlling various activities and ensuring accountability. The thesis concludes that, the legal forms and the law including measures of privatisation have not achieved what they had intended to. The benefit of the legal form can be achieved only when there is a full understanding and acceptance by the concerned parties viz., government, management and workers of what a legal form entails. Until public enterprise culture becomes more business-like, the changes in the legal form will be of little relevance. In order to improve the performance of public enterprises it is necessary to ensure true accountability of the government to the people. Without establishing real democracy in Bangladesh, which was mostly governed by martial law, framing rules and regulations to improve performance of public enterprises will largely be an exercise that will not ensure practical benefits to the country.