A dor no recém-nascido é um fenômeno complexo, constituído por diferentes estímulos e tipos de dor, que pode envolver várias combinações de receptores e mecanismos do sistema nervoso em desenvolvimento. No Brasil, é direito de cidadania da criança e do adolescente não sentir dor, quando existirem meios de evitá-la. Esse direito também está previsto na Declaração Universal dos Diretos do Prematuro, segundo a qual a dor do prematuro deverá ser sempre considerada, prevenida e tratada por meio dos processos disponibilizados pela ciência atual. Entre as medidas não farmacológicas para o manejo da dor aguda decorrente de procedimentos de apoio ao diagnóstico e terapêuticos, tem-se particular interesse no contato materno pele a pele, por sua comprovada efetividade no alívio da dor em prematuros. Pesquisadores do Grupo de Pesquisa em Enfermagem no Cuidado à Criança e ao Adolescente da EERP-USP, preocupados com a problemática da dor em recém-nascidos a termo e pré-termo e crianças, desenvolveram pesquisas que comprovaram a eficácia deste contato também para o alívio da dor durante a coleta do teste do pezinho. O intuito do grupo, assim como o de outros pesquisadores, é reduzir a lacuna entre o conhecimento produzido e a prática clínica para a avaliação e o manejo da dor em crianças, incentivando a participação materna e da família. A atual motivação reside em investigar a perspectiva materna no processo de alívio da dor aguda do recém-nascido pré-termo mediada pelo contato pele a pele. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo é analisar os significados atribuídos pela mãe em sua vivência de contato pele a pele com seu filho prematuro para o alívio da dor decorrente da coleta do teste do pezinho em unidade neonatal. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, na abordagem qualitativa, tendo como quadro teórico o cuidado humanizado, integral e centrado na família. Realizou-se a investigação na unidade de cuidado intermediário neonatal do hospital universitário de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Os dados foram coletados mediante entrevista semiestruturada com 15 mães de prematuros. Da análise de conteúdo dos discursos emergiram seis eixos temáticos: Pele a pele mãe e filho gera prazer; Pele a pele tranquiliza e acalma o bebê; Contato materno pele a pele alivia a dor do prematuro; Contato pele a pele insere a mãe no cuidado do filho mesmo durante procedimento doloroso - resgata o papel materno; Desejo de realizar o contato pele a pele durante outros procedimentos com o filho prematuro; e Indicando e incentivando o pele a pele para outras mães. Constata-se que as mães possuem sentimentos positivos reconhecendo que o contato pele a pele com o filho promove alívio da dor, com consequente redução de manifestações comportamentais durante o teste do pezinho. Os significados atribuídos a esta vivência materna corroboram estudos que mostram a redução da reatividade biocomportamental do prematuro em posição canguru, cuja prática deve ser amplamente utilizada para o alívio da dor decorrente de procedimentos dolorosos / Pain among newborns is a complex phenomenon composed of different stimuli and types of pain, which may involve various combinations of receptors and mechanisms of the developing nervous system. In Brazil, children and adolescents are entitled not to suffer pain whenever it is avoidable. In addition, there is the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Preterm Infants, in which it is stated that the pain of a premature infant should also taken into account, prevented and treated using processes enabled by current science. Among the non-pharmacological measures used to handle acute pain accruing from procedures that support diagnosis and therapeutic action, there is special interest in skin-to-skin contact with the mother, the effectiveness of which has been proven to alleviate pain among preterm infants. Researchers from the Research Group in Nursing Care Provided to Children and Adolescents at EERP-USP, concerned with pain among at term and preterm infants and children conducted research that proved the efficacy of skin-to-skin contact in the alleviation of pain during the heel prick screening test, among others. They work to reduce the gap between knowledge and clinical practice in regard to assessment and handling pain among children, encouraging the participation of both mother and family. Currently, the motivation is to investigate the maternal perspective of the process of alleviating acute pain in preterm newborns, mediated by skin-to-skin contact. This study\'s objective was to analyze the meanings assigned by mothers to their experience of skin-to-skin contact with their preterm children to alleviate the pain accruing from the heel prick test in a neonatal ward. The theoretical framework of this descriptive study with qualitative approach is integral, humanized and family- centered care. The study was conducted in the neonatal intermediate care unit at the University hospital at Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Data were collected through semi- structured interviews conducted with 15 mothers of preterm infants after free and informed consent forms were signed. Content analysis was used to analyze data, from which six thematic axes emerged: Mother and child skin-to-skin contact generates pleasure; Skin-to-skin reassures and calms down the baby; Maternal skin- to-skin contact alleviates pain in preterm infants; Skin-to-skin contact included the mother in the care provided to the child even during a painful procedure - redeems the maternal role; Desire to have skin-to-skin contact during other procedures with the preterm child; and Encouraging other mothers to practice skin-to-skin contact. The mothers reported positive feelings, acknowledging that skin-to-skin contact with their children promotes pain relief and that behavioral manifestations decreased during the heel prick test. The meanings assigned to this maternal experience corroborate studies that show reporting reduced biobehavioral reactiveness among preterm infants in the kangaroo position, a practice that should be widely used to alleviate pain accruing from painful procedures

Premature birth is a frequent occurrence even in developed countries. Technological advances have increased survival rates even for very premature. Prematurity is a risk factor for much morbidity, including developmental delay, deficits in somatic growth and difficulty of affectionate bonds with family. The Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) has emerged as an alternative treatment of low birth weight infants, being part of the national policy of humanization in health, aiming higher attachment, breastfeeding promotion, improved development and security, including how to handle the baby and family relationships. This research aimed to evaluate the evolution of premature assisted by KMC from birth to six months of age, including weight gain, frequency of breastfeeding, duration of hospitalization and development at six months. This is an observational and prospective cohort study of preterm babies at KMC, born between July 2011 and January 2012 in a terciary public maternity with birth weight less than 1750 g and in clinical conditions required for application of the method. The sample consisted of 137 newborns, with a mean birth weight of 1.365±283 g, mean gestational age of 32±3 weeks and 26,2% adequate for gestacional age. They were admitted to the Kangaroo Ward at 19±18 days, weighing 1.430±167g on average, and at this time 57.7% were underweight. They were discharged after 36.8±21.8 days, weighing 1.780±165g and 67.9% were underweight. Those who had apnea in the neonatal intensive care unit, who used vasoactive agents or third-line antibiotics and diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia had a greater length of stay in hospital (p <0.001). At 6 months (n = 76) had an average weight of 5.954±971g and 68.4% were with weight percentiles between 3 and 97. Denver Developmental Screening Test II was considered suspect at 17.1% of them. The variables strongly associated with this outcome were: peri-intraventricular hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and weight below the 3rd percentile at six months of age. Exclusive breastfeeding rate at discharge was 56.2% and at 6 months was 14.4%. Conclusions: In this sample, children assisted by KMC had adequated weight recovery in the first six months of life, as well as low frequency of developmental delay. At six months, the exclusive breastfeeding rate was low. / O nascimento prematuro é uma ocorrência frequente, mesmo em países desenvolvidos. Os avanços tecnológicos têm proporcionado taxas de sobrevivência cada vez maiores, mesmo para os muito prematuros. A prematuridade é um fator de risco para várias morbidades, dentre elas atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, déficit no crescimento somático e dificuldade de vinculação afetiva com a família. O Método Canguru (MC) surgiu como alternativa de assistência ao recém-nascido de baixo peso como parte da política nacional de humanização na saúde, objetivando maior apego, incentivo ao aleitamento materno, melhor desenvolvimento e segurança, inclusive quanto ao manuseio do bebê e ao relacionamento familiar. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a evolução dos prematuros assistidos pelo MC, do nascimento aos seis meses de idade, incluindo evolução ponderal, frequência de aleitamento materno, tempo de hospitalização e desenvolvimento. Trata-se de um estudo observacional e descritivo de uma coorte de bebês prematuros assistidos pelo MC, nascidos entre julho de 2011 e janeiro de 2012 em uma maternidade pública de nível terciário, com peso ao nascer igual ou menor que 1750 g e em condições clínicas necessárias para aplicação do método. A amostra foi constituída por 137 recém-nascidos, com média de peso ao nascer de 1,365±283 g, idade gestacional média de 32±3 semanas, sendo 26,2% com peso ao nascer adequado à idade gestacional. Foram admitidos na Enfermaria Canguru com 19±18 dias de vida, pesando 1.430±167g em média, sendo que, nesse momento 57,7% da amostra tinham baixo peso para a idade cronológica (BP). Tiveram alta hospitalar com 36,8±21,8 dias, pesando 1.780±165g e 67,9% tinham BP. Aqueles que tiveram apneia na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, que usaram drogas vasoativas ou antibióticos de terceira linha e os com diagnóstico de displasia broncopulmonar tiveram maior tempo de hospitalização (p< 0,001). Aos seis meses (n=76), tinham peso médio de 5.954±971g, sendo que 68,4% estavam com o peso entre os percentis 3 e 97. Tiveram resultado do Teste de Triagem de Desenvolvimento de Denver II considerado como suspeito 17,1% deles. As variáveis que estiveram fortemente associadas a este resultado foram: hemorragia peri-intraventricular, displasia broncopulmonar e peso abaixo do percentil 3 aos seis meses de idade. A frequência de aleitamento materno exclusivo na alta foi 56,2% e aos 6 meses foi 14,4%. Conclusões: Na amostra estudada as crianças assistidas pelo Método Canguru tiveram recuperação ponderal adequada nos primeiros seis meses de vida, bem como baixa frequência de alteração no desenvolvimento. A frequência de aleitamento exclusivo aos seis meses foi baixa.

Introdução: O controle da dor em recém-nascidos (RN) é necessário, tendo em vista que a exposição contínua e repetitiva à dor poderá trazer consequências ao desenvolvimento da criança. Há evidências consistentes sobre o efeito analgésico e segurança de se administrar a oferta oral de soluções adocicadas em RN submetidos a procedimentos dolorosos agudos. A amamentação e o contato pele a pele são práticas rotineiras, de baixo custo e incentivadas pelo Programa Hospital Amigo da Criança, com evidência de efetividade analgésica que pode ser adotada, como medida alternativa à oferta de soluções adocicadas. Entretanto, é preciso avaliar se seu efeito analgésico e sua segurança superam a solução adocicada na administração de vacinas, antes de recomendar sua adoção. Hipótese: O efeito analgésico combinado da amamentação com o contato pele a pele é superior à oferta oral de glicose 25% na administração da vacina BCG em RN. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito analgésico da combinação da amamentação com contato pele a pele na administração da vacina BCG em RN a termo. Método: Ensaio clínico randomizado, conduzido em um hospital de ensino da cidade de São Paulo, certificado como Hospital Amigo da Criança. A amostra foi composta por 109 RN a termo, saudáveis, internados na Unidade de Alojamento Conjunto do HU, entre agosto e setembro de 2015. A amostra foi randomizada e os RN alocados nos Grupos Experimental (GE amamentação + contato pele a pele iniciada 5 minutos, antes da administração da vacina de BCG) e Controle (oferta oral de 2 ml de solução glicosada 25% ao RN posicionado verticalmente no colo materno, 2 minutos, antes da administração da vacina de BCG). O desfecho primário analisado foi o escore de dor obtido com a avaliação pela escala Premature Infant Pain Profile- Revised (PIPP-R). O escore de dor foi obtido em seis intervalos de 30 segundos (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 segundos) pós-administração da vacina. Os desfechos secundários avaliados foram os indicadores fisiológicos frequência cardíaca (FC) e saturação de oxigênio (SatO2), além de alterações na mímica facial - sobrancelhas salientes, olhos espremidos e sulco nasolabial, duração do choro e eventos adversos. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de filmagens do recém-nascido para captar a mímica facial e do display do monitor multiparamétrico com os registros da FC e SatO2. Os dados foram extraídos por meio da análise segundo a segundo das filmagens e foram registrados em formulário impresso próprio e, posteriormente, armazenados em planilha Microsoft Excel. A análise estatística foi processada no programa do pacote estatístico SPSS 20. Para analisar a homogeneidade da amostra, foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fisher para variáveis qualitativas e o teste t pareado para comparar as médias das variáveis quantitativas. Os dados das variáveis quantitativas das medidas repetidas, como FC e SatO2, foram analisados com o Modelo de Análise Misto, e as medidas repetidas de escores de PIPP-R analisadas pelo modelo ANOVA (Modelo Geral Linear). O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelos Comitês de Ética da Escola de Enfermagem e do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo e registrado no Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos. Resultados: A distribuição das variáveis sexo, gemelaridade, tipo de parto, Apgar, peso, idade gestacional, número de procedimentos dolorosos anteriores e tempo desde a última mamada apresentaram distribuições homogêneas entre os grupos experimental e controle. Os escores de dor foram inferiores no GE (p=0,002). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes em relação ao tempo de choro (p=0,745) e ocorrência de eventos adversos (p= 0,618). Conclusão: A combinação da amamentação no contato pele a pele apresentou efeito analgésico superior à oferta oral de glicose 25% com o RN no colo materno, como resposta dolorosa do RN à vacina de BCG e que apresenta segurança para ser indicada, como intervenção analgésica na prática clínica. / Introduction: Pain management in infant newborns is necessary, given the continuous and repeated exposure to pain can have negative consequences for the child\'s development. There is robust evidence of the analgesic effect and safety of administering oral sweetened solutions to newborns undergoing acute painful procedures. Breastfeeding and the skin-to-skin care are routine clinical practices, with low cost, and the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative recommends them. There is evidence of both practices regarding their analgesic effectiveness, which can be adopted as an alternative treatment to sweetened solutions. However, it is necessary to assess whether the analgesic effect and safety of these measures outweigh sweetened solutions in the administration of vaccines, before recommending its adoption. Hypothesis: The analgesic effect of combining breastfeeding plus skin-to-skin contact is superior to the taste of 25% glucose in the BCG vaccination in infant newborns. Objective: To evaluate the analgesic effect of combining breastfeeding plus skin-to-skin contact in the BCG vaccination in term infant newborns. Methods: A randomized clinical trial conducted at the University of São Paulo Teaching Hospital certified as a Baby-Friendly Hospital from August to September 2015. This study was performed on 109 healthy term infants who were born during the study, admitted at a rooming-in ward. The sample was randomized and infants were allocated in Experimental Group (GE breastfeeding plus skin-to-skin contact which begun 5 minutes prior to the administration of BCG vaccine) or Control Group (CG taste of 2 mL 25% glucose administered 2 minutes prior the BCG vaccination with the mother holding her baby upright on her lap). The primary outcome analyzed was the pain score assessed by the Premature Infant Pain Profile - Revised (PIPP-R). The pain score was assessed in six intervals of 30 seconds (30th, 60th, 90th, 120th, 150th and 180th) after the BCG vaccine administration. The secondary outcomes were: physiological parameters heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (O2Sat), and changes in facial expression brow bulging, eyes squeezed and nasolabial furrow, crying duration and adverse events. Data was obtained from video records of the newborn facial expressions and HR and O2Sat of multiparametric monitor display. Data was extracted from the video records after being analyzed throughout every second. Data was stored in the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Statistical analysis was performed by statistical package SPSS 20. To analyze the homogeneity of the sample, chi-square test or Fisher\'s exact was performed for qualitative variables, to compare the means of quantitative variables, paired t-test was used. Quantitative variables of repeated measures, as HR and O2Sat were analyzed with Mixed Model Analysis and repeated measurements of PIPP-R scores were analyzed by ANOVA (General Linear Model). The ethics committee of the School of Nursing and University Hospital, both from the University of São Paulo, approved the research project. The research project is registered at the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials. Results: The distribution of gender, twin pregnancy, mode of delivery, Apgar, weight, gestational age, number of previous painful procedures and time since last feeding showed homogeneous distribution between the Experimental and Control groups. Pain scores were lower in the EG (p = 0.002). There were no statistically significant differences in relation to the crying duration (p = 0.745) and adverse events (p = 0.618). Conclusion: The combination of breastfeeding plus skin-to-skin contact showed superior analgesic effect regarding the comparative intervention of oral 25% glucose with infant positioned vertically in mothers lap and it is safe to be prescribed as an analgesic treatment in clinical practice.

Introdução: O controle da dor em recém-nascidos (RN) é necessário, tendo em vista que a exposição contínua e repetitiva à dor poderá trazer consequências ao desenvolvimento da criança. Há evidências consistentes sobre o efeito analgésico e segurança de se administrar a oferta oral de soluções adocicadas em RN submetidos a procedimentos dolorosos agudos. A amamentação e o contato pele a pele são práticas rotineiras, de baixo custo e incentivadas pelo Programa Hospital Amigo da Criança, com evidência de efetividade analgésica que pode ser adotada, como medida alternativa à oferta de soluções adocicadas. Entretanto, é preciso avaliar se seu efeito analgésico e sua segurança superam a solução adocicada na administração de vacinas, antes de recomendar sua adoção. Hipótese: O efeito analgésico combinado da amamentação com o contato pele a pele é superior à oferta oral de glicose 25% na administração da vacina BCG em RN. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito analgésico da combinação da amamentação com contato pele a pele na administração da vacina BCG em RN a termo. Método: Ensaio clínico randomizado, conduzido em um hospital de ensino da cidade de São Paulo, certificado como Hospital Amigo da Criança. A amostra foi composta por 109 RN a termo, saudáveis, internados na Unidade de Alojamento Conjunto do HU, entre agosto e setembro de 2015. A amostra foi randomizada e os RN alocados nos Grupos Experimental (GE amamentação + contato pele a pele iniciada 5 minutos, antes da administração da vacina de BCG) e Controle (oferta oral de 2 ml de solução glicosada 25% ao RN posicionado verticalmente no colo materno, 2 minutos, antes da administração da vacina de BCG). O desfecho primário analisado foi o escore de dor obtido com a avaliação pela escala Premature Infant Pain Profile- Revised (PIPP-R). O escore de dor foi obtido em seis intervalos de 30 segundos (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 segundos) pós-administração da vacina. Os desfechos secundários avaliados foram os indicadores fisiológicos frequência cardíaca (FC) e saturação de oxigênio (SatO2), além de alterações na mímica facial - sobrancelhas salientes, olhos espremidos e sulco nasolabial, duração do choro e eventos adversos. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de filmagens do recém-nascido para captar a mímica facial e do display do monitor multiparamétrico com os registros da FC e SatO2. Os dados foram extraídos por meio da análise segundo a segundo das filmagens e foram registrados em formulário impresso próprio e, posteriormente, armazenados em planilha Microsoft Excel. A análise estatística foi processada no programa do pacote estatístico SPSS 20. Para analisar a homogeneidade da amostra, foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fisher para variáveis qualitativas e o teste t pareado para comparar as médias das variáveis quantitativas. Os dados das variáveis quantitativas das medidas repetidas, como FC e SatO2, foram analisados com o Modelo de Análise Misto, e as medidas repetidas de escores de PIPP-R analisadas pelo modelo ANOVA (Modelo Geral Linear). O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelos Comitês de Ética da Escola de Enfermagem e do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo e registrado no Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos. Resultados: A distribuição das variáveis sexo, gemelaridade, tipo de parto, Apgar, peso, idade gestacional, número de procedimentos dolorosos anteriores e tempo desde a última mamada apresentaram distribuições homogêneas entre os grupos experimental e controle. Os escores de dor foram inferiores no GE (p=0,002). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes em relação ao tempo de choro (p=0,745) e ocorrência de eventos adversos (p= 0,618). Conclusão: A combinação da amamentação no contato pele a pele apresentou efeito analgésico superior à oferta oral de glicose 25% com o RN no colo materno, como resposta dolorosa do RN à vacina de BCG e que apresenta segurança para ser indicada, como intervenção analgésica na prática clínica. / Introduction: Pain management in infant newborns is necessary, given the continuous and repeated exposure to pain can have negative consequences for the child\'s development. There is robust evidence of the analgesic effect and safety of administering oral sweetened solutions to newborns undergoing acute painful procedures. Breastfeeding and the skin-to-skin care are routine clinical practices, with low cost, and the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative recommends them. There is evidence of both practices regarding their analgesic effectiveness, which can be adopted as an alternative treatment to sweetened solutions. However, it is necessary to assess whether the analgesic effect and safety of these measures outweigh sweetened solutions in the administration of vaccines, before recommending its adoption. Hypothesis: The analgesic effect of combining breastfeeding plus skin-to-skin contact is superior to the taste of 25% glucose in the BCG vaccination in infant newborns. Objective: To evaluate the analgesic effect of combining breastfeeding plus skin-to-skin contact in the BCG vaccination in term infant newborns. Methods: A randomized clinical trial conducted at the University of São Paulo Teaching Hospital certified as a Baby-Friendly Hospital from August to September 2015. This study was performed on 109 healthy term infants who were born during the study, admitted at a rooming-in ward. The sample was randomized and infants were allocated in Experimental Group (GE breastfeeding plus skin-to-skin contact which begun 5 minutes prior to the administration of BCG vaccine) or Control Group (CG taste of 2 mL 25% glucose administered 2 minutes prior the BCG vaccination with the mother holding her baby upright on her lap). The primary outcome analyzed was the pain score assessed by the Premature Infant Pain Profile - Revised (PIPP-R). The pain score was assessed in six intervals of 30 seconds (30th, 60th, 90th, 120th, 150th and 180th) after the BCG vaccine administration. The secondary outcomes were: physiological parameters heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (O2Sat), and changes in facial expression brow bulging, eyes squeezed and nasolabial furrow, crying duration and adverse events. Data was obtained from video records of the newborn facial expressions and HR and O2Sat of multiparametric monitor display. Data was extracted from the video records after being analyzed throughout every second. Data was stored in the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Statistical analysis was performed by statistical package SPSS 20. To analyze the homogeneity of the sample, chi-square test or Fisher\'s exact was performed for qualitative variables, to compare the means of quantitative variables, paired t-test was used. Quantitative variables of repeated measures, as HR and O2Sat were analyzed with Mixed Model Analysis and repeated measurements of PIPP-R scores were analyzed by ANOVA (General Linear Model). The ethics committee of the School of Nursing and University Hospital, both from the University of São Paulo, approved the research project. The research project is registered at the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials. Results: The distribution of gender, twin pregnancy, mode of delivery, Apgar, weight, gestational age, number of previous painful procedures and time since last feeding showed homogeneous distribution between the Experimental and Control groups. Pain scores were lower in the EG (p = 0.002). There were no statistically significant differences in relation to the crying duration (p = 0.745) and adverse events (p = 0.618). Conclusion: The combination of breastfeeding plus skin-to-skin contact showed superior analgesic effect regarding the comparative intervention of oral 25% glucose with infant positioned vertically in mothers lap and it is safe to be prescribed as an analgesic treatment in clinical practice.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Marson.pdf: 673352 bytes, checksum: 9c50a1e9a8526b3c7e6ee5ad0a0cfb26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study investigates the Kangaroo Care intervention possibilities concerning the mother's approach to her premature baby, surrounded by a technological barrier that permeates treatment. The survival and development of the baby depend on technology, medicines and health professionals, as they represent, in his early life, safety for him and his mother. In the face of the adversities of this situation, the aim of the study is to analyze the challenges of the implementation of the 1st phase of the Kangaroo Care in a neonatal unit. Kangaroo Care not only provides early skin-to-skin contact between the infant and the mother and father, allowing greater participation in caring, but also enables the organization of the neonatal environment as to noise and lighting, and pain control, in order to decrease the negative effects on the infant s development. The basis of Winnicott's thought shows that the consistency of maternal care ensures continuity of being or continuing baby's existence. Thus, the baby depends emotionally on the mother for his survival and, in the neonatal unit, depends on the professionals present there. Thus, the concern of this research is to look closer at the medical professionals who work in the neonatal unit, because the physical and mental health of the premature baby depends on them. The research was conducted at the Neonatal Unit of the University Hospital of the State University of Londrina. We used a qualitative research method, participant observation and interviews, contextualizing the first stage of the Kangaroo Care implementation through evaluation of benefits and difficulties / O presente estudo investiga as possibilidades de intervenção do Método Canguru no que diz respeito à aproximação da mãe com seu bebê prematuro, envolto em toda barreira tecnológica que permeia o tratamento. A sobrevivência e desenvolvimento do bebê dependem do maquinário, de medicamentos e de profissionais atuantes nesse contexto, visto que se tornam, no início da sua vida, a segurança para ele e para a sua mãe. Diante das adversidades que essa situação coloca, o interesse deste estudo consiste em analisar os desafios da implantação da 1ª etapa do Método Canguru em uma unidade neonatal. O Método Canguru proporciona o contato pele a pele precoce entre a mãe-bebê e o pai, permitindo uma maior participação desses no cuidado com seu bebê, como também permite toda a organização do ambiente neonatal no sentido de diminuição de ruídos, de luminosidade, controle de dor, a fim de minimizar os efeitos negativos no desenvolvimento do prematuro. A base de todo pensamento winnicottiano evidencia que a constância do cuidado materno assegura a continuidade do ser ou existência continuada do bebê. Sendo assim, o bebê depende emocionalmente da mãe para sua sobrevivência e, na unidade neonatal depende dos profissionais lá presentes. Desse modo, a preocupação desta pesquisa consiste em voltar um olhar mais atento aos personagens que participam da neonatal, pois deles dependem o seguimento da saúde física e mental do bebê prematuro. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Unidade Neonatal do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Para isso, utilizou-se do método qualitativo de pesquisa, com uso da observação participante e de entrevistas, contextualizando a primeira etapa da implantação do Método Canguru mediante avaliação de benefícios e dificuldades

Bakgrund: KMC (kangaroo mother care) är en metod där det prematura barnet ligger hud- mot-hud med en förälder. Metoden har tidigare visats vara bra för både barnet och modern. Syfte: Syftet är att, i jämförelse med traditionell vård, beskriva effekten av känguruvård på det prematurt födda barnet både gällande fysiska effekter och barnets anknytning till föräldrarna. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med kvantitativa studier. I studien ingick 12 artiklar varav 10 hade RCT (Randomiserad kontrollerad studie) som metod. En kvasiexperimentell artikel och en överkorsningsstudie analyserades också till resultatet. Resultat: Resultaten visade att KMC kan reducera smärta hos prematura barn vid provtagning, vilket visas genom att barnet gråter mindre och grimaserar mindre i jämförelse med barn som enbart fått traditionell vård. Vid brukandet av KMC sjunker kortisolnivåerna hos barnet, speciellt över tid. Detta betyder att barnet blir mindre stressat. KMC bidrar också till en snabbare tillväxt och stabilare parametrar i form av hjärtfrekvens, saturation och medeltemperatur. Det har även visat sig att KMC kan underlätta och påskynda anknytningen mellan modern och barnet. Alla skillnader sågs vid jämförelse med traditionell vård. Slutsats: KMC har positiva effekter på fysiska parametrar och verkar påverka anknytningen positivt mellan förälder och barn. De fysiska parametrarna blir mer stabila och får bättre värden vid brukandet av KMC. Slutsatsen är därför att KMC bör rekommenderas som metod. Nyckelord: Känguruvård, hud-mot-hudvård, prematur, anknytning, fysiska effekter / Background: KMC (kangaroo mother care) is a method were the premature child lay skin to skin with a parent. The method has earlier shown to be good for both the child and the mother. Aim: The aim was to, in comparison to traditional care, describe the effect of kangaroo mother care on the premature child both including physical effects and the childs attachment to the parents. Method: Litterature overview with quantitative design. The study included 12 articles were 10 of them had RCT (Randomized controlled trial) as design. One qvasiexperimental article and one crossover trial were also analyzed. Result: The results showed that KMC can reduce pain in preterm infants during painful procedures, in comparisson to traditional care. This was evident as the baby was crying and grimacing less. By using the KMC method the babys’ cortisol level decreased, especially over time. This indicates that the baby was less stressed when KMC was used compared to when it was not. KMC also contributed to a faster growth in length and weight, more stabile parameters as heart rate, saturation and mean temperature. It was also shown that KMC can facilitate and favour attatchment between the mother and the infant. All differences were shown when compared to traditional care. Conclusion: KMC have positive physical effects on the premature child and affect the attachment between parent and child. The physical parameters become more stabile and better while using KMC. The conclusion is that KMC should be recommended as a method. Key Words: Kangaroo mother care, skin-to-skin care, premature, attachment, physical effects

Advances in neonatology have led to increased numbers of high-risk neonates surviving and intensified interest in the developmental outcomes of this population. In the South African context prematurity and low birth weight are the most common causes of death in the perinatal period and the same risk factors that contribute to infant mortality also contribute to the surviving infants’ increased risk for developmental delays. As a result of the interacting biological and environmental risk factors of prematurity, low birth weight, poverty and HIV and AIDS in the South African context Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) has been developed as best practice to promote infant survival and to facilitate mother-infant attachment. Mother-infant attachment may lead to synchronous interaction patterns between the mother and infant which forms the basis of early communication development. Early communication intervention (ECI) services are recommended as early as possible as high-risk infants are especially at risk for feeding difficulties and communication developmental delays. It is, however, not clear what the content of an ECI programme should be and how it should be implemented according to the changing communication and feeding developmental needs of the infant while receiving KMC. There appears to be a dearth of research on the earliest stages of communication development in high-risk neonates, which should form the foundation of such a programme. A descriptive survey was conducted to describe the development of 25 high-risk infants and their mothers’ changing needs from admission to discharge from a KMC unit. Each participant and mother dyad was followed up over an average of 11 days of data collection with three to four data collection sessions. Data was collected by means of direct observation during routine care-giving activities. The different developmental subsystems of the participants’ feeding, communication, neuro-behavioural organization and mother-neonate interaction were described. The results demonstrated that subtle, but definite changes could be observed in the participants’ development. Development in all the different areas occurred over time as the participants progressed through the three developmental states of the in-turned state, coming-out state and reciprocity state. As the participants progressed during the 11 days of data collection and were increasingly able to attend to their environment, they also developed the ability to regulate and organize their own behaviour in order to develop more complex communication, feeding and interaction skills with their mothers. The functioning of the participants’ sensory systems developed in a specific order namely tactile, auditory and then visual. Although the participants developed consistently throughout their stay in the KMC unit, mother-neonate interaction never reached optimal levels. The importance of an individualized training programme for each mother is reflected in the finding that the neonate’s developmental level and progress needs to be considered when implementing the ECI programme. The need for speech-language therapy involvement in KMC is emphasized in the light of a shortage of practicing speech-language therapists in South Africa. It is therefore imperative that the prevention of communication delays and feeding difficulties in high-risk neonates as well as parent training assume priority. / Dissertation (MCommunication Pathology)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / unrestricted

Thesis(M. A. (Nursing)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / BACKGROUND The quality Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) continues to be sub-standard as it is not managed properly, despite the maternal and neonatal services provided by the midwives during postpartum and neonatal period, as this can lead to increased neonatal mortality rate and maternal depression at selected hospitals of Limpopo Province, therefore the researcher is interested in developing strategies to enhance quality KMC at selected hospitals of Limpopo Province. KMC has been found to have physiological, behavioural, psychosocial and cognitive developmental benefits, and it enhances motherinfant bonding. The aim of the study was to develop strategies to enhance quality Kangaroo Mother Care in selected hospitals of Limpopo Province. RESEARCH METHOD A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional research method was used to collect numerical data with regard to the factors that hinders the quality Kangaroo Mother Care in selected hospitals of Limpopo Province. Population size was 77, Simple Random Probability Sampling was used in this study with the sample size of 65 midwives. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. Quantitative analysis is the numerical representation and manipulation of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomenon reflected on observations (Babbie & Roberts, 2018). RESULTS The study revealed that the factors that hinders quality of Kangaroo Mother Care are lack of education and training to midwives regarding Kangaroo Mother Care, and other sources suggested that all categories of nurses should also be trained. The midwives are knowledgeable with regard to KMC, however, the problem remains the work overload when they have to monitor both the mother and neonate during feeding. It was further indicated that family members can also assist with regard to KMC. Strategies were developed, as optimal KMC environment, optimal KMC interventions, enhance optimal mother attitude to KMC crate gender sensitive environment. CONCLUSION The study concluded that the quality of KMC should be enhanced through both the promotion of education and training to all midwives, and involvement of families to assist in KMC at selected hospitals of Limpopo Province

No description available.

Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is an evidence-based intervention, recommended by the World Health Organization, with the potential to prevent neonatal deaths and morbidity among low-birthweight and preterm babies. In Bangladesh, where the number of neonatal deaths is high, KMC is identified as a priority intervention to be scaled up in the country. Our aim was to explore the experiences of caregivers and healthcare providers (HCPs) of KMC in Bangladesh. We conducted semi-structured interviews in two hospitals in Dhaka, where KCM service was provided. In Study I, we interviewed fifteen caregivers. The results showed conducive conditions for caregivers to perform KMC at the hospital and at home, but support is needed from both healthcare providers and their families. Caregivers felt empowered and motivated when they observed improvements in the child's well-being. However, there are challenges to KMC implementation due to the struggle to keep the baby skin-to-skin, pain after caesarean section, delayed initiation of KMC, and routines that promote an initial separation between the mother and baby. In Study II, we interviewed eleven HCPs. The results showed that HCPs experienced KMC as a continuous process that requires both support and counselling, adapted to caregivers’ needs. Commitment, supervision, and training are necessary. However, there are structural conditions that challenge KMC implementation, including clinical routines that promote the initial separation of the mother and baby, staff shortages, and incomplete follow-up. In conclusion, the findings from this exploratory research can inform the design of interventions for scaling up KMC in Bangladesh. Caregivers' and HCPs' experiences show that continuous support, counselling, and family involvement are essential in the care, and that providing KMC empowers caregivers. Their experiences also indicate that KMC is sub-optimally implemented due to structural conditions and routines that need to be addressed to scale up KMC in the country by avoiding the initial separation of mother and baby, meeting the mothers' needs for care and support, and strengthening the follow-up. Our results also suggest a need to update clinical practices in line with the new WHO recommendations. / <p></p><p></p><p></p>