A presente tese é constituída por três ensaios relacionados à política monetária brasileira no período pós metas de inflação. Em todos os ensaios buscou-se ressaltar a importância do papel das expectativas, considerando-se em todos os modelos utilizados expectativas forwardlooking. No primeiro e terceiro ensaios, buscamos contribuir com a recente literatura a respeito da estimação das preferências do Banco Central do Brasil e no segundo ensaio estimamos a taxa natural de juros brasileira. No primeiro artigo, utilizamos um modelo novo-keynesiano padrão com expectativas forward-looking, conforme proposto por Givens (2010), para a estimação das preferências do Banco Central do Brasil. A consideração de expectativas racionais no modelo separa as políticas em dois casos possíveis, regras e discrição e, portanto, permite avaliar com qual desses dois casos os dados são mais consistentes. Usando observações trimestrais, para o período de 2000-1 a 2010-4, os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que, para o período considerado, os dados favorecem uma política discricionária. As estimativas da função perda revelam que a autoridade monetária dá um grande peso para a estabilização da inflação, seguida pela suavização da taxa de juros e pela estabilização do hiato do produto. No segundo artigo, estimamos a taxa natural de juros para o Brasil usando um modelo DSGE (modelo dinâmico e estocástico de equilíbrio geral). Para a estimação do modelo, são utilizados métodos bayesianos, sem a necessidade de extração da tendência a priori, diferente do que ocorre na maioria dos trabalhos anteriores e na totalidade dos estudos empíricos para o Brasil. Adicionalmente, são fornecidas estimativas para o hiato do produto e para a meta de inflação implícita de longo prazo. Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma taxa natural de juros real com tendência declinante no período, com uma taxa média de 8.03% a.a. considerando a amostra toda. Além disso, através da análise do hiato da taxa de juros, é possível afirmar que o Banco Central adotou uma política conservadora até meados de 2007 e, desde então, vem adotando uma política expansionista, fato consistente com o recente comportamento da inflação brasileira e seu descolamento em relação ao centro da meta. Já o terceiro artigo, aperfeiçoa o entendimento das preferências do Banco Central no Brasil bem como o primeiro ensaio desta tese, utilizando um modelo DSGE para uma pequena economia aberta para estimá-las. O modelo usado neste trabalho, considera que o Banco Central minimiza uma função perda, levando em consideração o desvio da inflação em relação a meta, a estabilização do produto, a suavização da taxa de juros e, distintamente dos trabalhos anteriores, a taxa de câmbio. Os resultados permitem afirmar que a maior preocupação da autoridade monetária no período foi com a estabilização da inflação, seguida pela suavização da taxa de juros, estabilização do produto e, por último, a estabilização da taxa de câmbio. / This thesis consists of three essays related to the Brazilian monetary policy during the inflation targeting regime (2000-2011). In all essays we sought to highlight the important role of expectations. In all models, we used forward-looking expectations. In the first and third essays, we contribute to the recent literature about estimating the preferences of the Central Bank of Brazil, while the brazilian natural interest rate is estimated in the second essay. In the first essay, we use a standard new-Keynesian model with forward-looking expectations, as proposed by Givens (2010) to estimate the preferences of the Central Bank. The presence of rational expectations in the model makes a distinction between two modes of optimization, commitment and discretion, and thus allows us to evaluate which of these specifications is favored by the data. Using quarterly data for the period from 2000-1 to 2010-4, the obtained results allow us to affirm that the data favors a discretionary policy. Estimates of the loss function show that the monetary authority gives great weight to inflation stabilization, followed by interest rates smoothing and stabilization of the output gap. In the second essay, we estimate the natural interest rate for Brazil using a DSGE model (dynamic stochastic general equilibrium). For model estimation, Bayesian methods are used, without the need to extract the trend a priori, unlike most of the previous work and the totality of empirical studies for Brazil. Furthermore, estimates about the output gap and implicit inflation target long-term are provided. The results suggest a natural real interest rate with decreasing tendency during the period, with an average rate of 8.3% per year considering the whole sample. Furthermore, by examining the gap in interest rates, one can state that the Central Bank adopted a conservative policy by mid 2007 and since then has adopted an expansionist policy, which is consistent with the recent behavior of inflation in Brazil and its displacement from the center of the target. The third essay improves the understanding of the Brazil’s Central Bank preferences just like the first essay of this thesis, using a DSGE model for a small open economy to estimate these ones. The model used in this study considers that the Central Bank minimizes a loss function, taking into account the deviation of inflation relative to target, output stabilization, the interest rates smoothing and, unlike the previous work, the exchange rate. The results allow us to affirm that the major concern of the monetary authority in the period was the stabilization of inflation, followed by the interest rates smoothing, stabilization of the product and, finally, the stabilization of the exchange rate.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-12T12:31:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fabiojuniorclementegama.pdf: 889521 bytes, checksum: 8d90b701790c91f2b63b9627ead52d92 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-02-26T12:11:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fabiojuniorclementegama.pdf: 889521 bytes, checksum: 8d90b701790c91f2b63b9627ead52d92 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:11:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fabiojuniorclementegama.pdf: 889521 bytes, checksum: 8d90b701790c91f2b63b9627ead52d92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar as relações entre o desempenho regional e variáveis financeiras para os municípios brasileiros, tendo como pano de fundo os conceitos da teoria pós-keynesiana. A partir da técnica de estatística multivariada de clusters foi possível agrupar os municípios de acordo com as suas similaridades de desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Como resultado, obtiveram-se três grupos de municípios: centrais, intermediários e periféricos. Empregando a técnica de dados em painel avaliaram-se as implicações das variáveis financeiras e seus efeitos sobre o nível de atividade dos diferentes grupos de municípios. Os resultados para o período de 2000 a 2010 mostraram evidências a favor da hipótese de existência de efeitos diferenciados da moeda no sentido pós-keynesiano sobre o nível de atividade dos municípios brasileiros. Não obstante, essas evidências corroboram os resultados encontrados por uma gama de estudos aplicados para a questão regional do Brasil. / The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between regional performance and financial variables for Brazilian municipalities. Based on concepts of post-Keynesian theory. From a cluster multivariate statistical technique was possible to group the municipalities according to their socioeconomic development similarities. As a result, we obtained three groups of municipalities: central, intermediate and peripheral. Using the technique of panel data, we assessed the implications of the financial variables and their effects on the level of activity of different groups of municipalities. The results for the period 2000-2010 showed evidence for the hypothesis of differential effects of currency in the logic of post-Keynesian theory on the level of activity of Brazilian municipalities. Furthermore, this evidence corroborates with the results found for a range of applied studies for regional issue of Brazil.

O objetivo central desta dissertação é analisar a perda de dinamismo do crescimento econômico brasileiro a partir da década de 80, utilizando a abordagem keynesiana de crescimento com restrição externa. De acordo com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho, pode-se dizer que o crescimento econômico brasileiro de 1930-2004 foi aquele compatível com o equilíbrio do balanço de pagamentos e que o câmbio real e fluxo de capitais têm um papel reduzido na obtenção do equilíbrio externo de longo prazo. Complementarmente, a perda de dinamismo do crescimento do PIB, a partir da década de 80, pode ser explicada por uma maior perversidade desse equilíbrio. Na década de 80, o equilíbrio externo tornou-se mais perverso devido aos componentes fluxo de capitais e câmbio real. Já nos anos 90, o Novo Modelo Econômico provocou uma quebra estrutural na elasticidade da renda das importações, fazendo com que o equilíbrio externo, agora, ocorra a uma taxa de crescimento da renda interna mais baixa. A correlação entre crescimento, restrição externa e padrão de especialização da estrutura produtiva é uma discussão subjacente a todo o desenvolvimento do trabalho. / The main aim of this work is to analise the less dynamic economic growth of Brazil since the eighties, using the keynesian approach of Balance-of-Payment Constrained Growth. The results reveal that Brazilian growth between 1930 and 2004 was Balance-of-Payments Constrained and that, capital flows and real exchange rate had a moderate role to achive the balance of payment equilibrium. Furthermore, the less dynamic Brazilian economic growth since the eighties can be explained by a more perverse balance of payment equilibrium. In the eighties, capital flows and real exchange rate were responsible for this result. In the nineties, there was a structural change in the income elasticity of demand for imports, leading to a lower economic growth rate. The relations between growth, balance-of-payment constrains and structure of production are intrinsic in the development of this essay.

Este trabalho procurou encontrar a hipótese correntemente veiculada de um modelo ou mesmo de políticas soltas keynesianas, durante as duas administrações presidenciais de Lula (2003-2010). O estudo observa que, embora adotando políticas sociais novas e includentes que podem conduzir a um Estado de Bem Estar Social, os governos de Lula utilizaram políticas keynesianas apenas de forma tática, para aliviar os defeitos do modelo neoliberal, no auge da crise (2008-2009). Os governos de Lula na visão desta pesquisa se caracterizaram por políticas de curto prazo imediatistas e conciliatórias, que ao contrário dos modelos keynesianos, não priorizaram o emprego e a elevação de renda dos trabalhadores. / This study sought to find a commonly circulated hypothesis of a model or even loose Keynesian policies during the two presidential administrations of Lula (2003-2010). The study notes that while adopting new and inclusive social policies that can lead to a state of Social Welfare, the governments of Lula used Keynesian policies only tactically, to alleviate the shortcomings of the neoliberal model, the height of the crisis (2008 - 2009). The governments of Lula - the vision of this research - were characterized by short-term policies immediacy and conciliatory, which unlike the Keynesian models, not prioritized employment and increased income workers.

Thesis is dedicated to Bayesian Estimation of DSGE Models. Firstly, the history of DSGE modeling is outlined as well as development of this macroeconometric field in the Czech Republic and in the rest of the world. Secondly, the comprehensive DSGE framework is described in detail. It means that everyone is able to specify or estimate arbitrary DSGE model according to this framework. Thesis contains two empirical studies. The first study describes derivation of the New Keynesian DSGE Model and its estimation using Bayesian techniques. This model is estimated with three different Taylor rules and the best performing Taylor rule is identified using the technique called Bayesian comparison. The second study deals with development of the Small Open Economy Model with housing sector. This model is based on previous study which specifies this model as a closed economy model. I extended this model by open economy features and government sector. Czech Republic is generally considered as a small open economy and these extensions make this model more applicable to this economy. Model contains two types of households. The first type of consumers is able to access the capital markets and they can smooth consumption across time by buying or selling financial assets. These households follow the permanent income hypothesis (PIH). The other type of household uses rule of thumb (ROT) consumption, spending all their income to consumption. Other agents in this economy are specified in standard way. Outcomes of this study are mainly focused on behavior of house prices. More precisely, it means that all main outputs as Bayesian impulse response functions, Bayesian prediction and shock decomposition are focused mainly on this variable. At the end of this study one macro-prudential experiment is performed. This experiment comes up with answer on the following question: is the higher/lower Loan to Value (LTV) ratio better for the Czech Republic? This experiment is very conclusive and shows that level of LTV does not affect GDP. On the other hand, house prices are very sensitive to this LTV ratio. The recommendation for the Czech National Bank could be summarized as follows. In order to keep house prices less volatile implement rather lower LTV ratio than higher.

[pt] Nesse artigo, apresentamos um modelo Novo Keynesiano de economia aberta com dois países, taxação distorciva e gasto governamental estocástico. Nessa modelagem comparamos, em uma base de bem-estar, diferentes regras monetária e fiscal com uma referência constituída pelo equilíbrio cooperativo da política de Ramsey. / [en] In this paper, we present a New Keynesian two-country open economy model featuring distortionary taxation and stochastic government spending. Within this modeling we compare, in a welfare-sense, different fiscal and monetary rules with a benchmark constituted by a cooperative Ramseypolicy equilibrium.

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The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of government spending on capital investments in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 on GDP and employment growth. This research utilized US quarterly data from 2003 QI to 2013 QII. In the first part the research used variables from the Keynes economic model and utilized two-stage least square analysis to assess the effect of government spending on GDP. The results from the regression analysis indicate that an increase of one dollar in government spending increases GDP by 1.569 dollars. The researcher found that the general government spending multiplier was 1.9. The coefficient for government spending in the Recovery Act was 0.383, implying that for every one dollar in government spending, Recovery Act spending on capital investments contributed 0.383 dollars. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Le premier chapitre consiste en une brève revue de littérature dont les éléments sont repris dans les différentes introductions des études empiriques proposées dans la suite de la thèse. L'objet de cet état des lieux est de fixer le cadre général des analyses macro-économétriques opérées dans la thèse. Ce cadre nous permet d'une part, d'envisager une adéquate intégration des anticipations des agents économiques dans le raisonnement ayant mené aux modèles keynésiens actuels et d'autre part, d'effectuer des estimations des principales versions de la courbe de Phillips introduites dans la littérature macro-économique post-seconde guerre mondiale. Dans cette optique, la thèse est constituée de trois études empiriques. Dans la première de ces études, nous nous plaçons au sein d'un cadre uni-varié et tentons de discriminer entre plusieurs spécifications, proposant différentes caractérisations économétriques de la dynamique du taux d'inflation U.S. Essentiellement, trois types de spécifications, théoriquement associés à trois évolutions possibles du taux d'inflation espéré (anticipé), sont mis à l'épreuve. Les résultats de cette première étude montrent que la dynamique du taux d'inflation peut être pertinemment décrite à l'aide d'un modèle à changements de (trois) régimes markoviens dans les dérives (Intercepts) d'un processus autorégressif (d'ordre deux), soit le modèle MSI(3)-AR(2). La deuxième étude s'opère dans le cadre multi-varié d'une Nouvelle Courbe de Phillips Keynésienne à Inflation tendancielle Positive (NKPC-PI). Au sein de ce cadre, la relation d'arbitrage Inflation/Activité réelle est estimée suivant une procédure en deux étapes. Dans la première, nous identifions des régimes distincts du taux d'inflation U.S. à l'aide d'un modèle à changements de (trois) régimes markoviens dans les dérives d'un processus vectoriel autorégressif (d'ordre deux), soit le modèle MSI(3)-VAR(2). Dans la seconde étape, nous estimons les paramètres structurels de cette économie keynésienne afin d'extraire la courbe de Phillips résultante des changements de régimes initialement identifiés. Les résultats de cette deuxième étude nous amènent à conclure à une non-négligeable instabilité de la courbe de Phillips au cours de la période post-seconde guerre mondiale. La troisième étude se présente comme un prolongement et/ou un approfondissement des deux premières. Aussi, dans sa première partie, nous revenons sur les dynamiques tendancielles individuelles des quatre variables intervenant dans le cadre de modélisation NKPC-PI. Les résultats issus de ces premières estimations en contextes uni-variés montrent que seule la dynamique du taux d'inflation et, dans une moindre mesure, celle du coût marginal réel semble obéir à des changements de régimes. La spécification retenue pour l'inflation est celle de la première étude (MSI(3)-AR(2)), tandis que la dynamique du coût marginal réel pourrait être approchée à l'aide d'un modèle à changements de (deux) régimes dans les dérives d'un processus autorégressif (d'ordre deux), soit le modèle MSI(2)-AR(2). Les dynamiques du taux d'actualisation nominal et du taux de croissance de l'output (les deux autres variables du modèle NKPC-PI) semblent, quant à elles, être assez bien caractérisées par des spécifications linéaires autorégressives à deux retards (AR(2)). Sur la base de ces premiers résultats, nous estimons, dans la deuxième partie de l'étude, la nouvelle courbe de Phillips keynésienne en considérant que les processus générateurs des quatre séries du modèle peuvent répondre à de possibles intégrations fractionnelles. Les résultats de ces dernières estimations montrent que la prise en compte simultanée des changements de régimes et de la longue mémoire dans les dynamiques des variables du modèle apporte certains éclairages sur l'évolution du débat mené autour de la relation d'arbitrage post-seconde guerre mondiale. / This PhD thesis proposes, through her three articles, a macro-econometric framework of integrating, in the most adequate way to our sense, the expectations of the economic agents in the reasoning having led to current New-Keynesian models. Upon this specified frame of analysis, we evaluate the effectiveness of various versions of the Phillips curve introduced into the macroeconomic literature. The first study of this thesis takes place in a univariate context and we seek to determine an econometric model leading to best characterize the U.S inflation rate dynamic. In order to achieve this, three types of specifications, associated with three possible evolutions of the expected rate are considered. The first allows an overall instability of the trend or the expected inflation rate. The second considers an alternative specification in which the expected inflation rate is unstable in periodic segments of the sample. Finally, the last specification allows instability of a "mixed type" in which the trend inflation rate is assumed to be random or subject to a probability schema. The results of our study indicate that this last specification is the one that gives the most adequate characterization of the inflation rate dynamic. The inflation rate then appears generated by a second order autoregressive process with, on the one hand, unchanging lag coefficients and, on the other, an unconditional mean which switch between three global regimes of different frequencies of accession. Based on these first results, we extend the analysis in a multivariate framework. The main topics of the second paper are to challenge the rational nature of the agents expectations and the structural effectiveness of the behaviorally micro-based New Keynesian Phillips Curve with a Positive steady state Inflation (NKPC-PI). We then model the trade-off between the U.S inflation rate and a Unit Labor Cost-based measure of the real activity through Markov Switching - Vectorial AutoRegressive (MS-VAR) specifications. These specifications allow to adequately capturing the rationality in the agents expectations process as they underlie a finite number of expected inflation rate regimes, which highlight the agents adaptive beliefs on the achievements of these regimes. Moreover, the results confirm the structural stability of the NKPC-PI over the inflation rate regimes as its deep parameters seem to be unaffected by the regimes switching (Cogley & Sbordone (2005) and Groen & Mumtaz (2008)). In the third study, we extend the analysis of the Phillips curve trade-off. First, we look at determining econometrics models leading to characterize the dynamics of all the variables underlying the trade-off in univariate contexts. As a result, it appears that an adequate way to characterize the agents expectations regarding the dynamics of these variables is to consider a combination of some fixed levels (regimes) in the variables evolutions with an agents adaptive beliefs notion. Finally, based on the implied expectations values of the variables, we show that the Phillips curve seems to disappear when the impact of the expected inflation rate on its current value converges to its long-term value.