Se describe la evidencia actual del efecto del SARS-CoV-2 a nivel de tejido renal. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de los artículos publicados en SCOPUS y PUBMED hasta septiembre de 2020. Los resultados se dividieron en las siguientes secciones: evidencia del efecto directo del virus en el riñón, mecanismos de invasión celular, mecanismos de injuria celular y las potenciales implicaciones terapéuticas de estos hallazgos. El SARS-CoV-2 invade las células del túbulo proximal y los podocitos, a través del receptor ECA-2. La invasión y replicación viral podrían producir daño mediante un efecto citopático directo aunado a un daño mediado por la respuesta inmune. Debido a la expresión celular de ECA-2, se ha propuesto a los Inhibidores del Sistema Renina–Angiotensina–Aldosterona como un potencial tratamiento contra la COVID-19. Sin embargo, a la fecha, la evidencia no apoya su uso. / We describe evidence on SARS-CoV-2 effect on the kidney. We carried a narrative review of articles published in SCOPUS and PUBMED until September 2020. The results were divided into six topics: evidence of direct effect of virus on the kidney, mechanisms of cellular invasion, mechanisms of kidney injury, and potential therapeutic implications. SARS-Cov-2 gains access to proximal tubule cells and podocytes via ACE-2 receptors. Viral invasion and replication may induce kidney damage through a direct cytopathic effect and immune-mediated damage. Due to ACE-2 cellular expression, Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Inhibitors have been proposed as potential treatment for COVID-19. However, current evidence does not support its therapeutic use. / Trabajo de investigación

Cytochrom P450 (CYP) Enzyme tragen zur Bioaktivierung von langkettigen mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren bei. Die gebildeten Monoepoxy- und Monohydroxy-Metaboliten werden zusammenfassend als CYP-Eicosanoide bezeichnet und fungieren als Mediatoren bei der Regulation des Gefäßtonus, der Herz- und Nierenfunktion, sowie einer Vielzahl weiterer physiologischer Prozesse, wobei die biologische Aktivität oftmals abhängig von der Positions- und Stereoisomerie der Eicosanoide ist. Prominente Vertreter der CYP-Eicosanoid-Familie sind die aus der Arachidonsäure gebildeten Epoxyeicosatriensäuren (EETs) und 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraensäure (20-HETE). EETs und 20-HETE haben zum Teil gegensätzliche biologische Aktivitäten, die zur Aktivierung bzw. Inhibition antiinflammatorischer und weiterer Zell- und Organ-protektiver Signalwege beitragen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, durch Analyse endogener Metabolitenprofile zum besseren Verständnis der Rolle von CYP-Eicosanoiden bei der Entstehung von Ischämie/Reperfusions (I/R)-bedingten Organschäden beizutragen. Als Hauptergebnisse ergaben sich (i) die Entdeckung und Charakterisierung einer protektiven Rolle von EETs in Tiermodellen der Initiationsphase des akuten Nierenversagens, sowie des therapeutischen Potentials stabiler EET-Analoga; (ii) die Identifizierung von 8,9-EET und 20-HETE als mögliche prädiktive Biomarker für das post-operative Auftreten von akutem Nierenversagen nach offener Herzoperation; und (iii) die Entwicklung und Validierung eines analytischen Verfahrens der chiralen Lipidomik (chiral-LC-ESI-MS/MS), das eine Analyse endogener Enantiomere sowohl von Monoepoxy- als auch Monohydroxy-Eicosanoiden in komplexen biologischen Proben erstmalig ermöglichte und dafür genutzt werden konnte, die stereospezifische Regulation der EETs durch Epoxid-Hydrolasen in vitro wie auch in vivo zu beschreiben. / Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes contribute to the bioactivation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The monoepoxy- and monohydroxy-metabolites generated by CYP enzymes are collectively termed CYP-eicosanoids. CYP-eicosanoids act as mediators in the regulation of vascular tone, heart- and kidney function and several further physiological processes, mostly in a regio- and stereospecific manner. Arachidonic acid-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) are prominent members of the CYP-eicosanoid family. EETs and 20-HETE show partially opposing biological activities that contribute to the activation or inhibition of anti-inflammatory and other cell- and organ-protective mechanisms. The aim of the present work was to study the role of CYP-eicosanoids in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) related organ damage by analyses of endogenous metabolite profiles. The main results were (i) discovery and characterization of the EETs protective role in animal models of the initiation phase of acute kidney injury (AKI) and the therapeutic potential of stable EET-analogs, (ii) identification of 8,9-EET and 20-HETE as potential predictive biomarkers for AKI in patients who underwent open heart surgery, (iii) the development and validation of a novel analytical method for chiral lipidomics (chiral LC-ESI-MS/MS) that allows to study endogenous enantiomers of monohydroxy- and monoepoxy-eicosanoids in complex matrices of biological and clinical samples. Furthermore, the approach was applied to describe the stereospecific regulation of EETs by epoxide hydrolases in vitro and in vivo.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a prevalent and significant problem whose primary treatment is supportive care. Ischemic preconditioning is a strategy used to protect organs from ischemic injury via a prior injury. Ischemic preconditioning in the kidneys has been shown to confer protection onto kidneys from subsequent ischemic insults with attenuated serum creatinine values in treated rats. In the preconditioned kidneys, the enzyme IDH2 was discovered to be upregulated in the mitochondria. Hydrodynamic fluid delivery to the kidney was found to be a viable technique for delivering this gene to the kidney, resulting in artificially upregulated expression of IDH2. Via a two-pronged effort to discern the functional significance of ischemic preconditioning and hydrodynamic IDH2 fluid injections, we performed mitochondrial oxygen respiration assays on both preconditioned and injected kidneys. We found that renal ischemic preconditioning resulted in no significant difference between sham and preconditioned, subsequently injured kidneys, which is similar to the results from the serum creatinine studies. Hydrodynamically IDH2-injected, and subsequently injured kidneys respire significantly better than vehicle injected, and subsequently injured kidneys, which shows that hydrodynamic injections of IDH2 protects kidneys against injury, and partially mimics the effects of preconditioning.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19599号 / 医博第4106号 / 新制||医||1014(附属図書館) / 32635 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 柳田 素子, 教授 妹尾 浩, 教授 浅野 雅秀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Introdução: Pacientes portadores de câncer estão sobrevivendo mais devido aos avanços no diagnóstico precoce e tratamento dos tumores. A diminuição da mortalidade relacionada ao câncer e o envelhecimento da população acarretaram um número crescente de pacientes oncológicos internados em UTI. Objetivos: Identificar a prevalência e os fatores de risco para IRA nos pacientes oncológicos críticos. Métodos: Foram avaliados, prospectivamente, 371 pacientes oncológicos internados nas UTIs do Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo e do Hospital AC Camargo, entre novembro de 2011 a março de 2013. Os pacientes foram avaliados na admissão, 24h e 48h da internação na UTI. Foram coletados os parâmetros demográficos, clínicos e laboratoriais os quais foram analisados para os desfechos IRA, conforme o critério AKIN (Cr > 0,3 mg/dl ou aumento de 50% sobre a Cr basal em 48h) e óbito na UTI. Os dados foram submetidos à análise bivariada e multivariada. Resultados: A incidência de IRA nos pacientes oncológicos foi de 45,1%, sendo que apenas 5,2% necessitaram de tratamento dialítico. Os pacientes com IRA apresentaram mais frequentemente admissão cirúrgica (49% IRA vs 34% sem IRA; p=0,022). Na admissão à UTI, os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de IRA (IRA vs sem IRA) foram: ventilação mecânica (26,6% vs 16,0%; p=0,031), frequência cardíaca (88 bpm vs 82 bpm; p=0,029), balanço hídrico (575 ml vs 275 ml; p = 0,0002), lactato (19 mg/dL vs 17 mg/dL; p= 0,046) e fósforo (3,9 mg/dL vs 3,4 mg/dL; p < 0,0001). A taxa de óbito hospitalar foi de 37,3% sendo que 25,3% ocorreu na UTI. A mortalidade foi mais prevalente em pacientes com câncer hematológico (8,6% sobreviventes vs 19,5% óbitos; p = 0,008), procedentes do pronto atendimento (23,5% sobreviventes vs 34,1% óbitos; p = 0,002), admissão clínica (50,4% sobreviventes vs 84,1% óbitos; p < 0,0001) e internação não planejada (59,9% vs 86,6% óbitos; p < 0,0001). Outros fatores relacionados ao óbito foram: sinais de congestão, uso de drogas vasoativas, choque séptico e infecção respiratória (p < 0,0001). Os dias de internação prévios à admissão na UTI também se relacionaram ao óbito (6 dias óbitos vs 2 dias sobreviventes; p < 0,0001). Os exames laboratoriais que se relacionaram ao óbito foram (sobreviventes vs óbitos): hipoalbuminemia (2,7 g/dL vs 2,4 g/dL; p= 0,003), aumento do INR (1,3 vs 1,5; p < 0,0001); aumento do lactato (17 mg/dL vs 20,5 mg/dL; p = 0,037), PCR (41,8 mg/dL vs 148,4 mg/dL; p < 0,0001) e TP (69% vs 59,5%; p = 0,001). Conclusão: A IRA é frequente em pacientes oncológicos admitidos na UTI e apresenta alta mortalidade. As ocorrências de IRA e óbito encontram-se mais relacionados com a gravidade das disfunções orgânicas no momento da admissão à UTI, do que às características da neoplasia de base / Introduction: Cancer patients are currently presenting longer survival due to advances in diagnosis and treatment. Mortality reduction related to cancer and aging of population had led to an increased admission of cancer patients in the ICU. Objectives: Evaluation of the prevalence and risk factors for AKI in critically ill cancer patients. Methods: It was prospectively evaluated 371 cancer patients admitted to the ICU in Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo and Hospital AC Camargo, from November 2011 until March 2013. Patients were evaluated at admission, 24h and 48h in the ICU. Demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters were collected which were correlated with the outcome AKI (AKIN I - Cr > 0.3 mg/dL or 50% increase over baseline in 48h) and mortality in the ICU. Statistical analysis was performed using bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: The incidence of AKI in cancer patients was 45.1% but only 5.2% were dialysed. AKI patients were more frequently admitted due to surgical admission (AKI 53% vs. 49% non-AKI, p=0.022). At ICU admission, factors associated with AKI development (AKI vs. non-AKI) were: mechanical ventilation (26.6% vs. 16%, p =0.031), heart beats (88 bpm vs. 82 bpm, p=0.029), fluid balance (575 ml vs. 275 ml, p=0.0002), lactate (19 mg/dLvs. 17 mg/dL, p=0.046) and phosphorus (3.9 mg/dL vs. 3.4 mg/dL, p < 0.0001). Hospital mortality rate was 37.3% whereas ICU mortality was 25.3%. Mortality was more prevalent in patients with hematological cancer (8.6% survivors vs. 19.5% non-survivors, p = 0.008), patients from emergency room (23.5% survivors vs. 34.1% non-survivors, p = 0.002), patients with clinical admission (50.4% survivors vs. 84.1% non-survivors, p < 0.0001) and non-elective admission (59.9% vs. 86.6% non-survivors, p < 0.0001). Other factors related to mortality were: volume overload, vasoactive drugs use, septic shock and pulmonary infection (p < 0.0001). Hospitalization period before ICU admission also correlated with mortality (6 days survivors vs. 2 days non-survivors, p 0.0001). The laboratory parameters that correlated to mortality were (survivors vs. non-survivors): hypoalbuminemia (2.7 g/dL vs. 2.4 g/dL, p=0.003), increased INR (1.3 vs. 1.5, p < 0.0001), increased lactate (17 mg/dL vs. 20.5 mg/dL, p=0.037), PCR (41.8 mg/dL vs 148.4 mg/dL, p < 0.0001) e PT (69% vs. 59.5%, p = 0.001). Conclusions: AKI is a frequent complication in cancer patients admitted to ICU, presenting high mortality rate. AKI and mortality outcomes are more related to the severity of organs dysfunction at ICU admission than the patient´s cancer disease

Introdução: Pacientes portadores de câncer estão sobrevivendo mais devido aos avanços no diagnóstico precoce e tratamento dos tumores. A diminuição da mortalidade relacionada ao câncer e o envelhecimento da população acarretaram um número crescente de pacientes oncológicos internados em UTI. Objetivos: Identificar a prevalência e os fatores de risco para IRA nos pacientes oncológicos críticos. Métodos: Foram avaliados, prospectivamente, 371 pacientes oncológicos internados nas UTIs do Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo e do Hospital AC Camargo, entre novembro de 2011 a março de 2013. Os pacientes foram avaliados na admissão, 24h e 48h da internação na UTI. Foram coletados os parâmetros demográficos, clínicos e laboratoriais os quais foram analisados para os desfechos IRA, conforme o critério AKIN (Cr > 0,3 mg/dl ou aumento de 50% sobre a Cr basal em 48h) e óbito na UTI. Os dados foram submetidos à análise bivariada e multivariada. Resultados: A incidência de IRA nos pacientes oncológicos foi de 45,1%, sendo que apenas 5,2% necessitaram de tratamento dialítico. Os pacientes com IRA apresentaram mais frequentemente admissão cirúrgica (49% IRA vs 34% sem IRA; p=0,022). Na admissão à UTI, os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de IRA (IRA vs sem IRA) foram: ventilação mecânica (26,6% vs 16,0%; p=0,031), frequência cardíaca (88 bpm vs 82 bpm; p=0,029), balanço hídrico (575 ml vs 275 ml; p = 0,0002), lactato (19 mg/dL vs 17 mg/dL; p= 0,046) e fósforo (3,9 mg/dL vs 3,4 mg/dL; p < 0,0001). A taxa de óbito hospitalar foi de 37,3% sendo que 25,3% ocorreu na UTI. A mortalidade foi mais prevalente em pacientes com câncer hematológico (8,6% sobreviventes vs 19,5% óbitos; p = 0,008), procedentes do pronto atendimento (23,5% sobreviventes vs 34,1% óbitos; p = 0,002), admissão clínica (50,4% sobreviventes vs 84,1% óbitos; p < 0,0001) e internação não planejada (59,9% vs 86,6% óbitos; p < 0,0001). Outros fatores relacionados ao óbito foram: sinais de congestão, uso de drogas vasoativas, choque séptico e infecção respiratória (p < 0,0001). Os dias de internação prévios à admissão na UTI também se relacionaram ao óbito (6 dias óbitos vs 2 dias sobreviventes; p < 0,0001). Os exames laboratoriais que se relacionaram ao óbito foram (sobreviventes vs óbitos): hipoalbuminemia (2,7 g/dL vs 2,4 g/dL; p= 0,003), aumento do INR (1,3 vs 1,5; p < 0,0001); aumento do lactato (17 mg/dL vs 20,5 mg/dL; p = 0,037), PCR (41,8 mg/dL vs 148,4 mg/dL; p < 0,0001) e TP (69% vs 59,5%; p = 0,001). Conclusão: A IRA é frequente em pacientes oncológicos admitidos na UTI e apresenta alta mortalidade. As ocorrências de IRA e óbito encontram-se mais relacionados com a gravidade das disfunções orgânicas no momento da admissão à UTI, do que às características da neoplasia de base / Introduction: Cancer patients are currently presenting longer survival due to advances in diagnosis and treatment. Mortality reduction related to cancer and aging of population had led to an increased admission of cancer patients in the ICU. Objectives: Evaluation of the prevalence and risk factors for AKI in critically ill cancer patients. Methods: It was prospectively evaluated 371 cancer patients admitted to the ICU in Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo and Hospital AC Camargo, from November 2011 until March 2013. Patients were evaluated at admission, 24h and 48h in the ICU. Demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters were collected which were correlated with the outcome AKI (AKIN I - Cr > 0.3 mg/dL or 50% increase over baseline in 48h) and mortality in the ICU. Statistical analysis was performed using bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: The incidence of AKI in cancer patients was 45.1% but only 5.2% were dialysed. AKI patients were more frequently admitted due to surgical admission (AKI 53% vs. 49% non-AKI, p=0.022). At ICU admission, factors associated with AKI development (AKI vs. non-AKI) were: mechanical ventilation (26.6% vs. 16%, p =0.031), heart beats (88 bpm vs. 82 bpm, p=0.029), fluid balance (575 ml vs. 275 ml, p=0.0002), lactate (19 mg/dLvs. 17 mg/dL, p=0.046) and phosphorus (3.9 mg/dL vs. 3.4 mg/dL, p < 0.0001). Hospital mortality rate was 37.3% whereas ICU mortality was 25.3%. Mortality was more prevalent in patients with hematological cancer (8.6% survivors vs. 19.5% non-survivors, p = 0.008), patients from emergency room (23.5% survivors vs. 34.1% non-survivors, p = 0.002), patients with clinical admission (50.4% survivors vs. 84.1% non-survivors, p < 0.0001) and non-elective admission (59.9% vs. 86.6% non-survivors, p < 0.0001). Other factors related to mortality were: volume overload, vasoactive drugs use, septic shock and pulmonary infection (p < 0.0001). Hospitalization period before ICU admission also correlated with mortality (6 days survivors vs. 2 days non-survivors, p 0.0001). The laboratory parameters that correlated to mortality were (survivors vs. non-survivors): hypoalbuminemia (2.7 g/dL vs. 2.4 g/dL, p=0.003), increased INR (1.3 vs. 1.5, p < 0.0001), increased lactate (17 mg/dL vs. 20.5 mg/dL, p=0.037), PCR (41.8 mg/dL vs 148.4 mg/dL, p < 0.0001) e PT (69% vs. 59.5%, p = 0.001). Conclusions: AKI is a frequent complication in cancer patients admitted to ICU, presenting high mortality rate. AKI and mortality outcomes are more related to the severity of organs dysfunction at ICU admission than the patient´s cancer disease

Réalisé sous la co-direction des Drs Denis Bouchard et Michel Pellerin / La sternotomie médiane est l’approche classique pour la chirurgie de la valve mitrale. Elle permet une exposition optimale, mais est associée à un traumatisme chirurgical important, car elle requiert la séparation de l’os sternal. Le présent mémoire porte sur une solution alternative à la sternotomie dans le contexte de la chirurgie mitrale : la chirurgie minimalement invasive (CMI) par minithoracotomie antérolatérale. Trois études ont été réalisées dans le cadre de ce travail. Dans un premier temps, une étude de cohorte regroupant 200 patients consécutifs a permis d’évaluer le taux de succès des réparations mitrales réalisées par minithoracotomie et d’évaluer la durabilité de ces réparations à moyen terme. Par la suite, une étude comparative a été réalisée afin d’évaluer deux méthodes de clampage aortique pour la CMI, soit l’occlusion endovasculaire avec ballon et l’occlusion transthoracique. Enfin, une étude avec analyse par score de propension (propensity score) a permis de comparer la CMI à la sternotomie en ce qui a trait à une complication fréquente en chirurgie cardiaque, l’insuffisance rénale aiguë. La première étude a permis de conclure que la CMI peut être réalisée avec un taux de réparation quasi parfait, et ce malgré la courbe d’apprentissage associée à la technique minimalement invasive. Ces réparations semblent être durables, tel que démontré par une survie sans réopération de 98.3 ± 1.2% à 5 ans. La seconde étude a permis de démontrer que l’occlusion transthoracique est plus fiable que l’occlusion endoaortique et qu’elle est associée à des temps opératoires diminués et à une plus faible incidence de complications procédurales. Enfin, la troisième étude a démontré une association significative entre la CMI et une diminution du risque d’insuffisance rénale aiguë. En conclusion, la minithoracotomie antérolatérale est une excellente alternative à la sternotomie médiane. Tout en diminuant le traumatisme chirurgical, cette approche ne compromet pas la qualité de l’acte chirurgical et présente des bénéfices cliniques. / Median sternotomy is the classic approach for mitral valve surgery. This technique allows optimal exposure but is considered invasive as it requires section of the sternal bone. This thesis discusses an alternative sternotomy : minimally invasive mitral valve surgery (MIMVS) through a right anterolateral minithoracotomy. Three studies were conducted as part of this work. First, a cohort study involving 200 consecutive patients was used to evaluate the success rate of mitral valve repairs performed by minithoracotomy and assess the midterm durability of these repairs. Second, a comparative study was conducted to evaluate two methods of aortic clamping for MIMVS, namely the endovascular balloon occlusion technique and the transthoracic occlusion approach. Finally, a propensity score analysis study was performed to compare MIMVS and sternotomy with respect to a common complication following cardiac surgery : acute renal failure. The first study demonstrated that MIMVS can be performed with a near perfect repair rate, despite the learning curve associated with the minimally invasive technique. These repairs appear to be durable, as evidenced by a freedom from reoperation rate of 98.3 ± 1.2% at 5 years. The second study demonstrated that transthoracic clamping is more reliable than endoaortic occlusion and is associated with shorter operative times and a lower incidence of procedural complications. Finally, the third study found a significant association between MIMVS and a decreased risk of postoperative acute renal failure. In conclusion, the anterolateral minithoracotomy appraoch is an excellent alternative to median sternotomy. While decreasing surgical trauma, this approach does not compromise the quality of surgery and is associated with important clinical benefits.

Malaria remains one of the world's major health problems, especially in developing countries. A better understanding of the pathology and pathophysiology of severe malaria is key to develop new treatments. Different approaches have been used in malaria research including the in vitro co-culture models with endothelial cells and both murine and simian animal models. However these are open to controversy due to disagreement on their representativeness of human disease. Using human post-mortem tissue in malaria research is another important approach but is practically challenging, limiting the availability of post mortem samples from malaria patients. The work in this thesis had two main themes. First I examined the role of the endothelial signalling Angiopoetin-Tie-2 receptor pathway in malaria. Ang-2 has been shown to be a significant biomarker of severe and fatal malaria. I examined the tissue specific expression of proteins from this pathway in post-mortem brain tissues from fatal malaria cases, but found no difference between cerebral malaria and non-cerebral malaria cases. Ang-2 correlated with the severity of malaria in these patients. An attempt to examine the interaction of hypoxia and the Ang-Tie-2 pathway in vitro using a co-culture model of human brain endothelial cells was unsuccessful due to contamination of the cell line. The second part of the thesis aimed to utilise molecular pathology techniques including miRNA and whole-genome microarrays. I have shown for the first time that these can be successfully applied to human post-mortem tissue in malaria. First I used archival tissues to examine the microRNA signature in the kidney of patients with malaria associated renal failure. Second I optimised a protocol to preserve post mortem tissue for molecular pathology, from an autopsy study in Mozambique. Using the subsequent total mRNA transcriptomic data and bioinformatics analysis this work has expanded our knowledge of differential gene expression and the families of genes which are dysregulated in the brain in response to malaria infection.