Além da secagem convencional, a aplicação de tratamentos térmicos a altas temperaturas é um dos processos mais empregados para potencializar a estabilidade da madeira, porém necessitam de estrutura e equipamentos próprios. Diante disto, a proposta desta pesquisa fundamenta-se no estudo da aplicação de tratamentos estabilizadores para redução da higroscopicidade do material madeira, mediante temperaturas mais brandas (abaixo de 150°C) e que permitam a aplicação prática em equipamentos de secagem utilizados na indústria nacional. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos dos tratamentos estabilizadores nas propriedades físicas e componentes químicos da madeira para sua viabilização prática. O trabalho consistiu em duas etapas, na primeira: foram utilizadas três espécies de folhosas: Cedrinho (Erisma uncinatum), Tachi preto (Tachigali myrmecophyla) e Itaúba amarela (Mezilaurus itauba), foi realizada a caracterização anatômica das espécies utilizando Microscopia Ótica e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), e análise da composição química e propriedades físicas. As amostras destinadas aos tratamentos estabilizadores, inicialmente, foram secas em estufa convencional e em seguida passaram pelos tratamentos estabilizadores em autoclave a 90°C (24 e 96h) e 120°C (2h e 8h). Em seguida, foram realizados os condicionamentos higroscópicos (adsorção e dessorção) nas umidades relativas de 30, 60 e 90% para avaliação do potencial higroscópico e das variações dimensionais. Na segunda etapa, a partir dos resultados obtidos na primeira etapa, foi possível aplicar o tratamento propriamente dito, o piloto em escala industrial, utilizando uma estufa de secagem convencional (90°C por 24 horas); e em escala laboratorial (90°C por 24 e 96 horas), em uma câmara de climatização simulando um secador convencional. Para o tratamento piloto, foi levado em consideração a disponibilidade de matéria prima da empresa e tendo como foco o trabalho concomitante entre laboratório e aplicação industrial, a espécie utilizada foi o Cumarú (Dipterix sp), uma vez que essa espécie é considerada pela indústria como uma das mais problemáticas e, portanto, uma das espécies prioritárias para receber um tratamento que contribua para reduzir a variação dimensional após secagem. Os principais resultados permitiram observar que os tratamentos estabilizadores na forma em que foram aplicados na presente pesquisa, não causaram alterações na composição química na madeira das espécies e quando realizados em ambiente com alta umidade relativa, não apresentam redução significativa da higroscopicidade e da variação dimensional na maioria dos condicionamentos. Com aplicação do tratamento piloto foi possível observar que com o controle da umidade relativa do ar, tanto no início quanto no final do processo, é possível reduzir o potencial higroscópico da madeira mediante aplicação de tratamentos estabilizadores. / Besides conventional drying, the application of heat treatment at high temperatures is one of the processes employed to improve the stability of wood, however they require its own structure and equipment. Therefore, the purpose of this research is based on the application of the stabilizers treatments studies of wood material hygroscopicity reduction, using low temperatures (below 150°C) and that allows practical application in drying equipment used in the domestic industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of stabilizing treatments on the physical properties and chemical components of wood for its practical feasibility. The research was comprised for two steps, the first: a total of three species of hardwoods had been used: Cedrinho (Erisma uncinatum), Tachi preto (Tachigali myrmecophyla) e Itaúba amarela (Mezilaurus itauba). The characterization of this three species was made by anatomical description, using Optical Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the chemical composition analysis and the physical properties. Samples of the stabilizing treatment, initially, were dried in a conventional kiln dryer and then the stabilizing treatment was applied in an autoclave at 90°C (24 e 96h) e 120°C (2h e 8h). Next, the hygroscopic conditioning were conducted (adsorption and desorption) in relative humidity (RH) of 30, 60 and 90% for evaluation of hygroscopic potential and dimensional changes. In the second stage, from the results obtained in the first step, it was possible to apply the treatment itself, the industrial scale pilot, using a conventional kiln dryer (90°C for 24 hours); and laboratory scale (90°C for 24 and 96 hours) in a climate chamber simulating a conventional dryer. For the pilot treatment, the availability of raw materials in the company was taken into account and focusing on the concurrent work between laboratory and industrial application, the selected specie was Cumarú (Dipterix sp), considered by the industry as one of the most problematic and, therefore a priority species to receive a treatment that can help to reduce the dimensional change after drying. The main results allowed to observe that the stabilizing treatments in the way that were applied in this study, did not cause changes in the chemical composition and when performed in an environment with high relative humidity, show no significant reduction of hygroscopicity and dimensional variation in most of conditionings. From the implementation of pilot treatment was observed that adopting the control of relative humidity, both in the beginning and the end of the process, is possible to reduce hygroscopic potential of wood by applying stabilizers treatments.

A madeira é um material de grande versatilidade, que atende a demanda de importantes setores da nossa economia. Além de ser uma matéria-prima natural e renovável, o consumo energético envolvido em sua manufatura é bem menor quando comparado com outros materiais de origem mineral. Porém, características intrínsecas da madeira resultam na sua capacidade de troca higroscópica com o ambiente, que se manifesta durante sua vida útil e causa a movimentação dimensional dos produtos. Visando reduzir esse efeito indesejável, o presente estudo buscou melhorar a estabilidade dimensional da madeira de folhosas, a partir da aplicação de tratamentos térmicos adicionais, em madeiras submetidas à secagem ao ar e convencional. As madeiras selecionadas foram as espécies comercialmente conhecidas como Jatobá e Muiracatiara, das quais foram coletadas 5 tábuas radiais e 5 tábuas tangenciais de cada espécie, tanto secas ao ar e como em estufa, escolhidas do estoque de uma indústria de pisos de madeira maciça. Dessas tábuas foram cortadas amostras para a aplicação dos tratamentos térmicos, que consistiram da exposição da madeira a temperaturas de 60°C, 75°C e 90°C por períodos de 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. Após os tratamentos as amostras foram expostas a um ambiente de baixa umidade relativa (Condicionamento 1) e, após estabilização, foram expostas a um ambiente de alta umidade relativa (Condicionamento 2). Ao final dos tratamentos térmicos e dos condicionamentos foram medidos os teores de umidade e as dimensões das amostras. Os resultados obtidos permitiram verificar que a umidade de equilíbrio da madeira de Jatobá foi menor do que a da Muiracatiara, comportamento similar ao das amostras tangenciais em relação às radiais e da madeira seca em estufa em relação à madeira seca ao ar; mas que essas diferenças não são importantes na industrialização da madeira. Dentre os tratamentos térmicos, o mais eficiente foi a exposição à temperatura de 90ºC, independente do tempo de exposição. Esse tratamento reduziu a higroscopicidade da madeira e a movimentação dimensional decorrente das variações no teor de umidade, sendo que esse efeito foi mais pronunciado na madeira seca em estufa do que na madeira seca ao ar. A principal conclusão é que o tratamento térmico adicional, utilizando temperatura de 90ºC, apresenta potencial para aplicação industrial visando reduzir a movimentação dimensional da madeira e seus derivados. / Lumber is a material of great versatility, which meets the demand of important sectors of our economy. In addition, lumber is a natural and renewable raw material; consuming less energy in its production when compared with other materials of mineral origin. However, hygroscopicity is an intrinsic characteristic of the wood, which remains active during the life cycle and cause dimensional movement of lumber and its products. To reduce this undesirable effect, the present study aimed to improve the dimensional stability of hardwood lumber through the application of additional heat treatments to conventional and air-dried timber. The selected species were those commercially known as Jatobá and Muiracatiara, of which were collected 5 quarter sawn and 5 flat sawn boards of each species, both air dried and kiln dried, chosen from the stock of a flooring mill. These boards were cut to samples for the application of heat treatment, which consist in lumber exposure to temperatures of 60ºC, 75ºC and 90ºC during periods of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. After heat treatment the samples were exposed to a dry environment (low relative humidity, Condition 1) and, after to reach equilibrium moisture content, exposed to a wet environment (high relative humidity, Condition 2). Samples dimensions and moisture content were measured after the heat treatment and both two conditioning. The obtained results allowed to verify that equilibrium moisture content of Jatobá lumber was smaller than Muiracatiara lumber, similar behavior found for flat sawn samples compared to quarter sawn and for kiln-dried in relation to air dried lumber; but these differences are not important in lumber industrialization processes. Among the heat treatments, the most effective was the exposure at a temperature of 90°C, regardless of time of exposure. This treatment reduced the wood hygroscopicity and its dimensional movement caused by the variation in its moisture content, and this effect was more pronounced in the kiln dried wood than in air dried wood. The main conclusion is that additional heat treatment, using a temperature of 90°C, have potential for industrial application aiming to reduce the dimensional movement of lumber and its products.

Orientador: Heloise de Oliveira Pastore / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T03:36:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moura_KarineOliveira_D.pdf: 7870115 bytes, checksum: 53d12a1aabfac0bb3aca1b0d6eb2967a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Filossilicatos de magnésio funcionalizados com três diferentes fontes de amina (N-[3-(trimetoxissilil)propil]-dietilenotriamina (TMSPETA), N-[3-(trimetoxissilil)propil]etilenodiamina (TMSPEDA) e 3-aminopropiltrietoxissilano (AMPTS)), e com razão N/Si de 0,25, 0,5, 0,75 e 1, foram utilizados como material adsorvente para o processo de captura de CO2. Os materiais adsorventes foram obtidos com sucesso através de síntese direta, utilizando estufa (CE) e micro-ondas (MW) como fontes de aquecimento durante o tratamento hidrotérmico. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados utilizando difração de raios X (DRX), espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), ressonância magnética nuclear de 13C e 29Si (RMN), termogravimetria (TGA) e análise elementar de carbono, hidrogênio e nitrogênio (CHN). Os resultados mostraram que o procedimento de síntese apresentou uma redução no tempo de tratamento hidrotérmico de 91 % a 96 % quando MW, ao invés de CE, foi utilizado como fonte de aquecimento. Estudos de adsorção foram realizados utilizando TGA, dessorção termoprogramada (TPD), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e FTIR in situ. Os resultados mostraram que as temperaturas ótimas de adsorção de CO2 foram 41, 45 e 90 °C, para filossilicatos de magnésio funcionalizados com TMSPETA, TMSPEDA e AMPTS, respectivamente. Utilizando a técnica TPD, a máxima capacidade de adsorção foi encontrada na faixa de 0,67 a 3,64 mmol g-1, para 8,33 % TMSPETA, por MW, e 33,33 % TMSPETA, por CE, respectivamente, com a máxima eficiência entre 0,285 e 0,899 para 100 % AMPTS e 33,33 % TMSPETA, obtidas por CE. A entalpia de adsorção foi encontrada utilizando DSC e está na faixa de 40-66 kJ mol-1, indicando que o processo de captura de CO2 ocorre por adsorção química. Além disso, o calor de regeneração está na faixa de 104,87 a 380,67 kJ mol-1 e são inferiores aos obtidos com o uso da MEA (atual tecnologia), indicando que os materiais discutidos no presente trabalho são energeticamente favoráveis para serem aplicados industrialmente / Abstract: Magnesium phyllosilicates functionalized with three sources of amine (N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-diethylenetriamine (TMSPETA), N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-ethylenediamine (TMSPEDA) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (AMPTS)), with N/Si ratios of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1, were used as adsorbent material to CO2 adsorption process. The materials were obtained sucessfully by direct synthesis using conventional (CE) and microwave (MW) as the heating sources during the hydrothermal treatment. The materials obtained were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid state 13C and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetry (TG) and elemental analysis of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen (CHN). The results showed that the synthesis procedure presented a reduction of hydrothermal treatment time in the range from 91 % to 96 % when MW, instead of CE, was used as the heating source. Adsorption studies were performed using TGA, temperature programmed desorption (TPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and FTIR in situ methods. The results showed that the best temperatures for CO2 adsorption were 41, 45 and 90 °C, when magnesium phyllosilicate was functionalized with TMSPETA, TMSPEDA and AMPTS, respectively. Using TPD technique, the maximum adsorption capacity was between 0.67 and 3.64 mmol g-1, for 8.33 % TMSPETA by MW and 33.33 % TMSPETA by CE, respectively, with maximum efficiency between 0.285 and 0.899 for 100 % AMPTS and 33.33 % TMSPETA, obtained by conventional heating. The adsorption enthalpy was found using DSC and it is in the range of 40-66 kJ mol-1, indicating that the CO2 uptake process occurs by chemical adsorption. Furthemore, regeneration heat is in the range of 104.87-380.67 kJ mol-1 and is lower than those obtained when MEA (current technology) is used, indicating that the materials discussed in the present work are energetically favorable to be industrially aplied / Doutorado / Quimica Inorganica / Doutora em Ciências

Virkestorkning är ett mycket energikrävande men nödvändigt förädlingssteg för träindustrin. Eftersom energi- och tidsåtgången framförallt är beroende av mängden fukt som ska drivas ur virket så är kännedom om virkets initiala och slutliga fuktinnehåll avgörande för en optimerad process. Industriellt, idag, görs ofta en grov uppskattning av virkets initiala fuktmängd. Denna fuktmängd ligger sedan till grund för torkningens genomförande och dess resultat. I föreliggande arbete undersöks huruvida invägning av virkespaketen före torkning kan användas för att bestämma virkets fuktinnehåll och hur detta kan bidra till att optimera torkprocessen. 17 fullständiga torkningsförsök genomfördes på ett konventionellt sågverk i norra Sverige. I försöken vägdes virkespaketen och torkningsscheman anpassades därefter.Genom mätningar av virkets fuktkvot och jämförelse med tidigare torkning där konventionella torkningsscheman använts så kunde det konstateras att paketvägningen bidrar till en förbättrad och optimerad torkningsprocess. / Drying is a very energy-intensive but important process in the wood industry. Since the amount of energy used is, more or less, proportional to the amount of water released, the measurement of the initial and final wood moisture content is crucial to optimize the process. Today, a rough estimate of the initial wood moisture content is used as dryer operation input data. The process could be improved by a more accurate determination of the initial moisture level. The present work examines if weighing the wood can be used as a method to determine the wood moisture level and how this can optimize the drying process. 17 drying trials were conducted at a sawmill in northern Sweden. The wood was weighed and new drying schedules were constructed and adjusted accordingly. The result show that weighing the wood results in more accurate drying schedules and overall an optimized drying process.

This thesis deals with rotary drying and sintering kilns. The first part focused upon construction of the kilns, kiln processes and the options of technological arrangement of the kilns. The thesis second part presents two experiments. The first one is targeted to find the relation between residence time, kiln rotary speed and kiln slope in longitudinal direction. The examinations analysed individually the relation between kiln rotary speed and residence time and the relation between kiln slope and residence time. Finally, the regression equation describing the relation between holding time, kiln rotary speed and kiln rake was established. The results given by regression equation much closer to the real one then the results given by literature. The difference between real residence time and the regression one is about one minute. The second one is concerned with producing a set of equations with respect of mass and heat balance in case of drying process. The input material was wet crushed tetra packs. There were established technological conditions of the material, necessary burner energy input, heat losses and distribution of heat between material and flue gas. There were taken away almost 80 percent of heat energy by flue gases. The remaining 20 percent was divided between latent heat, material and heat losses through the shell of the rotary kiln.

This diploma thesis is focused on methods of using cement kiln by-pass dust in building materials technology. By-pass dust was treated to remove chlorides and could then be used as other constituent to various types of cements in the amount of 0–5 wt. % according to ČSN EN 197-1. The properties of dusts before and after chloride removal were examined and after incorporating modified by-pass dust into the cement, the properties of fresh and hardened cement pastes and mortars were studied. It was found that modified by-pass dust after incorporation into cement fulfill requirements of ČSN EN 197-1.

This masters thesis deals with influence of cement bypass kiln dust on physico-mechanical properties of alkali activated slag and influence of chosen compounds of cement bypass kiln dust on alkali activated slag. Using alkali activated slag is limited by its shrinkage. The setting time with different amount of cement bypass kiln dust and its chosen compounds (CaO, KCl and K2SO4) were measured by isotermal and isoperibolic calorimetry too. The strength and length changes of the mixtures with different amount of cement bypass kiln dust were measured. Samples were analysed by X-Ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. It has been found that the increasing addition of dust reduce setting time, flexural and compresive strength and shrinkage. Presence of free CaO was found being one of the reasons for accelerated setting. KCl and K2SO4 have retarding effect but influece of free CaO prevails even for its lower contents. Long-term properties evolution is strongly dependent on curing regime due to potential volume expansion.

The thesis deals with the design of the multivariable automatic control system of aftercooling process in the brick industry tunnel kiln. Theoretical part submits the facilities of controlled systems identification and the design methods of uni and multi variable systems. In the practical section is cleared up the principal of the aftercooling process and its identification based on the measured data. The output of the thesis is the design and the analysis of multivariable system with the conservation of the control circuit autonomy.

An emission inventory tool for estimating SO2, NO2, and PM10 emissions from brick clamp kiln sites was developed from investigations performed on three representative South African clamp kiln sites in order to facilitate application for Atmospheric Emission Licenses (AELs) from these sources. The tool utilizes readily available site-specific parameters to generate emission factors for significant activities that emit the aforementioned pollutants. PM10 emission factors for significant processes were developed using empirical expressions from the Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42) documents. SO2 emission factor for clamp kiln firing was obtained from “reverse-modelling”, a technique that integrates ambient monitoring and dispersion modelling (using Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System software) to “standardize” actual emission rate from an assumed rate of 1 g/s. The use of multiple point sources proved to improve the simulation of the buoyancy-induced plume rise; therefore, a “bi-point” source configuration was adopted for the kiln. The “reverse-modelling” technique and “bi-point” source configuration produced SO2 emission rates differing from -9 % to +22 % from mass balance results, indicating that the “reverse-modelling” calculations provide reliable emission estimates for SO2. An NO2 emission factor could not be obtained from the “reverse-modelling” technique due to experimental errors and the significant effect of NO2 emissions from other onsite air emission sources such as internal combustion engines. The NO2 emission factor was obtained from previous comprehensive study on a similar clamp kiln site. The emission factors obtained from this study were utilized in developing an “emission inventory tool” which is utilized by clay brick manufacturers in quantifying air emissions from their sites. Emissions quantification is a requirement for brick manufacturers to obtain an AEL which is regulated under South African environmental laws. It is suggested that the technique used here for SO2 emission confirmation could be used to estimate emissions from a volume or area source where combustion occurs and where knowledge of the source parameters is limited. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

BillerudKorsnäs AB (BK) i Gävle är ett av de världsledande företagen inom tillverkning av vätskekartong. För att fortsatt vara ett ledande företag arbetar de dagligen med förbättringsförslag för att utveckla och öka fabrikens säkerhet och tillgänglighet. Detta examensarbete innehåller ett av många förbättringsförslag på avdelningen, Lut och Kraft. BillerudKorsnäs AB har en tydlig önskan om att åtgärda ett känt problem som kan leda till förödande ekonomiska konsekvenser.  Examensarbetet har bestått av att införa en automatisk nedkylningssekvens av mesaugnen, med fokusområde på säkerhet och programmering. Säkerhet är ett brett område och arbetsuppgifterna har avgränsats till automationsnära uppgifter för att hålla sig inom tidsramen på tio veckor. För att hålla samma kontinuitet och standard hos BK har programmeringen utgått från att använda nuvarande programmeringsspråk funktionsblocks diagram i styrsystemet AC450 från ABB.  Metoden som har använts i arbetet är aktionsforskning som innehöll planering, riskanalys och dokumentation för att minimera och eliminera tänkbara risker, relaterade till personsäkerhet och maskinutrustning.  Målsättningen med examensarbetet var att ha en fungerade, säker och pålitlig nedkylningssekvens. För att optimera processen, avlasta processoperatören och förbättra arbetsmiljön i kontrollrummet genom att automatisera ett arbetsmoment. Simuleringen har påvisat att nedkylningssekvensens funktion uppfyller BK önskan. På grund av fabriksstopp under examensarbetets tidsram har idrifttagning blivit försenat och provkörningen har flyttats fram. / BillerudKorsnäs AB (BK) in Gävle is one of the world-leading companies in the manufacture of liquid board. To continue to be a leading company, they work daily with improvement proposals to develop and increase the factory's safety and availability. This thesis contains one of many improvement proposals in the department, Lut och Kraft. BillerudKorsnäs AB has a clear desire to remedy a known problem that can lead to devastating financial consequences.  The degree project has consisted of introducing an automatic cooling sequence of the lime kiln, with a focus area on safety and programming. Security is a broad area and the tasks have been limited to automation-related tasks to stay within the time frame of ten weeks. To maintain the same continuity and standard at BK, the programming has been based on using the current programming script function block diagram in the control system AC450 from ABB.  The method that has been used in the work is action research that included planning, risk analysis and documentation to minimize and eliminate possible risks, related to personal safety and machine equipment.  The goal of the degree project was to have a functional, safe, and reliable cooling sequence. To optimize the process, relieve the process operator and improve the working environment in the control room by automating a work step. The simulation has shown that the function of the cooling sequence fulfills the BK desire. Due to a factory shutdown during the degree project's time frame, commissioning has been delayed and the test drive has been moved forward.