Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Köln.

Seminario para optar al título de Ingeniero Comercial, Mención Administración / Autores no autorizan el acceso a texto completo de su documento / This present investigation seeks to clarify, by means of an exploratory study, the differences and common features that salmon industries have around the world, emphasizing the four most important producing companies, Norway, Chile, Scotland and Canada. The points that will be considered are the profile of each industry in its locality, the regulatory framework to which they are subject, including its authorization politics, its incidence in indigenous people, the main illnesses, and where investigation and sustainability are given more effort. The methodology of information collection consisted in meeting professional experts on this matter, who provided a mature look and suggestions regarding the investigation and bibliographic approach. Nevertheless, the seminar is mainly based on secondary research, whose information was collected from specialized bibliography in the topic, searching in web sites belonging to different organisms dependent on the analyzed issues, private enterprise sites, union associations of the salmon industry, scientific magazines, and non-governmental organizations focused in environmental protection, databases, among others. This literature was revised in two languages, Spanish and English, which meant a major opening for the understanding of this matter, therefore, deepening the analysis. The limitations of the present Seminar are firstly given by a decrease in publications and concern about the topic, which very recently has begun to increase, therefore, some information is out of date. On the other hand, there is hermeticism on authorities and the private sector now of spreading information. The main contribution of this investigation is to find improvement points for the salmon industry in Chile compared to three developed countries whose regulations are effective. Additionally, one hopes that this study should help to increase public debate regarding the situation through which the fishing sector of the country and all its actors involved live. / La presente investigación busca aclarar, mediante un estudio exploratorio las diferencias y puntos en común que tienen las industrias salmoneras alrededor del mundo haciendo énfasis en las cuatro superpotencias productoras, Noruega, Chile, Escocia y Canadá. Los puntos que se abordarán son: el perfil de cada industria en su localidad, el plan regulatorio al cual están sujetas, incluyendo su política de concesiones, su incidencia con los pueblos indígenas, las principales enfermedades, en qué se están realizando mayores esfuerzos de investigación y su sustentabilidad. La metodología de recolección de datos consistió en reuniones con profesionales expertos en la materia, quienes entregaron una mirada madura y sugerencias en cuanto al enfoque de la indagación y bibliografía. Sin embargo el seminario se basa principalmente en investigación secundaria, de la cual la recolección de datos fue a partir de bibliografía especializada en el tema, búsqueda en sitios web pertenecientes a distintos organismos dependientes de los estados analizados, sitios de empresas privadas, asociaciones del gremio dentro de la industria del salmón, revistas científicas, organizaciones no gubernamentales enfocadas en la protección del medio ambiente, bases de datos, entre otros. Esta literatura fue revisada en dos idiomas, español e inglés, lo que significó una mayor apertura para el entendimiento de la materia y así profundizar el análisis. Las limitaciones del presente Seminario están dadas primero por una disminución en las publicaciones y el interés en el tema, que muy recientemente han empezado a aumentar, por lo tanto algunas informaciones se encuentran desactualizadas. Por otro lado, existe un hermetismo por parte de las autoridades y del sector privado al momento de divulgar información. La contribución de esta investigación es principalmente encontrar puntos de mejoramiento para la industria de salmonicultura en Chile a partir de una comparación con tres países desarrollados cuyas regulaciones son eficaces. Adicionalmente se espera que este estudio sirva para aumentar el debate público con respecto a la situación que vive el sector pesquero del país y todos sus actores involucrados.

The Digital age, as is the beginning of the 21st century sometimes called, is in the business field characterized by a high level of automatization of its processes, which requires the digitalization of a huge amount of data. This automatization brings the acceleration of processes, both human intervention and errors reduction, and thereby it lowers the costs and increases the profits. Among the digitalized data, there are various kinds of data essential for the company prosperity such as know-how in form of various recipes, manuals, formulas, templates, etc. As it is common with other valuable assets of the company, it is also necessary to protect such data against theft or misuse. This thesis analyzes various possibilities of such data protection and does so in reaction to known risks on the example of actual company, and analyzes the readiness of this company in the data protection field. In the end, the thesis assesses its present state and advises on what the company should do in data security field in future. That is, of course, with the particular tools implementation taken into account.

La recherche porte sur la problématique des rapports entre patrimoine culturel, habitat et qualité environnementale. Il s’agit de traiter des relations entre tradition culturelle et modernité, entre adaptation aux exigences contemporaines et sauvegarde des identités culturelles (savoir-faire, architecture, perception de l’espace, histoire et cosmogonie…). Explorer les interfaces entre ville et campagne, nature et culture, ville et bidonville, être et habiter, pour construire un rapport entre architecture intégrée et développement durable du peuple Mapuche. Le besoin de recherches sur ce problème devient urgent. Les masses migratoires des paysans indigènes Mapuches vers les villes atteignent des niveaux alarmants. Ils sont installés dans des bidonvilles ou dans des H.L.M d’État construits à très bas prix, inadaptés aux besoins des Mapuches. La situation est devenue critique. La détérioration urbaine devient irréversible et la culture Mapuche disparaît. L’objectif de cette recherche est de contribuer à la connaissance et à la reconnaissance des problèmes du peuple Mapuche, et par là même, à concevoir un habitat et une architecture durables, respectueux de leurs valeurs et de leurs besoins. Il est important de comprendre les nouvelles fonctions et organisations de l’espace, de saisir les logiques territoriales, le rôle et la place des individus et de la collectivité, pour favoriser le développement de ces territoires. Il s’agit de chercher des solutions alternatives centrées sur un habitat social, écologique et durable, qui non seulement prenne en compte les rapports à l’espace, à la cosmogonie, et aux savoir-faire locaux (notamment le travail du bois), mais s’attache aussi à renforcer des logiques sociales. Ces solutions pourraient devenir un facteur déclenchant d’une nouvelle voie vers un développement équitable et durable de la ville, une ville dans laquelle les Mapuche auraient leur place. / The research focuses on the issue of the relationship between cultural heritages, housing and environmental quality, integration of a strong cultural identity (Mapuche), territorial markers and sustainable local development. It deals with relations between cultural tradition and modernity, between adaptation to contemporary needs and safeguard cultural identities (know-how, architecture, perception of space, history and cosmology...). Explorer interfaces between city and countryside, nature and culture, and city slums, and be live, to build a relationship between architecture and sustainable development of the Mapuche people.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-02-22T11:41:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Pirró.pdf: 955508 bytes, checksum: a457c27fe1145ca3a714f032c4b16611 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T11:41:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Pirró.pdf: 955508 bytes, checksum: a457c27fe1145ca3a714f032c4b16611 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-15 / Know-how transaction is an important instrument for the dissemination of technical knowledge and strategic information, also operating as an important precedent for the generation of local innovations. This is a relatively recent subject which has not yet achieved institutional maturity in Brazil. Know-how does not have specific legal regulations, and a uniform definition of its concept is not verified. Given the peculiar characteristics of knowhow and its form of protection, the contracts that imply know-how transactions are complex, and must address essential clauses and other aspects that may have repercussions in its object. The purpose of this work is to discuss the importance of know-how transaction as a development tool as well as the specificities in contracts that deal with its transactions. In order to do so, we seek to approach the concept of know-how and related institutes, the elements that compose know-how, its legal nature and tutelage under Brazilian and international law. We also analyze the main elements of know-how contracts. A special chapter is dedicated to the specific regulation of know-how contracts by the Brazilian PTO (INPI), with an analysis of the historical context of its creation and the phases of its operation, addressing its present-day operation, which is still marked by an interfering position of the Institute / O fornecimento de know-how é importante meio para a difusão de conhecimentos técnicos e informações estratégicas, operando também como importante precedente para a geração de inovações locais. Trata-se de matéria relativamente recente, que ainda não alcançou uma maturidade institucional no Brasil. O know-how não possui regulamentação legal específica, não sendo verificada uma definição uniforme do seu conceito. Diante das características peculiares do know-how e da sua forma de proteção, os contratos que impliquem fornecimento de know-how se mostram complexos e devem endereçar cláusulas essenciais e demais aspectos que possam ter implicação no seu objeto. O objetivo desta obra é tratar da importância do fornecimento de know-how como instrumento de desenvolvimento, bem como das especificidades em contratos que tratem do seu fornecimento. Para tanto, procuramos abordar o conceito de know-how e institutos afins, os elementos que compõem o know-how, a sua natureza jurídica e tutela pelo direito brasileiro e internacional. Também analisamos os principais elementos dos contratos de know-how. É dedicado um capítulo especial à regulamentação específica de contratos de know-how pelo INPI, sendo apresentada ainda uma análise do contexto histórico da sua criação e das suas fases de atuação, incluindo a atuação nos dias atuais, a qual ainda é marcada por uma postura de ingerência do Instituto

Background Strategic alliances grant access to rare know-how, inimitable resources and valuable capabilities otherwise out of reach for a single firm. Existing alliance management literature focuses on the transfer of technical know-how between alliance partners. The intra-organizational learning process with the aim to build a firm-level alliance management capability to become better at managing strategic alliances has received little attention. Especially striking is the lack of extensive research on the barriers to this process. Aim This paper aims to shed light on the existence of learning barriers to the building of a firm-level alliance management capability. Methodology A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews. Ten individuals with varying degrees of experience in managing strategic alliances were interviewed. The ten respective sample firms were spread across seven different countries and six different industries. Findings The analysis revealed 38 learning barriers existent to the building of a firmlevel alliance management capability both confirming common organizational learning barriers and revealing context-specific learning barriers. They originate either in the firm member’s thinking and behavior, the firm’s processes and structures or in the specific learning environment. Categorized in thematical clusters, they show problem areas such as a lack of top management support. Some of the found learning barriers like the tendency of alliance managers to prioritize the relationship to the alliance partner are findings that have not received attention in theory yet. Those contributions can support a deeper understanding of what individual firms and the field of alliance management is missing in building a firm-level alliance management capability.

Företagshemligheter åtnjuter skydd enligt lag (1990:409) om skydd för företagshemligheter (FHL). Det centrala begreppet i definitionen av företagshemligheter är “information”, vilket medför att know-how kan åtnjuta skydd av FHL, förutsatt att den uppfyller lagens krav. För att harmonisera skyddet för företagshemligheter inom Europeiska unionen (EU) har direktivet om företagshemligheter antagits som senast ska träda i kraft den 9 juni 2018. Ändringarna som direktivet kan bidra till är främst att FHL tydliggörs i viktiga avseenden. Varken FHL eller direktivet ålägger någon part som har tagit del av företagshemligheter tystnadsplikt. I avtalsrelationer mellan företag tillämpas därför sekretessklausuler, vilket i regel avses ge ett starkare och effektivare skydd för företagshemligheter. Rättsläget om möjligheten att avtala om sekretess är emellertid osäkert, vilket kvarstår i direktivet. I uppsatsen framkommer att det i begreppet “know-how” innefattas kunskap och erfarenheter som finns hos företag men som ofta är kopplad till individer, framförallt teknisk know-how. Know-how konstateras innefatta kunskap som kan vara en del av grundstommen i ett företag eller optimera något som redan existerar i det, exempelvis en process. Den är inte underkastad några formkrav, bortsett från definitionen i Tekniköverföringsförordningen, och kan existera utan att företag har vidtagit åtgärder. Know-how kan således uppstå i det tysta. I begreppet “företagshemligheter” kan all information som cirkulerar i ett företag innefattas, förutsatt att informationen hålls hemlig och är kopplad till dess förmåga att konkurrera. Begreppen “know-how” och “företagshemligheter” skiljer sig således åt eftersom know-how i princip är knuten till individer medan “företagshemligheter” är knutet till företag. Det framkommer även i uppsatsen att direktivet, jämfört med FHL, inte medför ett ökat skydd för know-how i Sverige eftersom begreppet “information” i FHL inte vidgas. Direktivet medför emellertid ett ökat skydd för know-how i EU. Slutligen framkommer i analysen att proaktiva åtgärder och utvärdering av information är viktiga åtgärder för företag för att i framtiden skydda sin know-how. Sekretessklausuler är en möjlighet för företag att skydda know-how som inte omfattas av direktivet, och sedermera kommande FHL, i avtalsrelationer. En risk som företag borde ha i åtanke framöver är att åtgärder för att hemlighålla information kan komma att tillmätas olika betydelse beroende på i vilket land, och i enlighet med vilket lands lagstiftning, dessa vidtas i. / Trade secrets are protected by the Act on the Protection of Trade Secrets (1990:409) (PTS) in Sweden. The key notion to this law is “information”, which makes it possible for know-how to be covered by this law, provided that it fulfils the requirements of PTS. In order to harmonize the protection of trade secrets within the European Union (EU) the directive about Protection of Trade Secrets has been adopted, which is due to take effect latest by the 9th of June 2018. The amendments that the directive contributes to the PTS are primarily to clarify the PTS in important aspects. Neither the PTS, nor the directive imposes confidentiality upon any party who has granted trade secrets. Therefore, companies are adapting non-disclosure clauses in their business relationships, which generally mean a stronger and more effective protection of trade secrets. The legal situation about the possibility to arrange confidentiality is unclear. This unclearness remains in the directive. It appears that all knowledge and experience that exists in a company can be included in the concept “know-how”, but it is mostly connected to individuals, especially technical know-how. It is also noticed that know-how can form part of the ground in a company or optimize something that already exists in it, e.g. a process. Know-how is not subject to any formal requirements, apart from the requirements in the Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation, and may exist without any actions taken by companies. Thus, know-how can occur in the silence. Any information that is circulating in a company can be included in the concept “trade secrets”, provided that the information is kept secret and is linked to its ability to compete. The concepts “know-how” and “trade secrets” differ since know-how is mostly connected to individuals and trade secrets to companies. Furthermore, it appears that the directive, compared to the PTS, will not increase the protection of know-how in Sweden, since the directive does not enlarge the concept “information” in the PTS. However, the directive will increase the protection of know-how in the EU. Finally, it appears that proactive arrangements and evaluation of information will be important arrangements for companies in the future in order to protect their know-how. Non-disclosure clauses are a possibility for companies to protect their know-how that is not covered by the directive, and subsequently the forthcoming PTS, in contractual relations. A risk that companies should keep in mind in the future is that arrangements to keep information secret may be given different significance depending on the country, and in accordance with which country’s legalisation, in which they are taken.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyse the significance of economic thinking and arguments in the treatment of licence agreements in EC competition law. A central question is to what degree the concept of competition in EC law reflects an economically realistic approach to competition. The study also investigates to what degree the economic functioning of intellectual property is considered in competition regulation and how much the economic functioning of the licence agreement is considered. The investigation mainly consists of a comparative analysis of EC competition law and American antitrust law concerning the economic arguments and their importance. The treatment of territorial restrictions, field of use restrictions, quantity clauses, tie-outs, tie-ins, grant back, no-challenge clauses and price restrictions are of special interest here. </p><p>This study shows that an economically realistic view of competition has influenced current EC competition law, especially in the Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (TTBER). Exceptions from this development in the EC law are mainly due to the goal of integration of the common market. Territorial restrictions are strictly regulated in the TTBER even when the parties’ market shares are below the market thresholds defined in the regulation.</p><p>The function of intellectual property rights are not much considered in EC competition law but there are general remarks about the economic functioning of patents in the Guidelines for the TTBER. However, it is difficult to find evidence for economic reasoning about patents in the formation of concrete rules. On the contrary, patents are weakened by the widened concept of exhaustion presented in the Guidelines.</p><p>The economic functioning of the licence agreement is considered in the rules of TTBER and the economic arguments for clauses which create incentives for making investments or give the possibility of control are acknowledged. However, the free riding argument has a weak position when applied to territorial restrictions, which are more formalistically regulated.</p><p>The EC competition law has become more similar to American antitrust law. The decisive difference consists in the judicial treatment of territorial restrictions, where the goal of integration is still of central importance in EC law.</p>

Knowledge as company resource which brings competitive advantage is frequently discussed topic. And managing of knowledge pays increasing attention, because it is possible to maximize utility and minimize losses of knowledge by using appropriate knowledge management. This paper is focused on analysis of Knowledge management process in the context of Unicorn ES Powered Company methodology and on suggestion of possible form of management of the process and its parts, which is the overall goal of this paper.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyse the significance of economic thinking and arguments in the treatment of licence agreements in EC competition law. A central question is to what degree the concept of competition in EC law reflects an economically realistic approach to competition. The study also investigates to what degree the economic functioning of intellectual property is considered in competition regulation and how much the economic functioning of the licence agreement is considered. The investigation mainly consists of a comparative analysis of EC competition law and American antitrust law concerning the economic arguments and their importance. The treatment of territorial restrictions, field of use restrictions, quantity clauses, tie-outs, tie-ins, grant back, no-challenge clauses and price restrictions are of special interest here. This study shows that an economically realistic view of competition has influenced current EC competition law, especially in the Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (TTBER). Exceptions from this development in the EC law are mainly due to the goal of integration of the common market. Territorial restrictions are strictly regulated in the TTBER even when the parties’ market shares are below the market thresholds defined in the regulation. The function of intellectual property rights are not much considered in EC competition law but there are general remarks about the economic functioning of patents in the Guidelines for the TTBER. However, it is difficult to find evidence for economic reasoning about patents in the formation of concrete rules. On the contrary, patents are weakened by the widened concept of exhaustion presented in the Guidelines. The economic functioning of the licence agreement is considered in the rules of TTBER and the economic arguments for clauses which create incentives for making investments or give the possibility of control are acknowledged. However, the free riding argument has a weak position when applied to territorial restrictions, which are more formalistically regulated. The EC competition law has become more similar to American antitrust law. The decisive difference consists in the judicial treatment of territorial restrictions, where the goal of integration is still of central importance in EC law.