Knowledge  sharing  has  earned  a  more  central  role  in  organizations  strive  to      achievecompetitive advantage. Still, many organizations fail to make full potential of knowledge sharing initiative, highlighting the demand for further studies in the area to increase the understanding of knowledge sharing within organizations. This study therefore examines how knowledge sharing is affected within mentoring through a case study of qualitative nature where interviews have been conducted with consultants of a global IT company whom in various ways are involved in a mentoring program. This study seeks to understand how mentoring of new hires works in practice and how knowledge sharing on an individual level is affected within the given context, as well as how the structure of formal mentoring might affect knowledge sharing between the mentor and protégé. The study starts off by depicting mentoring and knowledge sharing based on previous literature. The mentoring literature that is presented offers support to analyse the structure of the studied mentoring program and its significance. A model is thereafter presented within  the knowledge sharing section with the purpose of acting as an analytical lens when processing the empirical findings, the study has generated. The results show that knowledge sharing on an individual level within mentoring of new hires is affected by the organizational value associated with the knowledge being shared. It also shows that one motivational factor that affect the sharing is whether or not the participants are able to realize incentives associated to sharing knowledge and that mentoring offers both formal and informal opportunities to share knowledge, which implied a positive impact on knowledge sharing on an individual level. In addition, the results imply that an organizational culture impact the employees’ norms and values, and therefore their actions. An organizational culture promoting knowledge sharing is thereby considered having a positive effect on knowledge sharing on the individual level within mentoring. Another important finding is that the structure of formal mentoring programs, is affecting multiple aspects of the knowledge sharing   between   mentor   and   protégé.   However,   the   study   cannot   suggest   that  theorganizational culture is significantly affected. / Kunskapsdelning  har  fått  en  alltmer  central  roll  i  organisationers  strävan  att        erhållakonkurrensfördelar. Trots det misslyckas flertalet organisationer med att ta tillvara på kunskapsdelande initiativ, vilket belyser behovet av ytterligare studier på området för att öka förståelsen för kunskapsdelning inom organisationer. Denna studie undersöker därför hur kunskapsdelning påverkas inom mentorskap genom en fallstudie av kvalitativ karaktär där intervjuer utförts med konsulter på ett globalt IT-bolag som på olika sätt är involverade i ett mentorskapsprogram. Denna studie söker förstå hur mentorskap riktat mot nyanställda fungerar i praktiken och hur kunskapsdelning på individnivå påverkas inom den givna kontexten, men även vad utformningen av formella mentorskap har för betydelse för kunskapsdelningen mellan mentor och adept. Studien utgår ifrån att skildra mentorskap och kunskapsdelning utifrån tidigare litteratur. Mentorskapslitteraturen som presenteras ger stöd för att analysera utformningen av det givna mentorskapet och dess betydelse. I kunskapsdelningsavsnittet presenteras en modell vilken appliceras som en analytisk lins vid bearbetning av de empiriska fynd som studien genererat. Av studiens resultat framgår att kunskapsdelning på individnivå inom mentorskap riktat mot nyanställda påverkas av vilket organisatoriskt värde som är associerat med den kunskap som delas. Det framgår även att en motivationsfaktor som påverkar delningen är huruvida deltagarna upplever att det existerar incitament till att dela kunskap och att mentorskap tillhandahåller både formella och informella möjligheter att dela kunskap, vilket antyds inverka positivt på kunskapsdelning på individnivå. Därtill indikerar studien att en organisationskultur inverkar på de anställdas normer och värderingar, och således agerande. En organisationskultur som främjar kunskapsdelning har därmed en positiv påverkan på kunskapsdelning på individnivå inom mentorskap. Ytterligare en viktig slutsats är att utformningen av formella mentorskapsprogram utifrån ett flertal aspekter är av betydelse för kunskapsdelningen   mellan   mentor   och   adept,   dock   finner   studien   inte   stöd   för attorganisationskulturen påverkas nämnvärt av utformningen som sådan.

Purpose The purpose of this case study is to understand how inter-organizational knowledge management is conducted in an economic association by analysing how different actor representatives perceive the inter-organizational collaboration. Design/methodology/approach The method of this study is qualitative, with a single case study of an economic association in Dalarna, Sweden. The interviews were of semi-structured character. A total of nine respondents were interviewed; four respondents from private member organizations, three respondents from public member organizations and two respondents employed by the economic association. Findings and conclusion Six themes were found that together answers the purpose of this study. These themes are personalization, codification, collaboration, conditions, capabilities and challenges. The personalization strategy from the knowledge management framework by Hansen et al (1999) is suggested to be the main strategy in the case of the economic association, while the codification strategy is the supporting strategy working in relation to each other. In order to use those strategies in this interorganizational context, four other themes are added in a model created by the authors of this study. The four additional themes need to be taken in consideration and as the theme capabilities points out; the inter-organizational collaboration gives not only challenges, but also opportunities for the participating organizations. Furthermore, the conditions and the reasons for collaborating can be used for improving the structure of an inter-organizational collaboration. Practical Information A Swedish economic association can be described as a legal entity which involves a minimum of three partners, with a common interest and where all members of the economic association are required to participate in the activities of the economic association. Originality/Value This study contributes to the field of inter-organizational knowledge management by providing insight from a Swedish economic association perspective. There is an apparent gap pointed out between theory driven and practical driven research, where this single case study aims to contribute to the practical field of applying inter-organizational knowledge management perspective into a real case scenario. The case is particularly interesting to study since there are 33 organizations involved in knowledge management, with knowledge bases of both private and public sectors, small- and middlesized organizations and from different branches.

A Gestão do Conhecimento pode ser definida como um conjunto de processos para coletar, armazenar, compartilhar e utilizar o conhecimento. No contexto deste trabalho, o processo de compartilhamento do conhecimento é aceito como um elemento fundamental para a realização da Gestão do Conhecimento, pois representa a interação entre os indivíduos que compõem uma rede de relacionamentos da qual o conhecimento emerge. A Análise de Redes Sociais (ARS) apresenta métricas que permitem identicar os relacionamentos da rede e analisálos, porém ainda existem necessidades de identificar ações que possam refletir em uma estrutura de rede que permita maiores possibilidades de compartilhamento do conhecimento. Neste trabalho, as técnicas da ARS foram aplicadas para analisar as características da estrutura de uma rede de estudantes formada a partir de um ambiente web representado pelo uso do Facebook©. A metodologia utilizada foi baseada em um estudo qualiquantitativo, classificado como uma pesquisa descritiva e exploratória. Foram analisados dezoito períodos semanais de comportamento da rede. As análises permitiram entender melhor a representatividade das métricas da ARS no contexto do compartilhamento do conhecimento e uma nova métrica foi proposta (degree-weight). Também foram propostas ações relacionadas às métricas. Um conjunto diferente de ações foi aplicado em duas outras redes. Os resultados indicaram diferentes comportamentos da rede para cada um dos conjuntos de ações. Foi possível ainda identificar maiores possibilidades de compartilhamento de conhecimento para uma das estruturas de rede. / Knowledge Management can be defined as a set of processes to capture, store, share and use knowledge. In the context of this work, the knowledge sharing process is accepted as a basic element to Knowledge Management because it represents the interaction among the individuals that compound a network of relationships from where knowledge emerges. The Social Network Analysis (SNA) offers metrics that make possible identify the network relationships and analyze them, but there still needs to identify actions that may reflect on a network structure that allows opportunities for knowledge sharing. The SNA techiniques were applied to anlyze the characteristics of a network compounded by students and created in a web environment which was represented by Facebook© . The methodology applied was based on a quantitative and qualitative study which was classified as a descriptive and exploratory research. Eigthteen periods of network behavior were analysed. The analyses allow us to understand better the representativeness of SNA metrics in the environment of knowledge sharing. A new metric called degree-weight was proposed. Also it was proposed a set of actions related to SNA metrics. A different set of actions was applied to two distinct networks. The results show us different network behaviors for each one of the set of actions. Also it was possible identify better conditions to the knowledge sharing process for one of the network structures.

Esta Tese de Doutorado tem com tema principal o estudo das redes de conhecimento no campo científico, também entendidas como redes sociais, em suas relações internas e no tocante ao uso de fontes de informação. A metodologia de pesquisa se caracterizou sob a perspectiva cognitivista, descritiva, exploratória e qualitativa, realizada por meio de uma pesquisa de campo, baseada na amostragem não probabilística por conveniência com três turmas de alunos. Foram utilizadas matrizes, sociogramas e gráficos de mensuração das propriedades de centralidade e densidade das turmas, além da descrição e compreensão das redes de conhecimento. A metodologia específica foi a de Análise de Redes Sociais (ARS), que possibilitou a análise e avaliação das redes de conhecimento e as fontes de informação. Inicialmente, apresenta um olhar histórico com a finalidade de mostrar a emergência do estudo das redes de conhecimentos nas diferentes áreas do conhecimento e, por conseqüência, no âmbito das ciências. Faz um levantamento teórico acerca do conceito de redes, das redes sociais, das redes de conhecimento, do campo científico na perspectiva de Bourdieu, das fontes de informação e da educação em ciências. A sociedade atual caracteriza-se por ser uma sociedade conectada, uma sociedade em rede, e neste cenário, as iniciativas de entender como essas redes funcionam, como seus fluxos atuam e como as pessoas podem delas se aproveitar para compartilhar e, mesmo construir conhecimento, são mais do que necessárias. Conclui que ainda há um longo caminho a ser trilhado na busca de conhecer melhor como se comportam as redes de conhecimento em ciências e como os processos educativos se inserem para melhor entendê-las e capitalizar seus recursos em prol de uma melhoria do ensino em ciências. / This PhD Thesis is the main theme in the study of knowledge networks in science, also understood as social networks, and in its internal relations regarding the use of information sources. The research methodology was characterized in the cognitive perspective, descriptive, exploratory and qualitative, through a field research based on non-probability convenience sample of three classes of students. Matrices were used, graphics and sociograms for measuring the properties of centrality and density classes, beyond description and understanding of knowledge networks. The specific methodology was the Social Network Analysis (ARS), which allowed the analysis and evaluation of knowledge networks and information sources. Initially, it presents a historical perspective in order to show the emergence of the study of knowledge networks in different areas of knowledge and, consequently, in the context of science.This study does a survey on the theoretical concept of networks, social networks, networks of knowledge, the scientific field in Bourdieu's perspective, the sources of information and science education. Contemporary society is characterized by being a connected society, a network society, and in this scene, the initiatives to understand how these networks work, how their work flows and how people can take advantage of them to share and even build knowledge, are more than necessary. Finally, it concludes that there is still a long way to go in search of better understanding how they behave knowledge networks in science and how educational processes are embedded to better understand them and capitalize on its resources towards a better education in science.

More than 38% of the U.S. public workforce will likely retire by 2030, which may result in a labor shortage. Business leaders may adopt strategies to mitigate knowledge loss within their organizations by capturing knowledge in a knowledge management system (KMS). The purpose of this single case study was to explore strategies that information technology (IT) managers use to develop and implement a KMS. The target population consisted of IT managers in a small-sized organization located in northwestern Florida who had implemented a KMS successfully. The conceptual framework for this study was organizational knowledge creation theory. The collection of public documents, execution of semistructured interviews with 5 qualified participants, literature on the topic, and member checking formed the determination of the findings of the study. Using triangulation and coding the data for emergent themes, 6 themes emerged from the data analysis: (a) training, (b) customer focus, (c) policy and governance, (d) leadership and management support, (e) communication and marketing, and (f) business process management. The application of the findings may contribute to social change by identifying strategies that leaders and IT managers from communities and government agencies use in implementing a KMS that may facilitate transparency and open flow of information to citizens, and allow access to timely, civic, and potentially life-enhancing information.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka verktyg som används för att främja kunskapshantering inom ett företag som arbetar i projekt, då tidigare forskning indikerar att projektformen medförsvårigheter i arbetet med kunskapshantering. För att besvara syftet undersöker uppsatsen vilka förutsättningar som är avgörande för att kunskapsdelning ska komma till stånd samt vilka metoder som finns att tillgå för att dela och överföra kunskap inom och mellan projekt. En fallstudie med semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes för att besvara frågeställningarna. Resultatet visar att det finns en tro bland respondenterna att individen bär på kunskap och det framkommer en tilltro till de sociala aspekterna av kunskapsdelning. För att kunskapsdelning ska främjas krävs att medarbetarna har ett brett socialt nätverk samt att det existerar en företagskultur som uppmanar till kunskapsdelning. Det bör finnas systematiska processer föröverföring av såväl explicit och implicit kunskap då resultatet indikerar på att ett fungerande IT-verktyg för kunskapslagring tillsammans med verktyg och systematiska processer som lessons-learned, tillsammans bidrar till en effektiv kunskapshantering och säkerställer att kunskap överförs mellan projekt. / The purpose of this paper is to investigate which tools are used to promote Knowledge Management in project-based organizations, since previous research indicate that the project form experience difficulties regarding Knowledge Management. An empirical research was conducted in order to examine which conditions are crucial for knowledge sharing and which methods are available to share and transfer knowledge within and between projects. The data was gathered through semi-structured interviews. The result of the study shows that there is a belief among the respondents that knowledge exists within the individual. The result also indicates that the preferred way to share knowledge is through personal communication and asocial network. Hence, in order for knowledge sharing to be promoted, employees must have abroad social network. Furthermore, there must exist an organizational culture that promotes knowledge sharing behavior among the employees. Nevertheless, a successful Knowledge Management process should ensure to include systematic processes for both sharing and transferring of explicit and implicit knowledge. The result indicates that tools for knowledge storage and tools like lessons-learned, together contribute to effective Knowledge Management processes that ensure knowledge being transferred between projects.

En alltmer internationell arbetsmarknad för akademiker innebär också rekrytering över landsgränser för högre lärosäten. Denna studie har syftat till att få kunskap om anställda internationella akademikers upplevelser av kompetensöverföring vid ett högre lärosäte i Sverige och där studiens frågeställningar fokuserar på hur deras kompetens förväntats och tagits tillvara. Studien har gjorts genom en kvalitativ undersökning där internationella akademiker intervjuats om deras upplevelser. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv och två frågeställningar har formulerats för att precisera syftet. Den första frågan undersöker vilka förväntningar som fanns på hur deras kompetens skulle tas tillvara innan arbetet påbörjades. Den andra frågan undersöker hur kompetensen upplevts tagits tillvara efter påbörjad anställning samt vad som upplevts hindrat och möjliggjort tillvaratagandet. Resultaten visar att det fanns förväntningar i att kompetensen skulle komma att tas tillvara som i tidigare liknande arbete. Det fanns också förväntningar på att kompetensen skulle komma att tas tillvara utifrån kommande arbetsuppgifter. Efter påbörjad anställning upplevs kompetensen tas tillvara genom kommunikation, diskussion, mötesdeltagande och samarbete. Studiens mest framträdande resultat handlar om att fördjupade relationer till kollegor upplevs vara främjande för kompetensöverföring. Språket och det fysiska rummet är teman vilka upplevs hindra eller möjliggöra tillvaratagandet av kompetens. / An increasingly international labor market for academics within higher education also means a higher recruiting across national borders. This qualitative study has aimed to get knowledge about employed international academics experiences of competence transfer at a higher educational institution in Sweden and where the study's questions focus on how their competence was expected to be and has been utilized. The study was conducted through a qualitative study in which international academics were interviewed about their experiences. The data of the study has been analyzed from a socio-cultural perspective and two research questions were developed to specify the aim. The first question deals with how skills expects to be utilized at their new workplace. The second question deals with how competence has been utilized after beginning their new work, as well as experienced difficulties and opportunities in these processes. The results show there were expectations of the competence to be utilized in the same way as in previous similar work. There were also expectations that the competence would be utilized based on future tasks. The results show that skills are experienced to be utilized in their new work through communication, discussions, meetings and cooperation. The study's most prominent result is that deeper relationships with colleagues are perceived as promotion for competence transfer. The language and physical space are themes which are perceived to constrain or enable the exploitation of skills.

<p>This master thesis explores the transfer of R&D activities from Western MNC’s to their Chinese subsidiaries and how companies can leverage key enablers to address main barriers in this process. The research project is conducted as a multiple-case study consisting of three case companies: the Danish pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk, the Swiss/Swedish power and automation company ABB and the global food and beverage company Nestlé. The main rationale for conducting this study is that a significantly increasing level of foreign invested R&D is conducted in the Chinese environment with its increasingly important market. In order to preserve competitive advantages and secure global market penetration it could be necessary for other companies as well to undertake a similar process of transferring R&D.</p><p>The main barriers identified are the difficulty to find qualified employees in China, to train and retain the recruited employees and the language gaps that are present between the Western and the Chinese units. One key enabler applied to address these barriers is to organize activities at selected Chinese universities in order to attract skilled graduates. Utilizing expatriates and short-term traveling increases personal interaction between otherwise geographically distant employees together with providing training of increasing complexity are key enablers addressed to develop the Chinese employee’s knowledge. Language courses is the key enabler applied in order to decrease the language gaps, both Chinese courses for Westerners and English courses for Chinese.</p><p>In addition to identifying barriers and enablers and investigating their interrelatedness we propose a conceptual model for R&D transfer consisting of four elements to transfer together with implementation of the transferred knowledge at the receiving unit. In our view, the elements to transfer are physical objects, individual explicit knowledge, individual tacit knowledge and collective knowledge.</p> / This thesis won Sparbanksstiftelsen Kronan's award of 50000 SEK.

<p>The aim of this study was to determine whether or not knowledge was shared and created in the library of the University of the Western Cape (UWC). The study adopted the SECI model of Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) as its theoretical framework. The service delivery points at the UWC library are as follows:&nbsp / Circulation section, which deals with walk-in&nbsp / users. These are users who, on a daily basis borrow books from and return books to the library. This section normally deals with queries such as users whose library cards are&nbsp / blocked due to outstanding library fines. It comprises front - desk staff, shelf attendants and inter-library loan staff members.&nbsp / Staff members working in the information section (IS)&nbsp / are referred to as faculty librarians (FAC/L&rsquo / s), who are regarded as section heads and liaise with faculties on campus on a regular basis. The information section deals with walk-in&nbsp / users on a daily basis.&nbsp / The other sections, namely cataloguing, acquisition and periodicals, provide mostly &lsquo / behind the scenes&rsquo / services, but their work is of such a nature that&nbsp / users have no access to their sections due to the strict policy with regard to areas of the library in which staff are working with new books and journals. Books and journals that are&nbsp / not on the cataloguing system are kept in the acquisitions and cataloguing section. This also has a significant impact on service delivery in the library. These sections have to&nbsp / ensure that books and journals are processed, in order for users to get access to these resources. This study attempted to answer the following research questions&nbsp / Is there&nbsp / evidence of knowledge sharing and creation in the UWC library? If so, what practices currently exist?&nbsp / How do staff share and create knowledge for service delivery not with general&nbsp / library users, but within and between the acquisitions, cataloguing and information sections?</p>

A growing body of research investigates the role that organizational learning plays in generating superior firm performance. Researchers, however, have given limited attention to this learning effect in the context of long-term interorganizational relationships. This paper focuses on a specific aspect of learning, that is, explorative and exploitative knowledge sharing, and examines its impacts on sustained performance. We examine interorganizational design mechanisms and digitally-enabled knowledge representation as antecedents of knowledge sharing. The empirical context is dyadic relationship between a supply chain solutions vendor and its customers for two major classes of supply chain services. Our theoretical predictions are tested by using data collected from both sides of this customer-vendor dyad. The findings suggest that dual emphasis on exploration and exploitation is important for sustained relationship performance for customers. The customer evaluates balancing exploration and exploitation important whereas the vendor emphasizes only on exploitation.