Le développement rapide des TIC (Information and Communication Technology) a un impact énorme à toutes les industries. Internet Mobile, Web 2.0, la technologie de positionnement sont déployées dans le monde largement, qui a initialisé la demande intérieure des nouvelles technologies dans le domaine du tourisme. En profitant de la commodité apportée par les nouvelles technologies, de plus en plus d'utilisateurs de commencer à se concentrer sur les questions de confidentialité.Comme on le sait, il y a une contradiction entre la qualité des services et la vie privée recommandés basés sur la localisation. profil de l'utilisateur détaillé et informations de localisation précises sont nécessaires pour fournir un service basé sur la localisation avec une grande efficacité et de qualité, tandis que la préservation de la vie privée exige cacher le profil et l'emplacement de l'utilisateur. De nombreuses recherches récentes vise à trouver un équilibre entre eux, pour obtenir la meilleure qualité de la LBS dans le contexte du contenu du profil de l'utilisateur et les informations de localisation moins exposée.Dans cette thèse, l'auteur a porté principalement sur la vie privée de profil de l'utilisateur mobile, qui couvre à la fois les caractéristiques personnelles et les informations de localisation.1, sur mesure modèle de confidentialité des utilisateurs considérant à la fois les qualités personnelles et la localisation spatiale et temporelle est définie pour l'utilisateur mobile.Dans cette recherche, nous avons proposé le modèle de confidentialité personnalisé pour chaque utilisateur de définir, son / sa propre signification de la vie privée. Avec ce modèle, à des fins de Voyage différents, ou même pour le temps et un autre emplacement, ils peuvent avoir des définitions différentes pour leur vie privée.2, Minimiser les données à stocker sur le serveur.Les profils sont stockés de deux façons différentes, le profil complet est stocké sur le côté client, et seules les valeurs des attributs qui sont en mesure pour les utilisateurs de partager sont stockés sur le côté serveur, ainsi minimisé les données à stocker sur le serveur.3, les niveaux personnalisés de granularité de la divulgation de l'emplacement et l'heure sont réglables pour les utilisateurs.Pour changer fréquemment des attributs tels que l'emplacement et l'heure, l'utilisateur peut les divulguer avec une granularité appropriée, afin d'obtenir le service attendu par les fournisseurs de services.Mots-clés: vie privée, l'emplacement, le profil de l'utilisateur, mobile, tourisme / The rapid development of ICT(Information and Communication Technology) brought huge impact to all industries. Mobile internet, Web 2.0, positioning technology are deployed world-widely, that initialized inner request of new technologies in the field of tourism as well. By enjoying the convenience brought by new technologies, more and more users starting to focus on privacy issues.As known, there is a contradiction between the quality of recommended location-based services and privacy. Detailed user profile and precise location information are needed for providing location-based service with high efficiency and quality, while privacy preservation requires hiding user's profile and location. Many recent researches aims to seek a balance between them, to obtain the best quality of the LBS in the context of the least exposed user profile content and location information.In this thesis, the author focused mainly on the privacy of mobile user profile, which covers both personal characteristics and location information.1, Customized user privacy model considering both personal attributes and spatial and temporal location is defined for mobile user.In this research, we proposed customized privacy model for every user to define, his/her own meaning of privacy. With this model, for different travel purpose, or even for different time and location, they can have different definitions for their privacy.2, Minimized the data to be stored on server.Profiles are stored in two different ways, complete profile is stored on the client side, and only the values of the attributes that are able for the users to share are stored on the server side, thus minimized the data to be stored on server.3, Customized levels of granularity of disclosure of location and time are adjustable for users.For frequently changing attributes such as location and time, user can disclose them with suitable granularity, in order to obtain expected service from the service providers.Keywords: privacy, location, user profile, mobile, tourism

[pt] A difusão das redes sem fio IEEE 802.11 e o avanço das técnicas de posicionamento baseadas na força de sinal de rádio frequência (RF) (e.g., sensores, algoritmos de triangulação, etc.) têm motivado o desenvolvimento de aplicações e serviços sensíveis ao contexto e sua localização (Location Based Services). Essas aplicações oferecem vários benefícios para os usuários finais, por exemplo, adaptação às limitações dos dispositivos e da rede sem fio, acesso às informações de localização, ou a capacidade de enviar notificações baseadas na localização ou na proximidade entre os usuários (e.g., Geocaching). Entretanto, há dois desafios principais relacionados ao desenvolvimento e uso de aplicações sensíveis ao contexto: a complexidade em desenvolver os serviços de provisão de contexto e a necessidade de manter a privacidade da informação de contexto (e.g., localização) do usuário. Para auxiliar o desenvolvimento de aplicações sensíveis ao contexto, projetamos e implementamos alguns serviços que constituem o núcleo de uma arquitetura de provisão de contexto, chamada MoCA (Mobile Collaboration Architecture). Esses serviços implementam a coleta, o processamento e a difusão da informação de contexto através de interfaces de comunicação síncronas e baseadas em eventos. A MoCA serviu de base para o desenvolvimento da nossa pesquisa sobre privacidade na qual projetamos um serviço que auxilia o usuário no controle de privacidade das suas informações de contexto, em especial, da sua informação de localização. Como parte do nosso trabalho, definimos um modelo conceitual que serviu de base para o desenvolvimento do serviço de privacidade proposto (a ser utilizado por uma comunidade de usuários) e discutimos alguns requisitos que devem ser levados em conta no projeto de um serviço deste gênero. A maioria destes requisitos delinearam o projeto e implementação do Context Privacy Service (CoPS). Este serviço foi integrado aos serviços de provisão de contexto da arquitetura MoCA. / [en] The widespread dissemination of IEEE 802.11 networks and the enhancement of positioning techniques based on RF signal strength (e.g., sensors, positioning triangulation algorithms, etc) have fostered the development of location-based and context-aware services and applications. These applications offer several benefits to the end-users, e.g. adaptation to the device and wireless network limitations, access to location- specific information, or the ability to send location-specific notifications to other users (e.g., Geocaching). However, there are two main challenges concerning the development and use of context-aware applications: the complexity in developing context provisioning services and the need to guarantee the privacy of the users' context information (e.g., their location). In order to support the development of context-aware applications, we have designed and implemented some services that constitute the core of a context provisioning architecture called MoCA (Mobile Collaboration Architecture). These services implement the gathering, processing and diffusion of context information through synchronous and event-based communication interfaces. MoCA architecture has been used as a basis to the development of our research about privacy in which we have designed a service that aids the end-user in defining the privacy level for his/her contextual information, and in particular for his/her location information. As part of our work, we define the conceptual model underlying our privacy control service (targeted at a community of users) and discuss the most important requirements that should be conside- red in the design of such a service. Most of these requirements have guided the design and implementation of the Context Privacy Service (CoPS). This service has been integrated to the context provisioning services of the MoCA middleware.

The aim of this project is to develop a component able to retrieve taxi providers in Sweden, based on input of coordinates and a search radius. The result should be available in a well-structured and accessible way through an RESTful web service. The study is conducted based on a customer inquiry stating that the component should be built using open-source tools and be developed in such a way that allows the component, or parts of the component, to be integrated in a larger system. Therefore, a preliminary study was conducted in order to find suitable open-source tools that are able to solve the specific customer requirements. The component uses an ad hoc company search engine to retrieve the taxi providers, contact information and coordinates. Additional information needed for determining the correctness of the taxi providers are retrieved from external resources and a filtering process is then performed before they are saved in persistent store. The project is successful in solving the main purpose and most of the customer requirements, while the RESTful service is unable too fully meet the requirement stating that the component should be able to handle multiple concurrent clients while still maintain responsiveness. This, is mainly due to the decision not to use an ad hoc framework in handling geospatial data structures and calculations and was a trade-off to ensure re-usability and integration of the component in a larger system. / Avsikten med denna studie är att bygga en komponent som kan returnera taxiföretag i Sverige baserat på koordinater och en sökradie. Resultatet skall presenteras för användare eller andra tjänster på ett välstrukturerat och tillgängligt sätt via en RESTbaserat webbtjänst. Projektet är ett resultat av en kundförfrågan i vilken det även specificeras att komponenten skall använda sig av data eller verktyg som är fritt tillgängliga och att den skall vara byggd på ett sådant sätt att det går att använda hela, eller delar av, komponenten i ett större system. En kortare förstudie genomfördes med syfte att hitta lämpliga verktyg som bygger på öppen källkod för att lösa de specifika krav kunden ställt på komponenten. Komponenten använder sig av en sökmotor för företag-sök där resultaten görs tillgängliga via ett RESTbaserat API. Varje företag genomgår sedan en filtreringsprocess innan de sparas i databas för att avgöra om det uppfyller de kriterier som är uppsatta. Denna filtrering baseras på information som inhämtats genom en automatiserad process. Denna studie har varit framgångsrik i avseendet att bygga en komponent som kan returnera företag inom ett visst område baserat på koordinater och en given sökradie. Den uppfyller även de allra flesta av de krav kunden har satt upp, med undantag för det krav som efterfrågar en responsiv hantering av många samtidiga användare. Detta beror främst på valet att inte använda sig av ett ramverk avsett för hantering av geospatial data. Detta var en avvägning som gjordes för att försäkra sig om att komponenten skulle vara återanvändbar i ett större system.

Localizar objetos ou pessoas no interior de um edifício é de grande interesse. Contudo, diferentemente do que ocorre no exterior de edificações, não há metodologia consagrada para a determinação da posição desses entes nos edifícios. Para o posicionamento em locais abertos existem tecnologias consolidadas, como GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), a dificuldade em fazê-lo em interiores é maior. Nesses casos, o GNSS não pode ser utilizado, pois os sinais de rádio dos satélites não conseguem penetrar através das estruturas, enquanto que outras tecnologias são apenas incipientes nesse quesito. Abordagens habituais para a resolução dessa demanda têm se baseado na utilização de propagadores das ondas de rádio do GNSS, no uso da potência de sinais de redes sem fio ou, ainda, no emprego de transmissores infravermelhos. No entanto, uma técnica diferente pode ser empreendida para essa finalidade. Usando-se a assinatura das potências de rádio das redes sem fio nas imediações e no interior da edificação, é possível criar um mapa com base nesses sinais, permitindo a determinação da posição de um objeto. No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos um sistema para geração do mapa de sinais, com critério de parada e um método de cálculo de posicionamento. Procedeu-se, também, à análise de quatro critérios para o cálculo final da posição do objeto, baseados no uso da distância euclidiana com os conjuntos de roteadores disponíveis. Concluiu-se que, quando o mapa de sinais é pequeno, o posicionamento fracassou. Entretanto, quando a quantidade de sinais geradores do mapa aumenta, os resultados apresentaram melhora significativa, com resultados próximos a 100% de assertividade. Desse modo foi possível determinar uma estimativa boa para o número mínimo de roteadores presentes na base e estabelecer um critério de parada para a fase de criação do mapa de sinais. / Locate objects or person inside a building is a subject that matters. Although what occurs outdoor of a building, there is no consolidate methodology to define a position in an indoor environment. For outdoor positioning there is the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) a consolidate technology for outdoor usage with a lot of challenges to make this work in an indoor environment. In such cases, the GNSS cannot be used due to the lack of the sattelite radio signal, which cannot penetrate the walls and buildings structures, meanwhile other technologies are just incipient. Usual approaches using this approach are based in propagation of the GNSS radio signal, wi-fi based location or infrared transmitter. A different technique can be applied for indoor positioning. Using the wireless fingerprint in an indoor environment we created a radio map based on those signals, allowing the location of a mobile station. In the present research, we developed a system that generates a radio map (with a stop criteria) and a positioning calculation method. We concluded that when the radio map is small (with only a few measurements) the method cannot calculate accurately. However, with more measurements, the method succeeded and have a performance near a 100% of precision. In this way it was posible to estimate a number of access points needed for a building\'s range and define the stop criteria used in the radio map phase.

There have been a number of methods proposed for increasing the precision of mobile positioning systems. One of the latest methods is Assisted GPS, A-GPS, on the Secure User Plane for Location, SUPL, platform, which seems to be a very interesting alternative from TeliaSoneras perspective, thanks to minimal infrastructural investment costs. According to theory and lab testing A-GPS has the potential of providing a very good customer value in relation to the investment needed. There is, however, a great need to see the performance when used in real user environments and with real user equipment. This is the basis for the choice of field testing as the method used in this thesis. The result from the field tests conducted in this thesis shows that the performance of A-GPS is very good in outdoor environments, but when used in indoor environments, poor signal strength in combination with multipath and fading becomes a problem with low accuracy and long response times as a result. Using a hosted mapping service, in combination with A-GPS, provides the possibilities of launching location based services even outside the home network. TeliaSonera had already found such a hosted mapping service that matched their compatibility, and reliability, requirements. This thesis investigates this hosted mapping service further and finds that the quality of the cartographic presentation of the map information is very poor. The conclusion is that A-GPS performance, today, is limited by the hardware and algorithms used. If these are further adapted to indoor conditions, A-GPS has the potential of providing the customer value promised by the theoretical performance. For a successful launch of A-GPS services there is a great need of better cartographic presentation of map information, than what is currently is provided by the investigated hosted mapping service.

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<p>There have been a number of methods proposed for increasing the precision of mobile positioning systems. One of the latest methods is Assisted GPS, A-GPS, on the Secure User Plane for Location, SUPL, platform, which seems to be a very interesting alternative from TeliaSoneras perspective, thanks to minimal infrastructural investment costs.</p><p>According to theory and lab testing A-GPS has the potential of providing a very good customer value in relation to the investment needed.</p><p>There is, however, a great need to see the performance when used in real user environments and with real user equipment. This is the basis for the choice of field testing as the method used in this thesis.</p><p>The result from the field tests conducted in this thesis shows that the performance of A-GPS is very good in outdoor environments, but when used in indoor environments, poor signal strength in combination with multipath and fading becomes a problem with low accuracy and long response times as a result.</p><p>Using a hosted mapping service, in combination with A-GPS, provides the possibilities of launching location based services even outside the home network. TeliaSonera had already found such a hosted mapping service that matched their compatibility, and reliability, requirements. This thesis investigates this hosted mapping service further and finds that the quality of the cartographic presentation of the map information is very poor.</p><p>The conclusion is that A-GPS performance, today, is limited by the hardware and algorithms used. If these are further adapted to indoor conditions, A-GPS has the potential of providing the customer value promised by the theoretical performance. For a successful launch of A-GPS services there is a great need of better cartographic presentation of map information, than what is currently is provided by the investigated hosted mapping service.</p>

<p>Location-based services (LBS) contains of services helping users of finding positions of themselves or other objects. LBS applications can present information in varies types of ways, these could be threw speech, text, geographic symbols, photos etc. Not many studies have been done to examine the aspects of LBS communication and there is a demand for user and context centered mapping.</p><p>The purpose of this report is to present a model for the development of user and context based services. The model will give guide lines of recommendations when implementing LBS. The different technologies that support LBS will also be noticed. I will also discuss if LBS can be supported of privacy. This thesis will include discussions on laws when dealing with LBS. Complications of implementing the technique will be addressed.</p><p>For this study I will use Järvinens (2004) methodology guidelines from the book “On research methods”.</p><p>In the conclusion you can read distinguish guide lines that I have set up for development of LBS. To answer the problem formulation stated earlier I have made a division of three aspects that define usage of LBS: Standardization, usability and privacy.</p> / <p>Lokaliseringsbaserade tjänster (LBS) innehåller tjänster som hjälper användaren att hitta positionen av dem själva eller andra objekt. LBS applikationer kan presentera information på många olika sätt genom bl. a tal, text, geografiska symboler foton mm. Inte många studier har gjorts som undersöker de olika aspekterna av LBS kommunikation, det finns även ett begär av en användar- och kontextcentrerade kartläggning.</p><p>Syftet med denna rapport är att presentera en modell för hur man kan använda LBS för användar- och kontextbaserade tjänster. Modellen kommer att ge riktlinjer som rekommenderas vid implementering av LBS. Tekniken LBS kommer även uppmärksammas och förklaras. En redogörelse för om tekniken LBS innebär att man kompromissar med integriteten hos personer kommer även att göras. I detta dokument kommer det även att diskutera vilka lagar som hanterar personuppgifter och om de är tillräckliga för att skydda personer för dagens och framtidens LBS tjänster. Komplikationerna av att implementera tekniken kommer adresseras i rapporten.</p><p>Metoden i denna rapport följer många av Järvinens ”On research methods” (2004) anvisningar.</p><p>I slutsatsen urskiljs de riktlinjer som diskuterats fram för användandet av LBS. För att besvara problemformuleringen har en uppdelning gjorts i tre tydliga aspekter inom LBS området: Standardisering, användbarhet och integritet.</p>

Localizar objetos ou pessoas no interior de um edifício é de grande interesse. Contudo, diferentemente do que ocorre no exterior de edificações, não há metodologia consagrada para a determinação da posição desses entes nos edifícios. Para o posicionamento em locais abertos existem tecnologias consolidadas, como GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), a dificuldade em fazê-lo em interiores é maior. Nesses casos, o GNSS não pode ser utilizado, pois os sinais de rádio dos satélites não conseguem penetrar através das estruturas, enquanto que outras tecnologias são apenas incipientes nesse quesito. Abordagens habituais para a resolução dessa demanda têm se baseado na utilização de propagadores das ondas de rádio do GNSS, no uso da potência de sinais de redes sem fio ou, ainda, no emprego de transmissores infravermelhos. No entanto, uma técnica diferente pode ser empreendida para essa finalidade. Usando-se a assinatura das potências de rádio das redes sem fio nas imediações e no interior da edificação, é possível criar um mapa com base nesses sinais, permitindo a determinação da posição de um objeto. No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos um sistema para geração do mapa de sinais, com critério de parada e um método de cálculo de posicionamento. Procedeu-se, também, à análise de quatro critérios para o cálculo final da posição do objeto, baseados no uso da distância euclidiana com os conjuntos de roteadores disponíveis. Concluiu-se que, quando o mapa de sinais é pequeno, o posicionamento fracassou. Entretanto, quando a quantidade de sinais geradores do mapa aumenta, os resultados apresentaram melhora significativa, com resultados próximos a 100% de assertividade. Desse modo foi possível determinar uma estimativa boa para o número mínimo de roteadores presentes na base e estabelecer um critério de parada para a fase de criação do mapa de sinais. / Locate objects or person inside a building is a subject that matters. Although what occurs outdoor of a building, there is no consolidate methodology to define a position in an indoor environment. For outdoor positioning there is the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) a consolidate technology for outdoor usage with a lot of challenges to make this work in an indoor environment. In such cases, the GNSS cannot be used due to the lack of the sattelite radio signal, which cannot penetrate the walls and buildings structures, meanwhile other technologies are just incipient. Usual approaches using this approach are based in propagation of the GNSS radio signal, wi-fi based location or infrared transmitter. A different technique can be applied for indoor positioning. Using the wireless fingerprint in an indoor environment we created a radio map based on those signals, allowing the location of a mobile station. In the present research, we developed a system that generates a radio map (with a stop criteria) and a positioning calculation method. We concluded that when the radio map is small (with only a few measurements) the method cannot calculate accurately. However, with more measurements, the method succeeded and have a performance near a 100% of precision. In this way it was posible to estimate a number of access points needed for a building\'s range and define the stop criteria used in the radio map phase.

Location-based services (LBS) contains of services helping users of finding positions of themselves or other objects. LBS applications can present information in varies types of ways, these could be threw speech, text, geographic symbols, photos etc. Not many studies have been done to examine the aspects of LBS communication and there is a demand for user and context centered mapping. The purpose of this report is to present a model for the development of user and context based services. The model will give guide lines of recommendations when implementing LBS. The different technologies that support LBS will also be noticed. I will also discuss if LBS can be supported of privacy. This thesis will include discussions on laws when dealing with LBS. Complications of implementing the technique will be addressed. For this study I will use Järvinens (2004) methodology guidelines from the book “On research methods”. In the conclusion you can read distinguish guide lines that I have set up for development of LBS. To answer the problem formulation stated earlier I have made a division of three aspects that define usage of LBS: Standardization, usability and privacy. / Lokaliseringsbaserade tjänster (LBS) innehåller tjänster som hjälper användaren att hitta positionen av dem själva eller andra objekt. LBS applikationer kan presentera information på många olika sätt genom bl. a tal, text, geografiska symboler foton mm. Inte många studier har gjorts som undersöker de olika aspekterna av LBS kommunikation, det finns även ett begär av en användar- och kontextcentrerade kartläggning. Syftet med denna rapport är att presentera en modell för hur man kan använda LBS för användar- och kontextbaserade tjänster. Modellen kommer att ge riktlinjer som rekommenderas vid implementering av LBS. Tekniken LBS kommer även uppmärksammas och förklaras. En redogörelse för om tekniken LBS innebär att man kompromissar med integriteten hos personer kommer även att göras. I detta dokument kommer det även att diskutera vilka lagar som hanterar personuppgifter och om de är tillräckliga för att skydda personer för dagens och framtidens LBS tjänster. Komplikationerna av att implementera tekniken kommer adresseras i rapporten. Metoden i denna rapport följer många av Järvinens ”On research methods” (2004) anvisningar. I slutsatsen urskiljs de riktlinjer som diskuterats fram för användandet av LBS. För att besvara problemformuleringen har en uppdelning gjorts i tre tydliga aspekter inom LBS området: Standardisering, användbarhet och integritet.