Background: Life-cycle costing (LCC) is an investment calculation that takes into account operating costs throughout the investee lifecycle. LCC calculations are mainly used to evaluate investments that have no revenue side. Attempts to apply the LCC calculations for building-related investments have occurred since the 1980s. Despite the advantages of using LCC calculations, use has not passed through in full. The main obstacles have been identified as a lack of relevant input data, and insufficient experience of working with LCC calculations. The results of calculations are perceived as being unreliable. Purpose : The purpose of this thesis is to investigate problems related to the input data of LCC calculations and interpretation of their results and to propose measures that will reduce the extent of these problems. Method: The thesis is based on an abductive approach, where the interaction between theory and empirical data was the starting point. Collected data have been qualitative, both primary and secondary. Secondary data consisted of performed LCC calculations and input data, and primary data consisted of semi-structured interviews with five respondents working at constructors in the construction industry. Results, conclusions: The result of this thesis show large differences in how clients are working with LCC calculations within the construction industry. The concept of LCC calculation is not completely established or standardized, and many in the industry lack knowledge of how the estimates should be presented and interpreted. There is a lack of knowledge on how the discount rate used in the calculations is determined. In many cases this includes those who perform the calculations. The conclusions include that the use of default values for input in the LCC calculations do not sufficiently take into account the complexity of the input data. To improve the performance calculation must be based on actual conditions in each case, such as energy prices and energy price increases. Analysis of results in the form of sensitivity analysis, today performed in many different ways, can be significantly improved.

The China¡¦s aviation market has the hugest potential guest group in the world and the special geographical environment disadvantage developing surface transportation, in addition, the economic reform in recent years effect regional civic aviation market positive significantly. In fact, the China regional civic aviation really had some unprecedented progress, and the regional civic aviation environment also had certain improvement, however, the further development for China regional civic aviation was facing another challenge. The research discovered that, the China regional civic aviation got different character. For example, the China¡¦s northwest area regional civic aviation start more early; The southwest province regional civic aviation develop more quickly; The southeast area regional civic aviation passenger has the high payment ability. In sum, the China regional civic aviation market is ubiquitous, how to choose correct market policy and proper regional civic airplane and the network would lead regional civic aviation to obtain the political and economic benefit

The flooring industry is a market that constantly changing every year with new products and improvements. The purpose of this report is to uncover which of the floors, linoleum and vinyl with or without PUR reinforced surface has the lowest life cycle cost for the customer over a 30-year period. The scope of the study is to investigate the three different floors in the public sector in Sweden, Norway, and Finland. A similar study was made many years ago where remarkable result was uncovered. The way used to determining the result in this study is made by two different methods within the LCC. The LCC calculations in this study are based on the primary data collections; qualitative interviews, time study, and observations. Secondary data have also been used in the report. When a customer invests in a floor there are three major costs purchasing, installation, and maintenance. Maintenance will ultimately be the biggest cost because it extends over the entire life cycle while the others are two fixed costs. The analysis uncover that the amount of water and chemical usage to maintain the floors has reduced since the old study. The consumption that has increased is the energy, a result from the increase usage of cleaning machines in the public sector. The most profitable floor to invest in is the vinyl with PUR reinforced surface. This floor has in Sweden and Norway a higher purchasing price than linoleum and vinyl without PUR reinforced surface but in the long run (30 years) its total life cycle cost are lesser than the two others. If the public sector in Sweden invests in a vinyl floor with reinforced PUR surface instead of a vinyl without PUR, the life cycle cost at a hospital or municipality will be reduced by 16,3 percent.

Transportsektorn står för en fjärdedel av Sveriges totala energianvändning och är orsaken till en tredjedel av de nationella utsläppen av växthusgaser. Samtidigt har regeringen satt upp högt ställda mål: fordonsflottan ska vara fossiloberoende år 2030 och Sverige ska inte ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser år 2050. För att nå dit krävs det snabba och kraftfulla förändringar i transportsektorn. Elektrifiering har pekats ut som en nyckelfaktor för framgång. Men för att eldrivna fordon fullt ut ska kunna konkurrera och ersätta det fossildrivna systemet, krävs det satsningar på ny infrastruktur. Snabbladdare har redan börjat byggas på många håll, där eldrivna personbilar kan ladda sitt batteri på kort tid. Elvägar är ett samlingsnamn för innovativa tekniker där fordon, inklusive lastbilar, laddas med el från vägbanan medan de kör. Men vilken eller vilka tekniker är de mest strategiska stegen, språngbrädor, på väg mot en hållbar framtid och vad kännetecknar egentligen en sådan? Det här arbetet utgår ifrån ramverket för strategisk hållbar utveckling som kan användas för att planera mot hållbarhet i komplexa system. Dess kärna består av backcasting utifrån fyra grundläggande principer för hållbarhet. Studien använder en kombination av olika metoder för att undersöka snabbladdningsinfrastrukturens och elvägars miljöpåverkan och kostnader ur ett strategiskt livscykelperspektiv. Den kunskapen används sedan för att bygga modeller för hur utsläppen till miljön förändras per investerad krona, också beroende på hur den använda elen produceras. Resultaten visar på en stor potential för minskad miljöpåverkan för båda tekniker som dock i hög grad är beroende på elmixen. Arbetet har också visat att det är viktigt att inkludera själva infrastrukturens miljöpåverkan i livscykelanalyser då den kan spela en betydande roll. Slutligen kunde förtydligas att det i många fall inte är utsläppen av koldioxidekvivalenter som utgör den största miljöpåverkan. Därför appelleras till att utgå ifrån ett mer holistiskt perspektiv vid miljöpåverkansbedömningar. Det har även identifierats ett antal betydande faktorer som det fortfarande råder stor osäkerhet kring. Det rekommenderas därför att fylla kunskapsluckor och att utöka modellerna med både fler alternativ och fler faktorer för att få en mer detaljerad bild av vilken teknik som kan leda Sverige mot en hållbar framtid. / The transport sector accounts for one fourth of Sweden’s total energy use and causes one third of the national emissions of greenhouse gases. At the same time, the Swedish government has set high goals: the vehicle fleet shall be fossil-independent until 2020 and Sweden shall not have any net emissions of greenhouse gases 2050. Quick and powerful actions are needed in order to reach these goals. Electrification has been pointed out as a key factor for success. In order for electric vehicles to be able to challenge and replace the fossil system, investment in new infrastructure is necessary. Fast chargers, where passenger cars can recharge their battery in short time, are already in place in many parts of Sweden. Electric roads is a term for new and innovative technologies where vehicles are charged from the road while they are driving. But which technique is the most strategic stepping stone on the way to sustainability? This study has its ground in the framework for strategic sustainable development which can be used to plan for sustainability in complex systems. At its core it uses backcasting from four basic sustainability principles. This work uses a combination of different methods to investigate the environmental impact and costs of fast charging infrastructure and electric roads from a strategic life cycle perspective. That information is then used to build models to take a closer look at how emissions to the environment change per invested Swedish crown, also dependent on how the used electricity is produced. The results show a large potential to decrease the environmental impact for both techniques, but it is strongly dependent on the electricity mix. Furthermore, this work shows that is is important to include the environmental impact of the infrastructure itself in life cycle analyses, because it can has a significant share in the total emissions. Finally, it is pointed out that it often not is the case that the emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents are the most important impact. It is therefore crucial to use a more holistic perspective in life cycle impact assessments. This work has identified a number of factors with large relevance but also large uncertainty. It is therefore recommended to fill the identified knowledge gaps and to expand the presented models with more factors and more alternative techniques, to get a more detailed picture of which solution is the best stepping stone on Sweden’s way to a sustainable future. / Greencharge Sydost

Sewage sludge is currently being disposed by spreading it out on fields, an action that recycles important nutrients such as phosphorus, but also leads to heavy metal contamination. With impeding regulation changes, possibly making it harder or impossible to keep current practice, waste water treatment plants are reviewing their options. One solution could be mono-incineration with phosphorus recovery. However, to make the sludge have a heating value high enough to avoid support fuel it needs to be thermally dried, which requires large amounts of heat. Moreover, large investments would have to be made, creating a more complex system than the current one. Industrial symbiosis could be the solution for making it both more economically and environmentally sustainable and possible, as it is possible to utilise waste heat for the drying, and collaborating with a waste incineration company to incinerate the sludge. Setting up an industrial symbiosis exchange is not always simple; knowing who benefits from what, and who should pay for what investment can be complicated. Moreover, it is often assumed that industrial symbiosis exchanges are environmentally sustainable, but it is not always the case. To better understand how costs should be allocated, and how exchanges should look to be both economically and environmentally sustainable, the methods life cycle analysis (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCC) are suitable to use, as they allow a full view of the system, which can be broken down into different processes. The aim of this study is to see how LCA and LCC can be used on a planned symbiosis project to assess environmental and economical impacts. The results that were found was that using waste heat instead of primary produced heat was not necessarily better, both economically and environmentally in the categories acidification, eutrophication, and global warming potential. If the drying could take place solely during warmer months, through use of storage, then the heat could be produced through waste incineration, creating electricity to sell and replace marginal electricity. There was no clear cut answer to which scenario was better of the thirteen looked at in this study, as different scenarios were better in different categories, which proved the necessity of doing an LCA and a LCC, or similar methods. Moreover, the larger investments were not always the most profitable, even in the best economical scenario, showing the risk of unequal cost distribution. Similarly, the best scenario to avoid global warming potential involved using storage of dried sludge, increasing emissions for the one responsible for the storage, whilst decreasing emissions for incineration substantially. In summary, performing a LCA and a LCC on a planned symbiosis exchange can both show how different choices affect different categories, and help mitigate risks of uneven distribution of both costs and emissions.

RODRIGUES,F.H.A. Ação antioxidante de derivados do líquido da castanha de cajú (LCC) sobre a degradação termooxidativa do POLI (1,4-CIS-ISOPRENO) 2006. 160 f. Tese (Doutorado em Química Inorgânica) – Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2006. / Submitted by irlana araujo (irlanaaraujo@gmail.com) on 2011-11-25T18:29:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_Tes_Fran Rodrigues.pdf: 3601551 bytes, checksum: 5beaf237575418e5ffbaf453a12d9de0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Nascimento(vieiraaline@yahoo.com.br) on 2011-11-26T11:52:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_Tes_Fran Rodrigues.pdf: 3601551 bytes, checksum: 5beaf237575418e5ffbaf453a12d9de0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-11-26T11:52:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_Tes_Fran Rodrigues.pdf: 3601551 bytes, checksum: 5beaf237575418e5ffbaf453a12d9de0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-11 / Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a mixture of meta-alkyl-phenols which varies on its degree of unsaturation attached to the benzene nucleus. The kinetic study of the thermal degradation at 140°C of synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene film, in the absence and presence of technical and natural CNSL and some derivatives (anacardic acid, cardol, cardanol, hydrogenated cardanol and alkylated hydrogenated cardanol) was carried out by infrared spectroscopy through the evolution of the relative absorbance of the bands in 3450 cm-1, 1720 cm-1 and 835 cm-1. The amount of hydroxyl and carbonyl group formed and also of carbon double bond consumed during the degradation was determined. All material studied showed antioxidant activity that was verified by an increase in the induction period and a decrease in the apparent rate constants of thermal-oxidation. The antioxidant effectiveness is higher for the addition of 3% (w/w) of technical CNSL derivatives, except for alkylated cardanol. The antioxidant effectiveness is higher for the addition of 2% (w/w) of natural CNSL derivatives, except for anacardic acid and pure. Based on kinetic parameters the order of antioxidant activity for technical CNSL derivative was: CNSL >> cardanol ≅ hydrogenated and alkylated cardanol >> hydrogenated cardanol. For natural CNSL components the order was: cardol > cardanol >> CNSL >> Anacardic acid. Thermogravimetric analyses reveals that the addition of LCC derivatives provide stabilization of PIS in atmosphere of nitrogen, as well as in synthetic air. The commercial antioxidants: IPPD (N-isopropyl-N-phenil-p-phenilene-diamine), DPPD (N,N’-phenil-p- phenilene-diamine), Banox H (2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihidroquinoline-polimerizade) and Banox S (phenol styrened) presented a quite superior activity, except for BHT (2,6-di-terc-buthyl-4-methyl-phenol. Among β-naftol derivatives, AO-3 (1,6-diamine-β-naftol) presented a similar antioxidant activity to IPPD, although with smaller values of the apparent rate constants. On the other hand, the derivatives AO-1 (6-N-ethyl, N-ethylamine-β-naftol) and AO-2 (6-N-ethyl,N-diethylamine-β-naftol) presented a quite superior antioxidant activity when compared to LCC derivatives, but inferior to AO-3. / O líquido da castanha de caju (LCC) é constituído de uma mistura de fenóis com uma longa cadeia alquilíca na posição meta, possuindo diferentes graus de insaturações. O estudo cinético da degradação termooxidativa a 140ºC de filme de poli(1,4-cis-isopreno) sintético (PIS), na ausência e presença do LCC técnico e natural e seus derivados (ácido anacárdico, cardol, cardanol, cardanol hidrogenado e cardanol hidrogenado e alquilado), foi monitorado por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho através do acompanhamento da absorbância relativa das bandas em 3450 cm-1, 1720 cm-1 e 835 cm-1. O tempo de indução (τi) e as constantes aparentes de velocidade para a formação de produtos contendo hidróxido (kOH) e carbonila (kC=O) e para o consumo das ligações duplas da cadeia (kC=C) foram os parâmetros utilizados. Todos os materiais estudados apresentaram efeito estabilizante na degradação térmica do PIS, evidenciado pelo aumento do tempo de indução e a diminuição das constantes aparentes de velocidade. Análise das variações de kOH, kC=O, kC=C e τi indica que o mecanismo de ação independe dos derivados do LCC. A maior efetividade dos derivados do LCC técnico é próxima a 3 % (m/m), com exceção do cardol e HAlqcardanol. Por outro lado, a maior efetividade dos derivados do LCC natural (cardol e cardanol) é próxima a 2 % (m/m), com exceção do ácido anacárdico e do próprio LCC. A atividade antioxidante dos derivados do LCC depende da quantidade de material polimerizado presentes neles. Baseado nos parâmetros cinéticos, a ordem de atividade antioxidante para os derivados do LCC técnico foi: LCC > cardol >> cardanol ≅ cardanol hidrogenado e alquilado > cardanol hidrogenado. Para os derivados do LCC natural a ordem foi: cardol > cardanol >> LCC natural >> ácido anacárdico. Análise termogravimétrica revela que a adição de derivados do LCC provoca estabilização do PIS quando degradado tanto em atmosfera de nitrogênio, como em ar sintético. Os antioxidantes comerciais testados: IPPD (N-isopropil-N-fenil-p-fenileno-diamina), DPPD (N,N’-fenil-p-fenileno-diamina), Banox H (2,2,4-trimetil-1,2-dihidroquinolina-polimerizado) e Banox S (fenol estirenado) apresentaram uma atividade bastante superior, com exceção do BHT (2,6-di-terc-butil-4-metil-fenol). Dentre os derivados do β-naftol, o AO-3 (1,6-diamino-β-naftol) apresentou uma atividade antioxidante similar ao IPPD, embora com menores valores de constantes aparentes de velocidade. Por outro lado, os derivados AO-1 (6-N-etil, N-etilamino-β-naftol) e AO-2 (6-N-etil,N-dietilamino-β-naftol) apresentaram uma atividade antioxidante um pouco superior que os derivados do LCC, mas inferior ao AO-3.

A sÃntese de porfirinas e metaloporfirinas vÃm se tornando cada vez mais crescente devido as suas aplicaÃÃes em processos tecnolÃgicos e medicinais, os quais envolvem modificaÃÃes quÃmicas atravÃs da introduÃÃo de diferentes substituintes e Ãons metÃlicos no anel macrociclo. Essas modificaÃÃes provocam mudanÃas nas propriedades espectroscÃpicas destes compostos decorrentes da perturbaÃÃo do sistema π conjugado. Assim, o presente trabalho envolve a sÃntese, caracterizaÃÃo e a investigaÃÃo das propriedades espectroscÃpicas de duas meso porfirinas com cadeias laterais diferenciadas, a 5,10,15,20-tetra-[4-(2-(3-n-pentadecilfenoxi)etoxi]fenilporfirina e a 5,10,15,20-tetra-4-[3-(3-n-pentadecilfenoxi)propoxi]fenilporfirina, ambas derivadas do cardanol, um dos constituintes do LÃquido da Casca da Castanha de Caju (LCC), alÃm da obtenÃÃo do complexo metalado com o Ãon tÃrbio [Tb(3-n-PDPP)(acac)]. O espectro de absorÃÃo UV-Vis das meso porfirinas, apresentou um conjunto de bandas as quais sÃo compatÃveis com as meso estruturas: uma banda Soret λ= 422 e 424 nm e quatro bandas Q entre 500 e 649 nm. O espectro de fluorescÃncia das meso porfirinas apresentou uma banda de emissÃo intensa em λ= 654-658 nm e outra de pouca intensidade em λ=713-716 nm. O espectro de excitaÃÃo apresentou o mesmo perfil do espectro de absorÃÃo, revelando que a emissÃo advÃm das absorÃÃes das bandas Soret e Q, gerando a transiÃÃo radiativa fluorescente. Quanto à forma metalada [Tb(3-n-PDPP)(acac)], fatores como a escolha do sal de tÃrbio, o solvente e a estequiometria da reaÃÃo foram determinantes para sua obtenÃÃo. As anÃlises de caracterizaÃÃo para o complexo obtiveram os seguintes resultados: reduÃÃo do nÃmero de bandas Q; ausÃncia do sinal referente aos hidrogÃnios centrais da porfirina no espectro de RMN de 1H (-2,4 ppm); presenÃa de uma banda caracterÃstica de deformaÃÃo axial do grupamento C=O referente ao ligante axial acetilacetonato; presenÃa de trÃs bandas em λ= 597 nm, λ= 654 nm e λ= 718 nm no espectro de emissÃo de fluorescÃncia. TambÃm foi determinado o rendimento quÃntico das duas porfirinas base livre e dos complexos com os Ãons metÃlicos zinco e tÃrbio, com o intuito de verificar a influÃncia do Ãon metÃlico e dos substituintes laterais nas propriedades espectroscÃpicas destes compostos. / The synthesis of porphyrins and metalloporphyrins have become growing consistently due to their applications in technological and medical processes, which involve chemical modifications by introducing different substituents and metal ions in the macrocycle ring. These modifications cause changes in the spectroscopic properties of these compounds resulting from the disturbance of the π conjugated system. Therefore, this work involves the synthesis, characterization and investigation of the spectroscopic properties of two meso porphyrins with different side chains, the 5,10,15,20-tetra[4-(2-(3-n-pentadecilfenoxi) ethoxy] phenilporphyrin and 5,10,15,20-tetrahydro-4-[3-(3-n-pentadecilfenoxi)propoxy] phenilporphyrin, both derived from cardanol, one of the components of the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), further obtaining the metalated complex with the Terbium ion [Tb (3-n-PDPP)(acac)]. The absorption spectrum of the UV-Vis meso porphyrins, presented a set of bands which are consistent with the meso structures: a Soret band λ = 422 and 424 nm and four Q bands between 500 and 649 nm. The fluorescence spectrum from porphyrins meso showed an intense emission band λ = 654-658 nm and another low intensity at λ = 713-716 nm. The excitation spectrum showed the same absorption spectrum profile, showing that the emission arises from absorption of the Soret and Q bands, generating fluorescent radiative transition. As for the metalated form [Tb (3-n-PDPP) (acac)], factors like the choice of Terbium salt, solvent and reaction stoichiometry were determinant to obtain it. The characterization analysis of the complex gave the following results: reduction the number of Q bands; absence of the signal relating to the central porphyrin hydrogens in the 1H NMR spectrum (-2,4 ppm); presence of a band characteristic of the axial deformation of the C=O group regarding the axial ligand acetylacetonate; the presence of three bands at λ = 597 nm, λ = 654 nm and λ = 718 nm on the fluorescence emission spectrum. It was also determined the quantum yield of the two porphyrin free base and complexes with the metal ions zinc and terbium, in order to verify the influence of metal ion and the side substituents on the spectroscopic properties of these compounds.

Det går att spara mycket energi i befintliga offentliga fastigheter och lokaler. Sveriges landsting har under 2009-2016 sparat omkring 180 miljoner kronor i minskade energikostnader på årsbasis (SKL 2016). Livscykelkostnadskalkyler (LCC) lyfts fram av forskare som del i svaret för att överkomma brister och/eller identifiera framgångsfaktorer för hållbart byggande (Gluch 2014). Landstingen i Värmland och Dalarna är bäst i Sverige på energieffektvisering (SKL 2016) och har arbetat strategiskt och framgångsrikt med energifrågor sedan 1990 talet och har använt sig av LCC i omkring 10 år. Hur arbetar de med LCC i praktiken?

En byggnads värme- och varmvattenbehov utgör en stor del av dess totala energibehov. Vilket värmesystem som väljs blir därmed viktigt för att bli så ekonomiskt gynnsamt och miljömässigt bra som möjligt. Två vanliga värmekällor för flerbostadshus är bergvärme och fjärrvärme eftersom bergvärmen har en låg driftkostnad medans fjärrvärmen finns tillgänglig i de flesta städer samtidigt som båda systemen har låg miljöpåverkan. Syftet med studien är att koldioxidutsläpp på värmesystem ska vara så låga som möjligt till ett lågt pris. Målet med studien är därför att undersöka om ett kombinerat system bestående av bergvärme och fjärrvärme står sig ekonomiskt och miljömässigt bra i relation till ett bergvärmesystem eller ett fjärrvärmesystem på fyra platser i Sverige, Halmstad, Karlstad, Östersund och Luleå. Anledningarna till de olika städerna är dels att byggnadens värmebehov kommer att variera men även eftersom berget levererar olika mycket värmeeffekt. Beräkningarna sker för ett flerbostadshus med närmare 500 lägenheter ovanför ett uppvärmt garage med en total area på ungefär 26 500m2. Byggnadens energibehov och antalet värmepumpar som behövdes beräknades över ett år i simuleringsprogrammet HPC2 och används sedan för att bygga upp en LCC-kalkyl och göra miljöberäkningar i Excel. Resultatet från LCC-kalkylen visar att värmepumpsystemet är det mest ekonomiskt gynnsamma systemet följt av det kombinerade systemet och att fjärrvärmesystemet hade högst nuvärde i samtliga städer. Miljöpåverkan i Halmstad och Karlstad var lägst för värmepumpsystemet följt av det kombinerade systemet och även här hade fjärrvärmesystemet högst miljöpåverkan. I Östersund har det kombinerade systemet lägst miljöpåverkan, följt av värmepumpsystemet och högst har fjärrvärmesystemet. I Luleå har fjärrvärmesystemet lägst miljöpåverkan, följt av det kombinerade systemet och värmepumpsystemet. / A building's heating and warmwater needs make up a large part of its total energy needs and thus it becomes important which heating system is chosen to be economically favorable and environmentally sound as possible. Two common heat sources for multi-dwelling houses are geothermal heating and district heating, geothermal heating has a low operating cost while district heating is available in most Swedish cities, both having a low environmental impact. The aim of the study is to investigate whether a combined system consisting of geothermal heating and district heating is performing well both economically and environmentally in relation to a geothermal heating system or a district heating system at four locations in Sweden, Halmstad, Karlstad, Östersund and Luleå. The reason for evaluating the different cities is that the building's heating needs will vary but also because the mountain delivers different heating effect. The calculations are made over a multi-dwelling house with almost 500 apartments above a heated garage with a total area of approximately 26,500 m2. The building's energy needs, and the number of heat pumps needed were calculated over one year in the HPC2 simulation program and it was then used to build up an LCC calculation to make environmental and financial calculations in Excel. The result from the LCC calculation show that the heat pump system is the most economically favorable system followed by the combined system and that the district heating system had the highest value in all cities. The environmental impact in Halmstad and Karlstad was the lowest for the heat pump system followed by the combined system, and even here, the district heating system had the highest environmental impact. In Östersund, the combined system has the lowest environmental impact, followed by the heat pump system and the district heating system had the highest environmental impact. In Luleå, the district heating system has the lowest environmental impact, followed by the combined system and highest was the heat pump system.

En betydande andel av byggnaderna i Sverige, såväl som i Norrbotten, besitter någon form av kulturhistoriska värden som bör bevaras. Byggnaderna omfattas ofta av olika typer av skyddsbestämmelser som på något sätt syftar till att bevara dessa värden. Fastighetsägare kan ändå i hög grad ha skäl att överväga olika typer av ändringar på dem. Tidigare studier har pekat ut kostnaden som en viktig faktor för fastighetsägare när de ska ta beslut om renoveringar eller andra typer av ändringar. Varsam renovering är ett begrepp som bland annat syftar till att anpassa ändringar på byggnader till dess kulturhistoriska värden och byggnadsdelars befintliga potential. Den stora variation i förutsättningar och omfattning som kännetecknar ändringar på kulturhistoriskt värdefulla byggnader gör det dock svårare att på förhand uppskatta kostnader för olika typer av åtgärder på dem jämfört med på byggnader utan dessa värden.  Syftet med den här studien är att bidra med ökad förståelse om kostnader för varsamma renoveringsåtgärder. Målet är att identifiera och analysera kostnader för vanliga varsamma renoveringsåtgärder och att i en fallstudie jämföra dem med alternativa renoveringsåtgärder där hänsyn till kulturhistoriska värden inte prioriteras på samma sätt. Fokus låg på åtgärder på byggnaders klimatskal med en geografisk avgränsning till Norrbotten och Västerbotten.  Studien bestod av två delar. Den första delen utgjordes av en kartläggning av vanliga varsamma renoveringsåtgärder och kostnader för dem. Kartläggningen inleddes med framtagandet av ett teoretiskt ramverk som omfattar centrala begrepp, förutsättningar och utmaningar vid kostnadsuppskattningen av den typen av åtgärder. Därefter utfördes en datainsamling via direktkontakter med yrkesverksamma och dokumentstudier av bidragsärenden och tidigare genomförda projekt inom byggnadsvård. I den andra delen genomfördes en fallstudie där varsamma renoveringsåtgärder för tak, fasader och fönster applicerades teoretiskt på en fallstudiebyggnad som pekats ut som kulturhistoriskt värdefull. De analyserades med avseende på livscykelkostnader och jämfördes med åtgärder som tagits fram utan krav på antikvarisk hänsyn.  I det teoretiska ramverket togs en definition av begreppet varsamma renoveringsåtgärder fram som innefattade åtgärder där bevarande av kulturhistoriska värden och befintliga material prioriteras framför andra faktorer. I kartläggningen identifierades ett antal olika sådana åtgärder som bedömdes vara vanliga i Norrbotten och i viss mån även Västerbotten. Lagningar på timmerstommar och renovering av fönster var de åtgärder som identifierats flest gånger och på ett brett urval av olika byggnadstyper. I fallstudien kunde skillnader i kostnader mellan de åtgärder som bedömts som varsamma och de åtgärder som tagits fram utan krav på antikvarisk hänsyn påvisas. Tidigare studier har lyft fram att kraven på traditionella material och tekniker gör det dyrare att utföra ändringar på kulturhistoriskt värdefulla byggnader. Resultatet från den här studien visade att investerings- och livscykelkostnaden snarare beror på en rad faktorer, som bland annat byggnadens skick, det antikvariska förhållningssättet och avkastningskravet. Ett fortlöpande underhåll med traditionella material visade sig kunna vara lönsamt ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv under vissa förutsättningar. Om däremot byggnadsdelar eller material behövde bytas ut var det dyrare med traditionella material och tekniker. Underhållsplanering lyftes fram som ett sätt att undvika dyra restaureringar och parera osäkerheter avseende åtgärders omfattning. I studien uppskattades kostnader för vanliga varsamma renoveringsåtgärder genom att utgå från kostnader i tidigare genomförda projekt. Med utgångspunkt i resultaten skulle framtida studier bland annat kunna fokusera ännu mer på enbart några specifika åtgärder i kombination med miljöpåverkan.