The concept transitional justice refers to a wide range of measures which are applied in times of political and societal transformation. Its starting point is a state of widespread and grave violations of human rights which is typical for undemocratic rules, for times of conflicts including both national and international, but it also existed within some of traditionally democratic countries such as Canada or New Zealand in a form of systematic discrimination against the indigenous population. The target of transitional justice measures is to establish democratic system which protects human rights and fundamental freedoms as a reliable guarantee of sustainable peace. Transitional justice is sometimes considered to fall within measures strengthening the rule of law however some steps such as vetting may temporarily deform the rule of law and equality of citizens before the law which is its integral part. International law regulates transitional justice measures by means of international humanitarian law, international human rights law and international criminal law. International criminal law, or more generally measures of criminal law nature, has been in modern history the primary response to breaches of human rights. Later, other measures were added including those of judicial and non - judicial...

Ce travail porte sur la gouvernance mutualiste. A partir d’un cadre d’analyse fondé sur la légitimité, nous avons cherché à comprendre comment s’exprime la légitimité en contexte mutualiste aujourd’hui. La proposition faite est qu’il existe nécessairement un gap entre la légitimité construite par les dirigeants et la légitimité perçue par les parties prenantes. Les dirigeants déploient alors des stratégies de légitimation par une communication mutualiste. Le modèle mutualiste deviendrait un outil de gestion des parties prenantes. Dans une phase de recherche quantitative auprès des parties prenantes impliquées, nous identifions un socle commun partagé ainsi qu’un gap mutualiste, qui porte sur la perception que l’entreprise maîtrise son projet et contribue au territoire. Une typologie des parties prenantes est dressée autour d’un clivage horizontal. L’analyse qualitative de discours révèle des systèmes de références sensiblement différents selon les entreprises. Nous distinguons trois approches dans la gestion de la légitimité en contexte mutualiste : communicationnelle, politique et managériale. / This work concerns the mutualist governance. From a frame of analysis based on legitimacy theory, we tried to understand how appears legitimacy in mutual organisation context today. The proposal is that it exists inevitably a gap between the legitimacy built by managers and the legitimacy perceived by the stakeholders. Managers display then strategies of legitimization by a communication based on mutualist references. The mutualist model would become a management tool. In a phase of quantitative research with the involved stakeholders, we identify a common base shared between stakeholders, as well as a mutualist gap, which concerns the perception that the company masters its projet and contributes to the territory. A typology of the stakeholders is drawn up around a horizontal split. The qualitative analysis of speech reveals different patterns, based on communication, politics and management.

La grande distribution s'est imposée au cours de la deuxième moitié du XXIème siècle comme un acteur incontournable, voire comme une institution. En ce début de XXIème siècle, elle est confrontée à une crise de légitimité liée notamment aux conflits dans ses relations avec ses fournisseurs. Le développement de la grande distribution au Maroc prend un chemin comparable aux trajectoires observées dans des pays comme les Etats-Unis et la France, avec l'émergence d'acteurs incontournables comme Wal-Mart et Carrefour. Le groupe « Marjane Holding » occupe aujourd'hui une place centrale. Il a développé des relations originales avec les petits producteurs en adoptant un dispositif d'accompagnement.L'objectif de cette thèse est de montrer que l'accompagnement des producteurs peut contribuer à améliorer la légitimité des distributeurs. L'étude de cas du distributeur « Marjane Holding », fondée sur une période d' immersion de 6 mois dans le service des achats des produits frais, une trentaine d'entretiens et des observations, montre que l'accompagnement apparaît comme un processus de légitimation. / The development of supermarket chains in Morocco is heading more or less the same way as what has been observed in countries like the United States and France, with the emergence of key players such as Wal-Mart and Carrefour. The “Marjane Holding” group has reached dominant position today, with more than twenty hypermarkets, and it increasingly acts as a shaping force in the mass distribution industry. It has developed unique relationships with small producers by adopting support services of its own. Our research aims to show that supporting producers can indeed help foster distributors' legitimacy. For our empirical research,we opted for a case study approach. The data collection involves both parties: the Moroccanretailer that support small producers and the suppliers who are small producers of fruits andvegetables or red meat. Using direct observation we were able to identify and collect thenecessary information for this study. Additional primary data has been collected throughinterviews with people directly involved in the trade channel (members of the retailer’s tradeteam, and small suppliers), as well as through consulting of internal documents of the retailer organization.

That Barack Obama's race was a factor, for both blacks and whites, in the 2008 general election is well-documented. As the majority in this country, the white electorate's response to the nation's first successful African-American presidential contender is of particular interest because it revealed the persistent effects of racism. Scholars have suggested contemporary forms of racism (e.g., Ditonto et al., 2013) explained the reluctance of white citizens to cast their ballots for an African American. This dissertation approaches the topic from a different angle, arguing deep-seated beliefs about which individual characteristics define a legitimate president, race in this project, affected voting decisions, especially among whites. Such beliefs, or "status expectations" (Ridgeway&Berger, 1986), are evident every day in social interactions and are also reflected in the mass media, especially in the vivid medium of television, which was proposed to reinforce status beliefs about presidential legitimacy among white viewers. African Americans, in contrast, were hypothesized be inured to status beliefs represented in television campaign coverage because of a protective, ingroup orientation called "linked fate," (Dawson, 2004), the belief that life chances of the individual are inextricably intertwined with life chances of the black race as a whole. Therefore, while mass media would affect whites' assessments of presidential legitimacy, linked fate would lead African Americans to reject the status beliefs about presidential legitimacy embedded in televised content because this medium has historically derogated their "ingroup". Findings, however, did not support this proposed insulating effect of linked fate, which was operationalized as perceived black racial group favoritism. In fact, moderating relationships, even when statistically significant, typically added little explanatory value to or confounded interpretation of the presidential legitimacy models. Thus, baseline models with main effects were the clearest and most statistically powerful in discerning which variables had the greatest impact on Obama and McCain presidential legitimacy assessments. For both candidates, party identification and race were consistently the most influential predictors. But, for McCain, the effect of conservative partisanship was particularly acute, with an effect size more than three times the effect size of race and four times the size of the most powerful media effect, Fox News believability. In contrast, multiple predictors of comparable effect size factored into Obama legitimacy assessments. Measured by both number of statistically significant media variables and magnitude of effect sizes, Obama's legitimacy assessments were more affected by media predictors than were McCain's. For Obama presidential legitimacy, the most influential variables were Democratic partisan identification, black race, Fox News believability (negatively related), and perceived black racial group favoritism. The next most influential predictors were CNN believability, MSNBC believability, and a status expectation measure of Obama's legitimacy. A third grouping of influential predictors consisted of broadcast believability, an education control variable, and a status expectation measure of McCain's legitimacy (negatively related). These predictors yielded a model that explained 43% of the variance in Obama legitimacy assessments, in contrast to the 28% of variance explained by the model without media variables. Though McCain's presidential legitimacy evaluations were driven primarily by Republican partisan identification and, to a lesser extent, race, several media variables attained statistical significance in the McCain model: the number of days respondents watched television for campaign news, CNN believability, and Fox News believability, all of which augmented McCain's legitimacy assessments. The proportion of variance in McCain legitimacy assessments explained by the model with media effects was 20%, compared to 16% in the model without media predictors, figures substantially lower than the 43% and 28% in the respective Obama models. The range of predictors in the Obama legitimacy model implied myriad perspectives notably absent in the McCain legitimacy model, a pattern that mirrored the diverse coalition that ultimately supported him. Therefore, despite only partial support for this dissertation's hypotheses, the results were consistent with the current partisan and racial divisions in this country, divisions that were affected by the media in the 2008 election.

I och med att människor i dagens samhälle blivit mer insatta i hållbarhetsfrågor har efterfrågan på hållbara organisationerökat.Detta har medfört att många organisationer valt att frivilligt börja hållbarhetsredovisa för att visa att dem är bra samhällsaktörer och på så sätt uppnå legitimitet. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa förståelse för hur legitimitet kan eftersträvas i tjänsteföretags hållbarhetsredovisninggenom att beskrivahur hållbarhetsredovisningutvecklats över tid,samt identifiera bakomliggande orsaksfaktorer för varförrapporteringensförändring och utveckling skettmed tiden.För att besvara studiens syfte har en longitudinell studie på Sveriges fyra storbanker genomförts. Studien genomfördes genom både innehållsanalyser av hållbarhetsredovisningarna från dess att bankerna började hållbarhetsredovisa fram till den senast publicerade, samt genom intervjuer med tre av storbankerna. Utifrån Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI:s)kategorier om samhällsansvar (ekonomisk påverkan, miljöpåverkan och social påverkan) har förändringar i kommunikationen identifierats. Analysen visar att de bakomliggande faktorerna till varför förändring i bankernas hållbarhetsredovisning skett med tiden är på grund av att GRI:s riktlinjer förändrats, aktuella frågor i omvärlden och samhället har förändrats vilket medfört att vissa frågor fått ett större utrymme i bankernas hållbarhetsredovisning. Bankerna anpassar även innehålli hållbarhetsredovisningen efter vad deras intressenterefterfrågar och kraven som dem ställer på bankerna,vilket är i linje med den institutionella teorin.Vidare fångar bankerna även upp vad konkurrenterna redovisar om för att ta reda på vilket sätt som verkarbästatt göra det på. Redovisningen om den sociala påverkan har med tiden fått allt större utrymme i redovisningen, medan redovisningen om bankernas miljöpåverkan haft en nedåtgående trend. Detta har förklarats genom att intressenternas medvetenhet gällande hållbarhetsfrågor ökat och att dem nu efterfrågar mer social information frånorganisationerna än vad dem tidigare har gjort, då efterfrågan på miljöinformation var stor. En banks direkta miljöpåverkan bedöms även vara relativt begränsad givet deras faktiska verksamhet vilket också lett till att redovisningen om miljön minskat. / As people in today's society have become more aware of sustainability issues, the demand for sustainable enterprises has increased. This has resulted that many companies have chosen to voluntarily begin to implement the sustainability report to show that they are good actors in society and thereby achieve legitimacy. The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of how legitimacy can be pursued in service companies sustainability report by describing how sustainability reporting has developed over time and to identify the underlying causal factors for why reporting change and development has occurred over time. To address the purpose of the study, a longitudinal study of Sweden's four major banks has been conducted. The study was conducted through both the content analysis of sustainability reports, from when the banks began to sustainability report to the latest published, as well as through interviews with three of the major banks. Based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) categories of corporate social responsibility (financial, environmental and social impacts), changes in the banks communication has been identified. The analysis of the categories shows that the underlying factors why changes in the major banks Sustainability reports has occurred over time is due to the GRI’s guidelines have changed, current issues in the world and society have changed, which meant that certain issues have a larger space in the Sustainability reports. Banks also adapts the content of the sustainability report according to what their stakeholders demand and the requirements they place on the banks, which is consistent with the institutional theory. Further, the major banks also capture what their competitors has reported to find out what seems best. The report on the social impact has over time become more increasingly significant in sustainability accounting, while accounting for banks' environmental impact been on a downward trend. This has been explained by stakeholders' increasingly awareness regarding sustainability issues and that they are now demanding more information about organizations social impacts than they previously did, when the demand for environmental information was great. A bank's direct environmental impact is also expected to be relatively limited given their actual operations, which has also lead to decrease about the reporting of the environmental impacts.

This study aims to describe and compare the differences and similarities for US mainstream media’s representation of two different coup attempts by using Robert Entman’s Framing theory in terms of legitimacy. The chosen cases are the coup attempt in Turkey (2016) which is an US ally, having a right-wing government and the coup attempt in Venezuela (2002) which has a strained relationship with the US and having left-wing government. The research applies qualitative approach to conduct a small-n case study for comparing and analyzing how the media framed the legitimacy of acts and actors during these two coup attempts. This is an attempt to describe the problematization of theory becoming practice for the US mainstream media regarding the presentation of what is legitimate and what is not. The definition of legitimacy is very clear, but the US mainstream media have issues to reflect this definition to the reality.

Conflicts of Legitimacies within the European Union - abstract In the beginning of first part, the thesis focuses on the very concept of legitimacy. The point of reference is rather a sociological conception of legitimacy. Then, the critical overview of theoretical contributions to the topic of EU's legitimacy deficit is provided. On this analytical background it is held that the democratic legitimacy is indispensable for the Union and that there is a necessity of its creating even on union-wide (transnational) level. Subsequently, in the second part dealing with particular modalities of legitimacy within the EU, the thesis makes use of the conteporary democratic theory focusing on the concept and functioning of democratic representation. The framework for the second part is a spatio-mechanical metaphor of four modalities ("vectors") of legitimacy (legitimation) formulated previously in the literature. It consists of indirect legitimacy, parliamentary legitimacy, technocratic legitimacy and procedural legitimacy. Changes in their balance after the Lisbon Treaty are discussed. The chapter on indirect legitimacy focuses on theoretical questions and then looks into the institutional and legislative development. It also provides an analysis of the relevant case-law of the Federal Constitutional Court of the...

Inledning: En stor del av den svenska ekonomin vilar på den svenska banksektorn. I och med den ökande digitaliseringen som blivit än mer påtaglig på senare tid har konkurrenssituationen bidragit till ett nytt utgångsläge än tidigare. Idag talas det om nya konkurrenter i banksektorn, som FinTech bolag, internationella banker och andra aktörer som börjar utmana svenska storbanker om fler marknadsandelar. Syfte och problemformulering: Syftet med arbetet är att identifiera, beskriva och förklara hur svenska storbanker och FinTech bolag uppfattar möjligheterna och hoten i samband med den ökande digitaliseringen inom banksektorn. Detta är för att försöka skapa en förståelse för förändringen av banksektorn i samband med digitaliseringen. Hur uppfattar svenska storbanker och FinTech bolag de möjligheter och hot som uppkommer i samband med den ökande digitaliseringen? Teoretisk referensram: De teorier som har använts under studien är isomorfismen med underbegreppen tvingande, imiterande och normativ isomorfism samt Porters strategiteori, femkraftsmodellen. En SWOT analys har använts för att enklare kunna identifiera bankernas styrkor, svagheter, möjligheter och hot i samband med digitaliseringen. Studien har även använt sig av tidigare forskning och tagit hänsyn till strävan efter legitimitet och krav på kostnadseffektivisering. Detta har använts som stöd till det empiriska resultat som samlats in för att enklare kunna analysera och därmed få problemformuleringen besvarad. Metod: Det empiriska materialet har samlats in med en kvalitativ metod. 5 informanter har medverkat i semistrukturerade intervjuer. Slutsats: Författarna till studien har identifierat och beskrivit flera faktorer till hur de uppfattar de möjligheter och de hot som finns i samband med den ökande digitaliseringen. Informanterna belyste både möjligheter och hot, exempelvis att regelverket PSD2 ökar konkurrensen och förbättrar situationen för mindre aktörer att konkurrera mot de större bankerna. Studien har även begränsats till svenska storbanker och FinTech bolag. / Introduction: A big part of the Swedish economy rests on the shoulders of the Swedish bank sector. Because of the increasing digitalization in recent times, the difference in competition has become substantially more evident and it has received a completely new starting point compared to before. The newest and most recent additions to the competition within the banking sector are examples such as FinTech companies, international banks and other parties that are also starting to compete with the big Swedish banks for market shares. Purpose and problem formulation: The purpose of this study is to describe the way the big Swedish banks and FinTech companies perceive the different opportunities and threats related to the increased digitalization that we see today. This will allow us to try and create an understanding of what the future might look like and what has already changed within the banking sector ever since the introduction of digitalization. How do the big Swedish banks and FinTech companies perceive the different opportunities and threats related to the increased digitalization? Theoretical frame of reference: The theories that have been used during the study are isomorphism with the notion of compelling, imitating and normative isomorphism as well as Porter's strategy theory, the five force model. A SWOT analysis has been used to more easily identify the banks' strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats during the digitization. The study has also used previous research and taken into account the quest for legitimacy and demands for cost efficiency. This has become a support for the empirical results that have been collected in order to be able to analyze more easily, reach a conclusion and thus get the problem formulation answered. Method: The empirical material has been collected with a qualitative method. 5 informants have participated in semi-structured interviews. Conclusion: The authors of the study have identified, described and explained several factors as to how they perceive opportunities and threats during the increasing digitization. The informants shared both opportunities and threats, such as the fact that the PSD2 regulations increase competition and improve the situation for smaller players to compete against the big banks. The study has also been limited to big Swedish banks and FinTech companies.

Student Number : 0517117G - MA research report - School of International Relations - Faculty of Humanities / This study has analysed the experience and legitimacy of South Africa’s Foreign Policy in resolving African conflicts, using comparative study of Burundi and Lesotho. The main findings of the study are as follows: First, since 1994 South Africa’s foreign policy has evolved and directed at ensuring peace and stability in African continent. During Mandela era, the policy was dominated by human rights. When Mbeki took over in 1999 the policy was reconfigured and moved towards peace and economic prosperity in African continent to achieve African Renaissance. Second it has been argued that the interventions in Lesotho and Burundi were legitimate and successful despite the controversies in particular Lesotho. Last, the experience and lessons learnt in Lesotho helped to shape South Africa’s foreign policy when mediating in Burundi conflict which had led to a notable success.

Dissertation thesis "Relationship between National Parliaments and the European Union" examines the impacts of the European integration on the national parliaments - the limitation of their functions and powers, measures undertaken to compensate these limitation in both the EU and the national law and the new roles of national parliaments in the context of European integration. The point of departure of the thesis is the notion of representative democracy as a still unsurpassed concept of a legitimate exercise of public authority. National parliaments mainly fulfil the controlling and legitimising function in the EU affairs. To this end, they have various legal instruments at their disposal. The fulfilment of these functions is limited by political and legal factors stemming from the nature of parliaments as political, not professional bodies and from their role in the national constitutional systems. Special attention is paid to the role of national parliaments in the evolving economic and monetary union. The general findings are confronted with the legal regulation and practice in the Parliament of the Czech Republic.