Inledning: En stor del av den svenska ekonomin vilar på den svenska banksektorn. I och med den ökande digitaliseringen som blivit än mer påtaglig på senare tid har konkurrenssituationen bidragit till ett nytt utgångsläge än tidigare. Idag talas det om nya konkurrenter i banksektorn, som FinTech bolag, internationella banker och andra aktörer som börjar utmana svenska storbanker om fler marknadsandelar. Syfte och problemformulering: Syftet med arbetet är att identifiera, beskriva och förklara hur svenska storbanker och FinTech bolag uppfattar möjligheterna och hoten i samband med den ökande digitaliseringen inom banksektorn. Detta är för att försöka skapa en förståelse för förändringen av banksektorn i samband med digitaliseringen. Hur uppfattar svenska storbanker och FinTech bolag de möjligheter och hot som uppkommer i samband med den ökande digitaliseringen? Teoretisk referensram: De teorier som har använts under studien är isomorfismen med underbegreppen tvingande, imiterande och normativ isomorfism samt Porters strategiteori, femkraftsmodellen. En SWOT analys har använts för att enklare kunna identifiera bankernas styrkor, svagheter, möjligheter och hot i samband med digitaliseringen. Studien har även använt sig av tidigare forskning och tagit hänsyn till strävan efter legitimitet och krav på kostnadseffektivisering. Detta har använts som stöd till det empiriska resultat som samlats in för att enklare kunna analysera och därmed få problemformuleringen besvarad. Metod: Det empiriska materialet har samlats in med en kvalitativ metod. 5 informanter har medverkat i semistrukturerade intervjuer. Slutsats: Författarna till studien har identifierat och beskrivit flera faktorer till hur de uppfattar de möjligheter och de hot som finns i samband med den ökande digitaliseringen. Informanterna belyste både möjligheter och hot, exempelvis att regelverket PSD2 ökar konkurrensen och förbättrar situationen för mindre aktörer att konkurrera mot de större bankerna. Studien har även begränsats till svenska storbanker och FinTech bolag. / Introduction: A big part of the Swedish economy rests on the shoulders of the Swedish bank sector. Because of the increasing digitalization in recent times, the difference in competition has become substantially more evident and it has received a completely new starting point compared to before. The newest and most recent additions to the competition within the banking sector are examples such as FinTech companies, international banks and other parties that are also starting to compete with the big Swedish banks for market shares. Purpose and problem formulation: The purpose of this study is to describe the way the big Swedish banks and FinTech companies perceive the different opportunities and threats related to the increased digitalization that we see today. This will allow us to try and create an understanding of what the future might look like and what has already changed within the banking sector ever since the introduction of digitalization. How do the big Swedish banks and FinTech companies perceive the different opportunities and threats related to the increased digitalization? Theoretical frame of reference: The theories that have been used during the study are isomorphism with the notion of compelling, imitating and normative isomorphism as well as Porter's strategy theory, the five force model. A SWOT analysis has been used to more easily identify the banks' strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats during the digitization. The study has also used previous research and taken into account the quest for legitimacy and demands for cost efficiency. This has become a support for the empirical results that have been collected in order to be able to analyze more easily, reach a conclusion and thus get the problem formulation answered. Method: The empirical material has been collected with a qualitative method. 5 informants have participated in semi-structured interviews. Conclusion: The authors of the study have identified, described and explained several factors as to how they perceive opportunities and threats during the increasing digitization. The informants shared both opportunities and threats, such as the fact that the PSD2 regulations increase competition and improve the situation for smaller players to compete against the big banks. The study has also been limited to big Swedish banks and FinTech companies.

本文旨在以鑽石體系探討台灣晶圓代工產業在發展了30年後，之所以具有國際競爭力各項條件，並在五力模型的分析下，進一步探討台灣晶圓代工產業未來的威脅及具有的優勢。本研究認為，台灣晶圓代工產業具備有鑽石體系中的各項生產因素、需求條件、相關與支援產業以及同業競爭與企業策略等條件，且台灣在發展晶圓代工產業的初期，政府扮演相當重要的要角，是推動這30年來晶圓代工產業蓬勃發展的重要原因。而這台灣獨創的專業晶圓代工模式也因為在國際分工需求下，產生其效益，並帶給台灣半導體上下游產業的垂直分工發展並使半導體產業聚落形成。 另一方面，在以五力模型中的各項威脅因素分析時，發現在同業競爭、供應商以及顧客的各項因素中，其威脅屬於中等程度，並沒有特別具有威脅的一項；而在潛在競爭者的威脅這一部分則更弱了，因為其成本太高以及經營模式和一般整合元件廠商（Integrated Device Manufacturer, IDM）以及記憶體廠商的經營方式不同，使得進入障礙提高；在替代產業的威脅上則是最低的，目前幾乎沒有可以取代晶圓代工產業的產品。故短期間內台灣的晶圓代工產業在國際上具有相當大的優勢。 本研究也針對以上結果綜合提出四個命題。第一、在晶圓代工產業發展初期，政府對鑽石體系中生產因素的策略性協助越多，越容易使其成功；第二、整合性服務與誠信這兩方面表現越佳者，未來越具有競爭力；第三、在供應商、晶圓代工業以及客戶的關係裡，位居買方之產業其轉換成本高；第四、未來唯有資本雄厚的整合元件製造廠（IDM）有能力進入該產業。 / The research shows that Taiwan semiconductor pure foundry industry composes of four well-proven completed environment conditions in Porter’s Diamond Model: Factor Conditions, Demand Conditions, Related and Supporting Industries, and Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry. In addition, the Role of Government, defined as the fifth condition in the model, plays an important role in the early stage. The pure foundry model created by Taiwan also contributes the development of vertical de-integration and the formation of semiconductor cluster. Meanwhile, Five-Force Model is used to analyze the threats of Taiwan semiconductor pure foundry industry, which shows the threat from rivalry among existing competitors, suppliers and buyers is moderate. The threat of new entrants is low, and the threat of substitute products or services is insignificant. In summary, Taiwan semiconductor pure foundry industry still has strong competitive adventages in the near future. The research also provides four propositions. First, the more the government provides assistance to the factor conditions in the early stage, the easier the foundry industry will be successful. Second, the better the integrated services and the higher integrity a company could offer, the more competitive the company will be. Third, in the relationship of supplier, foundry and customer, the roles of buyer have higher switching cost. Fourth, the Integrated Device Manufacturer (IDM) companies with sufficient capital are the only type of companies could enter this industry in the future.

The title of the thesis is {\clqq}Possibilities of diferent cooperation forms of companies which are exporting on foreign markets``. The main object of the thesis was evaluation of Centropen, a.s. Dačice and Binney and Smith (European s.r.o.) cooperation. Partial object of this thesis was analysis of both firms. There was accomplish the analysis of the internal and external environment of the individual firms. During the analysis was determined strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of this firms. This analysis was used as a base for determining of new market entrance strategies for individual firms. Diferenciation strategy was recommended for Centropen a.s. Dačice. This strategy is based on innovation of products and their penetrated new foreign markets. On the other hand, ideal strategy for Binney and Smith is strategy of market expansion, for adapting of this strategy is wery important finding of one or more new markets and products initiation to this markets. Next stage of the analysis was concentrated on monitoring markets in tree countries: USA, Canada, China, than was formulate the five force model of Porter, which was used for research of entry of new competitors, the threats of substitues, the bargaining power of buyers, the bargaing power of suppliers and the rivality among the existing competitors. This analysis was focused on probe of political factors, economic factors, social and cultural factors, technological factors. The next stage of this analysis was suggesting of export market with the less risk. With respect to results of the analysis, the optimal market for these firms is USA market. The thesis is deal with forms of entering to foreign trades too. Indirect form of entering the foreign market by way of piggybacking can we in this case recommended. Using of this strategy should be profitable for both firms. The big oportunity for Centropen is chance of using goodwill and power of Binney and Smith. Distribution system and other Binney and Smith services are interesting too. Oportunities for Binney and Smith are possibility offer to versatile spectrum article, and cost saving, joint financing and exploitation sales network, channels of distribution, market a product own marker, control of price, and own marketing strategy.

研究生：江雅文(1999) 論文題目：光電產業競爭優勢之研究--以國內LCD產業為例 研究所名稱：國立政治大學企業管理學系碩士班 論文摘要： 光電產業中的「光電顯示元件」在未來高度資訊化的時代中將扮演著重要的人機界面媒介，除了筆記型電腦及LCD監視器的應用之外，在「後PC時代」中，消費性電子產品及多媒體產品的應用範圍將擴大，對顯示元件之需求量將大增。現在的消費大眾對電子產品的要求傾向輕薄、省電、低輻射、環保性。傳統的CRT(Cathode Ray Tube, 陰極射線管)顯示器已無法滿足這方面的訴求，因而各類的平面顯示器正不斷地被研發中。包括液晶顯示器(LCD，Liquid Crystal Display)、電漿顯示器(PDP，Plasma Display Panel)、電激發光顯示器(ELD，Electron Luminescent Display)、真空螢光顯示器(VFD，Vacuum Fluorescent Display)、發光二極體(LED，Light Emitting Diode)、場發射顯示器(FED，Field Emission Display)等。 液晶顯示器(以下簡稱LCD)則因技術已趨成熟，其需求隨著全球筆記型電腦及LCD監視器市場的成長而迅速擴增，此外，液晶顯示技術的發展也刺激了其他電子產品的創新，其範圍涵蓋了資訊、通訊及消費性電子商品等。因此，LCD產業的發展被資訊界喻為本世紀末的產業革命之一，因為其具有輕薄、省電、無輻射、不佔空間及可攜性等優勢，隨著多元化應用的推廣及技術的發展，LCD的整體市場規模將急遽成長。 由於液晶顯示器產業是一個相當重要的高科技產業，對於國內相關產業的關鍵零組件自主性與促進產業升級都有重大的影響。尤其是這個產業在技術與市場上的變化仍相當快速。目前以日本及韓國對我國之威脅最大，我國廠商要如何在這個光電市場領域中建立競爭優勢，找到適當定位，是一個很重要的課題。此外，自1997年開始，國內各大廠商及集團紛紛集資興建大尺寸TFT-LCD廠，預計在1999年至2001年間投產。究竟這個產業有何吸引力，為何能夠讓各種不同型態的廠商爭相投入，是個有趣的問題。而在一陣投資熱潮之後，業者是否會因產能過剩，面臨殺價競爭的慘烈局面，投入的業者應如何在這樣不確定的環境前題之下建立競爭優勢，則是個應認真思考的嚴肅議題。 本研究希望透過研究的過程，廣泛地探討競爭優勢的觀念，從競爭優勢形成的條件、競爭優勢的來源，到競爭優勢最後表現出的市場競爭效果，做一觀念上的釐清，以便對競爭優勢的分析有一深入的認知。進而找出一套適用於光電顯示元件LCD產業之有系統的競爭優勢分析架構。在實務上則希望能夠作為業者擬定企業競爭策略及政府擬定產業政策的基礎。 研究首先確立研究背景。在釐清研究問題與目的之後，著手蒐集相關產業資訊，並據以界定研究範圍；並根據文獻探討擬定研究架構作為LCD產業分析之基本架構。競爭優勢分析之理論基礎主要係按照Porter(1980)的五力分析架構，於初步了解台灣LCD產業的優勢、劣勢、機會與威脅之後，再根據Porter(1990)國家優勢競爭之鑽石模型概念分析我國發展LCD產業之競爭優勢形成條件，最後，再針對台灣LCD產業的未來發展提出策略建議。 本研究為一探索性研究，為釐清LCD產業的環境及條件前提，必須建立產業分析的基本資料。首先廣泛地蒐集國內外相關的文獻、報告、期刊、雜誌、報紙及新聞等次級資料，採用Porter(1980)五力分析架構及Porter(1990)國家優勢競爭之鑽石模型概念將之整理、歸納。本著資訊收集網路化的原則，透過網際網路瀏覽器廣泛地蒐集相關網站資訊。接著，對國內廠商與相關專家進行訪談，以了解國內產業最新發展動態及其對產業競爭優勢之看法，期能提出我國LCD產業之競爭優勢狀況及可行策略，作為業者之參考。 目 錄 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究背景 1 第二節 研究問題與目的 4 第三節 研究範圍 5 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 競爭優勢的觀念 7 第二節 競爭優勢及其來源 8 第三節 價值鏈模型 22 第四節 鑽石模型 24 第五節 動態競爭理論 26 第三章 研究設計 第一節 研究流程及架構 30 第二節 分析方法及資料來源 31 第三節 研究限制 32 第四章 光電產業概述 第一節 世界光電產業概述 34 第二節 我國光電產業概述 36 第三節 結論 47 第五章 LCD產業之發展概述 第一節 LCD產業概述 50 第二節 整體LCD產業發展趨勢 71 第三節 我國LCD產業發展概況 83 第四節 LCD產業未來發展趨勢 105 第六章 我國LCD產業之競爭優勢分析 第一節 我國LCD產業結構分析 117 第二節 我國LCD產業之競爭優勢分析 121 第三節 LCD產業之鑽石模型分析模式 126 第四節 我國LCD產業未來發展策略建議 130 第七章 結論與建議 第一節 結論 135 第二節 建議 138 參考文獻 141 附錄一 145

政府透過法律制度將原先具有非排他性及非敵對性等公共財性質之專利財產化，藉此鼓勵發明人進行研發，間接為整體社會帶來促進創新與阻礙創新等不同面向之影響，而專利之私有化使擁有專利之所有人取得排他獨佔權限，如此累積創新所帶來之結果便是形成專利叢林現象，使單一產品生產時須取得眾多專利，增加未取得專利之侵權風險，該專利叢林現象後續更促使訴訟成為新興專利聚集型態獲取利益之手段。 從專利取得之角度觀察，其取得專利之方式可系統化分為自行研發、併購等內化形式或取得專利授權等外部形式，而專利取得之動機則從單純產業利用轉變為企業策略性考量；現今專利市場中，更經常將取得之專利以授權或出售方式商品化，甚或以專利作為商業談判、利益交換之籌碼，使專利有貨幣化現象。從經濟學之角度思考，專利貨幣化或有交易、預防及投機等動機，並得從專利本質上與後續發展上之特性觀察到專利貨幣化之因素。 由於本文將專利市場分為專利聚集、專利交易平台、專利資訊提供者及一般個人、實際從事生產公司與研究機構等不同類型參與者，並將研究對象著重在專利聚集與專利交易平台二者，因此特於本文中討論專利聚集形成之階段與交易模式，且因應專利交易模式而衍生探討專利交易價金之計算。從本文可知，專利聚集得區分為攻擊型、防禦型、以授權營利型及混合型四大類，各類型專利聚集及專利交易平台皆有其創造價值之價值鏈活動安排、整體產業競爭作用力之五力分析與支援核心競爭優勢之相對應策略活動系統，並從各市場參與者之運作模式中亦得觀察可能存在之缺失。 攻擊型專利聚集表面上雖提供授權服務，然手段上具有強制性，以訴訟等手段迫使下游實際從事生產等公司支付授權金以取得專利授權，從模式上觀察，其存在未經挑選專利、擁有專利過多及組織體系過於龐雜等缺失；而防禦型專利聚集則從下游買方之迫切需求角度出發，以防禦目的之專利授權或出售為訴求，藉由廣泛涵蓋不同領域之專利組合滿足下游買方對於專利侵權風險之控管，然其現有模式可能因支付有限年費導致難以確保購買大量專利之品質，並有為符合眾多會員需求使專利相關性降低以及整體產業難以避免搭便車現象等缺失；至於以授權營利型專利聚集透過技術或產品標準定義之專利組合，包裹式將下游實際從事生產廠商需要之專利一次性授權，雖不見得有授權之急迫需求，但顯然降低下游買方取得授權之交易成本，惟其缺失為權利金分配制度之公平性與專利組合之區別標準。混合型專利聚集則涵蓋上述三種專利聚集之優勢，並以特殊之智財資本市場重新定位無形資產能夠創造之價值，對於下游買方及上游專利供應者而言，皆帶來產業結構變化之衝擊，同時以專利組合授權來滿足下游專利被授權人之需求，不過，混合型專利聚集管理複雜度高、經濟利潤有下降可能，並且長期將有價格扭曲之應變風險。 專利交易平台與專利聚集不同之處在於其不直接取得專利或專利授權，僅以專利供給方與需求方之交易中介者自居，然從廣義概念上，其亦為專利聚集之一種形態，有助於專利買賣雙方取得資訊，降低搜尋、談判或執行等交易成本，並透過其他業務互補專利交易平台業務可能之不足，惟其仍舊有所缺失，亦即價格決定機制之困難、服務範疇過大導致成本控管之不經濟與交易公開之接受程度等問題。從本文各章節之分析中，可比較各市場參與者之不同，亦得觀察彼此間之互動與缺失，從而提出未來可能之研究方向，並針對專利市場之管制與開放給予建議。 / The propertization of patents which intrinsically show the traits of public goods including non-excludable and non-rival was established to encourage inventors and therefore leads to positive and negative influence to the society indirectly. The privatization of patents protects the exclusive rights of the owners, whereas what we called the accumulated innovation set up the patent thickets that enhance the risks of infringement and promote the strategic litigations raised by new patent aggregators. The methods of acquiring patents could systematically divided into internalization which includes R&D and M&A, and externalization which includes licensing and so on. While the motivations of acquiring patents transform from industrial applications to strategic considerations, and the patents gradually become commercialized and even express its monetization. This paper classifies different players in the patent market, such as patent aggregators, patent transaction platforms, patent information providers and operating companies, while with the focus on patent aggregators and patent transaction platform. Besides, the patent aggregators could be categorized into “offensive patent aggregators”, “defensive patent aggregators”, “running by licensing patent aggregators” and “hybrid patent aggregators”. Moreover, the findings of this paper stand on what each patent aggregator and patent transaction platform has its scheduled activities of the value chain, the five forces model to the analysis of its industry and the strategic activities system for supporting its core competence, and even the demerits of its operating model. The offensive patent aggregators provide licensing services, while its services apparently contain compulsive licensing model by raising claims against the operating companies. Instead, defensive patent aggregators help the downstream buyers in need to fight against the offensive patent aggregators by licensing or selling patent portfolios which cover broad technological areas and benefit risk management. Next, the running by licensing patent aggregators package their patents by standards of technologies or products and provide “one-stop-shop licensing solutions” to the downstream buyers to save the transaction costs. Furthermore, the hybrid patent aggregators embrace the advantages of three kinds of patent aggregators mentioned above and try to create the IP capital market leading to the transformation of the industry structure. On the other hand, the patent transaction platforms are different from the patent aggregators in the ownerships of patents. The patent transaction platforms will never become the owner of the patents or acquire the rights of patent licensing, it just named themselves intermediaries of transaction that reduce the transaction cost and enhance the transparency of information. Nevertheless, the diversified operating models of different patent aggregators and patent transaction platforms exist its improvable or inevitable drawbacks. The analysis of each chapter in this paper could help to compare the players in patent market and contribute to observe the shortages and interactions between the ones. What’s more, this paper gives some suggestions for further researches in the future as the conclusion.