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As an efficient energy storage technology, lithium-ion batteries play a key role in the ongoing electrification of the mobility sector. However, the required modelbased design process, including hardware in the loop solutions, demands precise battery models. In this work, an encoder-decoder model framework based on recurrent neural networks is developed and trained directly on unstructured battery data to replace time consuming characterisation tests and thus simplify the modelling process. A manifold pseudo-random bit stream dataset is used for model training and validation. A mean percentage error (MAPE) of 0.30% for the test dataset attests the proposed encoder-decoder model excellent generalisation capabilities. Instead of the recursive one-step prediction prevalent in the literature, the stage-wise trained encoder-decoder framework can instantaneously predict the battery voltage response for 2000 time steps and proves to be 120 times more time-efficient on the test dataset. Accuracy, generalisation capability and time efficiency of the developed battery model enable a potential online anomaly detection, power or range prediction. The fact that, apart from the initial voltage level, the battery model only relies on the current load as input and thus requires no estimated variables such as the state-of-charge (SOC) to predict the voltage response holds the potential of a battery ageing independent LIB modelling based on raw BMS signals. The intrinsically ageingindependent battery model is thus suitable to be used as a digital battery twin in virtual experiments to estimate the unknown battery SOH on purely BMS data basis.

The performance and lifetime of lithium-ion batteries are strongly influenced by their composition. One category of critical components are electrolyte additives, which are included primarily to stabilize electrode/electrolyte interfaces in the battery cells by forming passivation layers. The presented study aimed to identify and study such an additive that could form a hydrogen-evolution-suppressing solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in lithium-ion batteries based on aqueous electrolytes. A promising molecular additive, ethyl 2,2-difluoroacetate (EDFA), was found to hold the qualities required for an SEI former and was herein further analyzed electrochemically. Analysis of the battery cells were performed with linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry with varying scan rate and EDFA concentrations. Results show that both 1 and 10 w-% EDFA in the electrolyte produced hydrogen-evolution-suppressing SEI:s, although the higher concentration provided no apparent benefit. Lithium-ion full-cells based on LiMn2O4 vs. Li4Ti5O12 active materials displayed poor, though partly reversible, dis-/charge cycling despite the operation of the electrode far outside the electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte. Inclusion of reference electrodes in the lithium-ion cells proved to be immensely challenging with unpredictable drifts in their electrode potentials during operation. To summarize, HER-suppressing electrolyte additives are demonstrated to be a promising approach to stabilize high-voltage operation of aqueous lithium-ion cells although further studies are necessary before any practical application thereof can be realized. Electrochemical evaluation of the reaction mechanism and efficiency of the electrolyte additives relies however heavily on the use of reference electrodes and further development thereof is necessary.

The lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling industry is currently under development to improve the yields for critical metals. However, the organic components of LIBs must also be handled, which may result in harmful chemical emissions as by-products. Of particular concern are highly persistent and mobile per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that could be released during LIB recycling since some of these compounds have been linked with adverse health effects. In this work, an extensive literature review was conducted to determine the presence of fluorinated materials in state-of-the-art LIBs and the recycling conditions which could lead to the release of problematic PFAS. This information was used to develop a new analytical approach to capture the broadest range of organic and inorganic fluorine species in samples taken in different stages of the recycling process. This new method is based on a sequential extraction procedure using different solvents, followed by combustion ion chromatography (CIC) to quantify the potential emission of fluorine-containing chemicals of different polarities. The results show that organofluorine compounds are formed during recycling, particularly for the cathodes, indicating that PFAS might be present. For other samples, such as the NiMnCo salt product of recycling, only low fluorine levels were detected which implies almost complete removal. Future work should further outline the emission paths of these processes. This study highlights the necessity to further investigate the emissions related to fluorinated materials during LIB recycling and indicates that post-treatments or changes in conditions might be necessary to avoid the formation and emission of PFAS.

圖書館除典藏當代文化外，亦負有發展教育、傳播文化、提供資 訊等功能(公共圖書館宣言)。隨著科技的進步，人類文明不斷向前推 展，尤以電腦科技的日益精進，網際網路的使用者快速成長，圖書館 無論是在資料蒐集、整理、資訊的提供等功能上，都面臨數位化的需 求。 關於數位化圖書館所涉及之著作權法問題，可分為二大部分探討： 一、紙本館藏數位化重製，及數位化後透過網路提供圖書館服務之著 作權法問題。 二、圖書館直接從市面上購置數位著作，其取得與利用之問題。 壹、圖書館數位化涉及之著作權法問題 一、重製概念是否包含「數位化重製」 貳、圖書館網路服務涉及公開傳輸權 一、新法對於線上文獻傳遞服務之影響 二、圖書館內部網路使用與公開傳輸權 三、線上列印之合理使用審查 參、可否經由網路出借數位館藏 肆、圖書館取得數位著作授權之困境 一、數位著作取得、利用之限制 二、相關著作權仲介團體之欠缺 四、解決機制 (一)相關著作權仲介團體之設立 (二)利用著作的送存制度 (三)電子資料庫市場的擴大 伍、修法方向 一、明文賦予圖書館數位化重製權 為了順應數位時代下圖書館數位化之時代潮流，並得以有效地保 存館藏著作，著作權法應於第四十八條明文賦予圖書館得將館藏著作 數位化之權限，為合理使用之部分。至於數位化之館藏，無須區分已 公開或未公開發行之著作，蓋即使未公開之著作，亦有以數位化重製 保存以及提供利用之必要。不過，對於數位化重製仍須有一定之限 制，亦即，若在市面上已有相關之數位化著作存在，則不得再就館藏 數位化，而應付費取得使用之權限。 二、限制圖書館數位化服務之範圍 基於數位著作保護技術措施尚未成熟，若直接賦予圖書館就數位 重製後之著作，可透過網路或類似管道提供公眾利用，將造成著作權 人之嚴重損害。因此，數位化後之館藏，在館內使用時，僅限於數位 化資料之檢索用途、全文內容閱覽，若讀者第四十八條第一款要求圖 書館重製著作，則僅能提供紙本的版本，不得將全文內容之數位化檔 案交與讀者利用；又就實體館外之使用者，圖書館僅得提供線上目錄 檢索，但不得提供線上資料全文內容閱覽及線上列印。若有此需求， 仍須取得著作權人之授權或同意始得為之。 三、增訂法定授權制度給予著作權人補償 在賦予圖書館數位化重製權利的同時，應採取前述的法定授權制 度或其他類似著作權補償制度，對於著作權人經濟之不利益加以適當 補償，以衡平雙方利益。圖書館依法進行數位重製，須向著作權人給 付主管機關所制訂公布之使用報酬。 四、學術論文資料庫之建置 本文認為，為了促進學術交流與進步，或可賦予圖書館建立論文 數位化全文之資料庫，以提供檢索、網路傳輸及線上列印。為避免影 響層面太廣，其範圍應限於依照「學位授予法」取得學位之本國博碩 士論文。不過此種利用將對論文之著作權人造成影響，應增訂法定授 權制度，給予著作權人一定之補償，才不致於不合理地損害著作人法 定利益。 五、圖書館共同營運準則之制訂 本文建議，為著作權專責機關之經濟部智慧財產局，可仿照美 國之CONTU(National Commission on New Technogical Uses Cppyrighted Works)，制訂供圖書館營運遵守的準則，以使圖書館在 進行重製或其他圖書館服務時有所依循。

Li-ion thin film battery technology has attracted much attention in recent years due to its highest need in portable electronic devices. Development of new materials for lithium ion battery (LIB) is very crucial for enhancement of the performance. LIB can supply higher energy density because Lithium is the most electropositive (-3.04V vs. standard hydrogen electrode) and lightest metal (M=6.94 g/mole). LIBs show many advantages over other kind of batteries such as, high energy density, high power density, long cycle life, no memory effect etc. The major work presented in this thesis is on the development of nanostructured materials for anode of Li-ion battery. It involves the synthesis and analysis of grapheme nanosheet (GNS) and its performance as anode material in Li ion battery. We studied the synthesis of GNS over different substrates and performed the anode studies. The morphology of GNS has great impact on Li storage capacity. Tin and Tin oxide nanostructures have been embedded in the GNS matrix and their electrochemical performance has been studied. Chapter 1 gives the brief introduction about the Li ion batteries (LIBs), working and background. Also the relative advantages and characterization of different electrode materials used in LIBs are discussed. Chapter 2 discusses various experimental techniques that are used to synthesize the electrode materials and characterize them. Chapter3 presents the detailed synthesis of graphene nanosheet (GNS) through electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (ECR PECVD) method. Various substrates such as metallic (copper, Ni and Pt coated copper) and insulating (Si, amorphous SiC and Quartz) were used for deposition of GNS. Morphology, structure and chemical bonding were analyzed using SEM, TEM, Raman, XRD and XPS techniques. GNS is a unique allotrope of carbon, which forms highly porous and vertically aligned graphene sheets, which consist of many layers of graphene. The morphology of GNS varies with substrate. Chapter 4 deals with the electrochemical studies of GNS films. The anode studies of GNS over various substrates for Li thin film batteries provides better discharge capacity. Conventional Li-ion batteries that rely on a graphite anode have a limitation in the capacity (372 mAh/g). We could show that the morphology of GNS has great effect in the electrochemical performance and exceeds the capacity limitation of graphite. Among the electrodes PtGNS shown as high discharge capacity of ~730 mAh/g compare to CuGNS (590 mAh/g) and NiGNS (508 mAh/g) for the first cycle at a current density of 23 µA/cm2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy provides the various cell parameters of the electrodes. Chapter 5 gives the anodic studies of Tin (Sn) nanoparticles decorated over GNS matrix. Sn nanoparticles of 20 to 100nm in size uniformly distributed over the GNS matrix provides a discharge capacity of ~1500 mAh/g mAh/g for as deposited and ~950 mAh/g for annealed Sn@GNS composites, respectively. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) also shows the lithiation and delithiation process on GNS and Sn particles. Chapter 6 discusses the synthesis of Tinoxide@GNS composite and the details of characterization of the electrode. SnO and SnO2 phases of Tin oxide nanostructures differing in morphologies were embedded in the GNS matrix. The anode studies of the electrode shows a discharge capacity of ~1400 mAh/g for SnO phase (platelet morphology) and ~950 mAh/g for SnO2 phase (nanoparticle morphology). The SnO phase also exhibits a good coulumbic efficiency of ~95%. Chapter 7 describes the use of SnO2 nanowire attached to the side walls of the GNS matrix. A discharge capacity of ~1340 mAh/g was obtained. The one dimensional wire attached to the side walls of GNS film and increases the surface area of active material for Li diffusion. Discharge capacity obtained was about 1335 mAhg-1 and the columbic efficiency of ~86% after the 50th cycle. The research work carried out as part of this thesis, and the results have summarized in chapter 8.

<p>This work focuses on the collection and analysis of Lithium-ion battery operational and temperature data during nail penetration testing through two different experimental approaches. Raman spectroscopy, machine learning, and internal temperature sensors are used to collect and analyze data to further investigate the effects on cell operation during and after nail penetrations, and the feasibility of using this data to predict future performance.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The first section of this work analyzes the effects on continued operation of a small Lithium-ion prismatic cell after nail penetration. Raman spectroscopy is used to examine the effects on the anode and cathode materials of cells that are cycled for different amounts of time after a nail puncture. Incremental capacity analysis is then used to corroborate the findings from the Raman analysis. The study finds that the operational capacity and lifetime of cells is greatly reduced due to the accelerated degradation caused by loss of material, uneven current distribution, and exposure to atmosphere. This leads into the study of using the magnitude and corresponding voltage of incremental capacity peaks after nail puncture to forecast the operation of damaged cells. A Gaussian process regression is used to predict discharge capacity of different cells that experience the same type of nail puncture. The results from this study show that the method is capable of making accurate predictions of cell discharge capacity even with the higher rate of variance in operation after nail puncture, showing the method of prediction has the potential to be implemented in devices such as battery management systems.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The second section of this work proposes a method of inserting temperature sensors into commercially-available cylindrical cells to directly obtain internal temperature readings. Characterization tests are used to determine the effect on the operability of the modified cells after the sensors are inserted, and lifetime cycle testing is implemented to determine the long-term effects on cell performance. The results show the sensor insertion causes a small reduction in operational performance, and lifetime cycle testing shows the cells can operate near their optimal output for approximately 100-150 cycles. Modified cells are then used to monitor internal temperatures during nail penetration tests and how the amount of aging affects the temperature response. The results show that more aging in a cell causes higher temperatures during nail puncture, as well as a larger difference between internal and external temperatures, due mostly to the larger contribution of Joule heating caused by increased internal resistance.</p>

Master‘s thesis reviews the characteristics of the AVR32 architecture, AVR32UC microarchitecture, and especially AT32UC3A0512 microcontroller. This microcontroller is mounted on the board EVK1100, which is used for debugging applications. The entire analysis is focused on the ability to process audio signals on this board. For the board is created AD/DA interface and its control library. Follows necessary description of used DSP-lib library. The last part is a description of the theory and implementation of two sound effects and implementation of operating system FreeRTOS.