Spreadsheets are routinely used in business and scientific contexts, and one of the most vexing challenges data analysts face is performing data cleaning prior to analysis and evaluation. The ad-hoc and arbitrary nature of data cleaning problems, such as typos, inconsistent formatting, missing values, and a lack of standardization, often creates the need for highly specialized pipelines. We ask whether an LLM can find its way around a spreadsheet and how to support end-users in taking their free-form data processing requests to fruition. Just like RAG retrieves context to answer users' queries, we demonstrate how we can retrieve elements from a code library to compose data processing pipelines. Through comprehensive experiments, we demonstrate the quality of our system and how it is able to continuously augment its vocabulary by saving new codes and pipelines back to the code library for future retrieval. / Master of Science / Spreadsheets are frequently utilized in both business and scientific settings, and one of the most challenging tasks that must be accomplished before analysis and evaluation can take place is the cleansing of the data. The ad-hoc and arbitrary nature of issues in data quality, such as typos, inconsistent formatting, missing values, and lack of standardization, often creates the need for highly specialized data cleaning pipelines. Within the scope of this thesis, we investigate whether a large language model (LLM) can navigate its way around a spreadsheet, as well as how to assist end-users in bringing their free-form data processing requests to fruition. Just like Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) retrieves context to answer user queries, we demonstrate how we can retrieve elements from a Python code reference to compose data processing pipelines. Through comprehensive experiments, we showcase the quality of our system and how it is capable of continuously improving its code-writing ability by saving new codes and pipelines back to the code library for future retrieval.

Hallucinations in LLMs refer to instances where the models generateoutputs that are unrelated, incorrect, or misleading based on the inputprovided. This thesis investigates the impact of hallucinations in largelanguage model (LLM)-based systems on user trust and satisfaction, a criticalissue as AI becomes increasingly integrated into everyday applications.Hallucinations in LLMs—instances where the model generates incorrect ormisleading information—pose significant challenges for user reliability andoverall system effectiveness. Given the expanding role of AI in sectorsrequiring high trust levels, such as healthcare and finance, understanding andmitigating these errors is paramount. To address this issue, a controlled experiment was designed tosystematically assess how hallucinations affect user trust and satisfaction.Participants interacted with an AI system designed to exhibit varying levelsof hallucinatory behavior. Quantitative measures of trust and satisfactionwere collected through standardized questionnaires pre- and post-interaction,accompanied by statistical analyses to evaluate changes in user perception. The results clearly demonstrate that hallucinations significantly diminishuser trust and satisfaction, confirming the hypothesis that the accuracy of AIoutputs is crucial for user reliance. These findings not only contribute to theacademic discourse on human-AI interaction, but also have practicalimplications for AI developers and policymakers focusing on creating andregulating reliable AI technologies. This study bridges a crucial knowledge gap and provides a foundation forfuture research aimed at developing more robust and trustworthy AI systems.Readers engaged in AI development, implementation, and policymaking willfind the insights particularly relevant, encouraging further exploration intostrategies that could enhance user trust in AI technologies.

This thesis investigates the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in auto-mated test generation for software development, focusing on their challenges, bene-fits, and suitability for businesses. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining a literature review with empirical evaluations through surveys, interviews, and focus groups involving software developers and testers. Key findings indicate that LLMs enhance the efficiency and speed of test case generation, offering substantial improvements in test coverage and reducing development costs. However, the integration of LLMs poses several challenges, including technical complexities, the need for extensive customization, and concerns about the quality and reliability of the generated test cases. Additionally, ethical issues such as data biases and the potential impact on job roles were highlighted. The results show that while LLMs excel in generating test cases for routine tasks, their effectiveness diminishes in complex scenarios requiring deep domain knowledge and intricate system interactions. The study concludes that with proper training, continuous feedback, and iterative refinement, LLMs can be effectively integrated into existing workflows to complement traditional testing methods.

<p dir="ltr">Sexual harassment is regarded as a serious issue in society, with a particularly negative impact on young children and adolescents. Online sexual harassment has recently gained prominence as a significant number of communications have taken place online. Online sexual harassment can happen anywhere in the world because of the global nature of the internet, which transcends geographical barriers and allows people to communicate electronically. Online sexual harassment can occur in a wide variety of environments such as through work mail or chat apps in the workplace, on social media, in online communities, and in games (Chawki & El Shazly, 2013).<br>However, especially for non-native English speakers, due to cultural differences and language barriers, may vary in their understanding or interpretation of text-based sexual harassment (Welsh, Carr, MacQuarrie, & Huntley, 2006). To bridge this gap, previous studies have proposed large language models to detect and classify online sexual harassment, prompting a need to explore how language models comprehend the nuanced aspects of sexual harassment data. Prior to exploring the role of language models, it is critical to recognize the current gaps in knowledge that these models could potentially address in order to comprehend and interpret the complex nature of sexual harassment.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">The Large Language Model (LLM) has attracted significant attention recently due to its exceptional performance on a broad spectrum of tasks. However, these models are characterized by being very sensitive to input data (Fujita et al., 2022; Wei, Wang, et al., 2022). Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine how various LLMs interpret data that falls under the domain of sexual harassment and how they comprehend it after replacing Out-of-Vocabulary words.</p><p dir="ltr"><br>This research examines the impact of Out-of-Vocabulary words on the performance of LLMs in classifying sexual harassment behaviors in text. The study compares the story classification abilities of cutting-edge LLM, before and after the replacement of Out-of-Vocabulary words. Through this investigation, the study provides insights into the flexibility and contextual awareness of LLMs when managing delicate narratives in the context of sexual harassment stories as well as raises awareness of sensitive social issues.</p>

<p dir="ltr">This research explores the application of large language models (LLMs) to comprehension of puns. Leveraging the expansive capabilities of LLMs, this study delves into the domain of pun classification by examining it through the prism of two humor theories: the Computational Model of Humor and the Benign Violation theory, which is an extension of the N+V Theory. The computational model posits that for a phrase to qualify as a pun, it must possess both ambiguity and distinctiveness, characterized by a word that can be interpreted in two plausible ways, each interpretation being supported by at least one unique word. On the other hand, the Benign Violation theory posits that puns work by breaching one linguistic rule while conforming to another, thereby creating a "benign violation." By leveraging the capabilities of large language models (LLMs), this research endeavors to scrutinize a curated collection of English language puns. Our aim is to assess the validity and effectiveness of the use of these theoretical frameworks in accurately classifying puns. We undertake controlled experiments on the dataset, selectively removing a condition specific to one theory and then evaluating the puns based on the criteria of the other theory to see how well it classifies the altered inputs. This approach allows us to uncover deeper insights into the processes that facilitate the recognition of puns and to explore the practical implications of applying humor theories. The findings of our experiments, detailed in the subsequent sections, sheds light on how the alteration of specific conditions impacts the ability of the LLMs to accurately classify puns, according to each theory, where each component of the theory does not influence the result to the same extent, thereby contributing to our understanding of humor mechanics through the eyes of LLMs.</p>

During an investigation carried out by a police officer or a gendarme, audition reports are written, the length of which can be up to several pages. The high-level goal of this thesis is to study various automatic and reliable text summarization methods to help with this time-consuming task. One challenge comes from the specific, French and judicial data that we wish to summarize; and another challenge comes from the need for reliable and factual models. First, this thesis focuses on automatic summarization evaluation, in terms of both content (how well the summary captures essential information of the source text) and factuality (to what extent the summary only includes information from or coherent with the source text). Factuality evaluation, in particular, is of crucial interest when using LLMs for judicial purposes, because of their hallucination risks. Notably, we propose a light variation of SelfCheckGPT, which has a stronger correlation with human judgment (0.743) than the wide-spread BARTScore (0.542), or our study dataset. Other paradigms, such as Question-Answering, are studied in this thesis, which however underperform compared to these. Then, extractive summarization methods are explored and compared, including one based on graphs via the TextRank algorithm, and one based on greedy optimization. The latter (overlap rate: 0.190, semantic similarity: 0.513) clearly outperforms the base TextRank (overlap rate: 0.172, semantic similarity: 0.506). An improvement of the TextRank with a threshold mechanism is also proposed, leading to a non-negligible improvement (overlap rate: 0.180, semantic similarity: 0.513). Finally, abstractive summarization, with pre-trained LLMs based on a Transformer architecture, is studied. In particular, several general-purpose and multilingual models (Llama-2, Mistral and Mixtral) were objectively compared on a summarization dataset of judicial procedures from the French police. Results show that the performances of these models are highly related to their size: Llama-2 7B struggles to adapt to uncommon data (overlap rate: 0.083, BARTScore: -3.099), while Llama-2 13B (overlap rate: 0.159, BARTScore: -2.718) and Llama-2 70B (overlap rate: 0.191, BARTScore: -2.479) have proven quite versatile and efficient. To improve the performances of the smallest models, empirical prompt-engineering and parameter-efficient fine-tuning are explored. Notably, our fine-tuned version of Mistral 7B reaches performances comparable to those of much larger models (overlap rate: 0.185, BARTScore: -2.060), without the need for empirical prompt-engineering, and with a linguistic style closer to what is expected. / Under en utredning som görs av en polis eller en gendarm skrivs förhörsprotokoll vars längd kan vara upp till flera sidor. Målet på hög nivå med denna rapport är att studera olika automatiska och tillförlitliga textsammanfattningsmetoder för att hjälpa till med denna tidskrävande uppgift. En utmaning kommer från de specifika franska och rättsliga uppgifter som vi vill sammanfatta; och en annan utmaning kommer från behovet av pålitliga, sakliga och uppfinningsfria modeller. För det första fokuserar denna rapport på automatisk sammanfattningsutvärdering, både vad gäller innehåll (hur väl sammanfattningen fångar väsentlig information i källtexten) och fakta (i vilken utsträckning sammanfattningen endast innehåller information från eller överensstämmer med källtexten). Faktautvärdering, i synnerhet, är av avgörande intresse när man använder LLM för rättsliga ändamål, på grund av deras hallucinationsrisker. Vi föreslår särskilt en lätt variant av SelfCheckGPT, som har en starkare korrelation med mänskligt omdöme (0,743) än den utbredda BARTScore (0,542), eller vår studiedatauppsättning. Andra paradigm, såsom Question-Answering, studeras i denna rapport, som dock underpresterar jämfört med dessa. Sedan utforskas och jämförs extraktiva sammanfattningsmetoder, inklusive en baserad på grafer via TextRank-algoritmen och en baserad på girig optimering. Den senare (överlappning: 0,190, semantisk likhet: 0,513) överträffar klart basen TextRank (överlappning: 0,172, semantisk likhet: 0,506). En förbättring av TextRank med en tröskelmekanism föreslås också, vilket leder till en icke försumbar förbättring (överlappning: 0,180, semantisk likhet: 0,513). Slutligen studeras abstrakt sammanfattning, med förutbildade LLM baserade på en transformatorarkitektur. I synnerhet jämfördes flera allmänna och flerspråkiga modeller (Llama-2, Mistral och Mixtral) objektivt på en sammanfattningsdatauppsättning av rättsliga förfaranden från den franska polisen. Resultaten visar att prestandan för dessa modeller är starkt relaterade till deras storlek: Llama-2 7B kämpar för att anpassa sig till ovanliga data (överlappning: 0,083, BARTScore: -3,099), medan Llama-2 13B (överlappning: 0,159, BARTScore: -2,718) och Llama-2 70B (överlappning: 0,191, BARTScore: -2,479) har visat sig vara ganska mångsidiga och effektiva. För att förbättra prestandan för de minsta modellerna utforskas empirisk prompt-teknik och parametereffektiv finjustering. Noterbart är att vår finjusterade version av Mistral 7B når prestanda som är jämförbara med de för mycket större modeller (överlappning: 0,185, BARTScore: -2,060), utan behov av empirisk prompt-teknik och med en språklig stil som ligger närmare vad som förväntas.

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionised the way we interact with technology and each other, both in society and in professional careers. Although they come with great potential for productivity and automation, AI systems have been found to exhibit biases that reflect and perpetuate existing societal inequalities. With the recent rise of artificial intelligence tools exploiting the large language model (LLM) technology, such as ChatGPT, Bing Chat and Bard AI, this research project aims to investigate the extent of AI bias in said tools and explore its ethical implications. By reviewing and analysing responses to carefully crafted prompts generated by three different AI chatbot tools, the author will intend to determine whether the content generated by these tools indeed exhibits patterns of bias related to various social identities, as well as compare the extent to which such bias is present across all three tools. This study will contribute to the growing body of literature on AI ethics and inform efforts to develop more equitable and inclusive AI systems. By exploring the ethical dimensions of AI bias in selected LLMs, this research will shed light on the broader societal implications of AI and the role of technology in shaping our future.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become ever larger in recent years, typically demonstrating improved performance as the number of parameters increases. This thesis investigates how the probability distributions output by language models differ depending on the size of the model. For this purpose, three features for capturing the differences between the distributions are defined, namely the difference in entropy, the difference in probability mass in different slices of the distribution, and the difference in the number of tokens covering the top-p probability mass. The distributions are then put into different distribution classes based on how they differ from the distributions of the differently-sized model. Finally, the distributions are transformed to be more similar to the distributions of the other model. The results suggest that classifying distributions before transforming them, and adapting the transformations based on which class a distribution is in, improves the transformation results. It is also shown that letting a classifier choose the class label for each distribution yields better results than using random labels. Furthermore, the findings indicate that transforming the distributions using entropy and the number of tokens in the top-p probability mass makes the distributions more similar to the targets, while transforming them based on the probability mass of individual slices of the distributions makes the distributions more dissimilar.

The rapidly evolving domain of artificial intelligence has given rise to generative AI technology, which, unlike traditional machine learning, is capable of learning patterns from data and generating new, meaningful outputs. These models have applications in various domains, including customer service, content creation, and personalized recommendations. Understanding the implementation of generative AI is essential for business leaders to harness its potential and drive innovation. This thesis focuses on the application of generative AI for guided buying within the context of Company X, aiming to address the challenges and potential solutions in streamlining the purchase of goods and services. The research methodology involves using elements from the grounded theory approach, utilizing a focus group discourse approach for empirical analysis. By exploring the impact of generative AI on procurement processes and an organization's orientation to guided buying, the study contributes to enhancing strategic capabilities of the organization within the competitive industrial landscape. The results indicate that there three dimensions 1) Operational Stakeholders 2) Generative AI Robustness and 3) Information Management for effective introduction of generative AI into procurement practices. The overall contribution was made to the general academic attempt to understand how to intergrate generative AI technologies into various enterprise functions, specifically within Supply Chain and Procurement.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La Realidad Aumentada (Augmented Reality, AR) y su capacidad para integrar contenido sintético sobre una imagen real proporciona un valor incalculable en diversos campos; no obstante, la industria es uno de estos campos que más se puede aprovechar de ello. Como tecnología clave en la evolución hacia la Industria 4.0 y 5.0, la AR no solo complementa sino que también potencia la interacción humana con los procesos industriales. En este contexto, la AR se convierte en una herramienta esencial que no sustituye al factor humano, sino que lo enriquece, ampliando sus capacidades y facilitando una colaboración más efectiva entre humanos y tecnología. Esta integración de la AR en entornos industriales no solo mejora la eficiencia y precisión de las tareas, sino que también abre nuevas posibilidades para la expansión del potencial humano. Existen numerosas formas en las que el ser humano interactúa con la tecnología, siendo la AR uno de los paradigmas más innovadores respecto a cómo los usuarios acceden a la información; sin embargo, es crucial reconocer que la AR, por sí misma, tiene limitaciones en cuanto a la interpretación del contenido que visualiza. Aunque en la actualidad podemos acceder a diferentes librerías que utilizan algoritmos para realizar una detección de imágenes, objetos, o incluso entornos, surge una pregunta fundamental: ¿hasta qué punto puede la AR comprender el contexto de lo que ve? Esta cuestión se vuelve especialmente relevante en entornos industriales. ¿Puede la AR discernir si una máquina está funcionando correctamente, o su rol se limita a la presentación de indicadores digitales superpuestos? La respuesta a estas cuestiones subrayan tanto el potencial como los límites de la AR, impulsando la búsqueda de innovaciones que permitan una mayor comprensión contextual y adaptabilidad a situaciones específicas dentro de la industria. En el núcleo de esta tesis yace el objetivo de no solo dotar a la AR de una "inteligencia semántica" capaz de interpretar y adaptarse al contexto, sino también de ampliar y enriquecer las formas en que los usuarios interactúan con esta tecnología. Este enfoque se orienta particularmente a mejorar la accesibilidad y la eficiencia de las aplicaciones de AR en entornos industriales, que son por naturaleza restringidos y complejos. La intención es ir un paso más allá de los límites tradicionales de la AR, proporcionando herramientas más intuitivas y adaptativas para los operadores en dichos entornos. La investigación se despliega a través de tres artículos de investigación, donde se ha desarrollado y evaluado una arquitectura multimodal progresiva. Esta arquitectura integra diversas modalidades de interacción usuario-tecnología, como el control por voz, la manipulación directa y el feedback visual en AR. Además, se incorporan tecnologías avanzadas basadas en modelos de aprendizaje automática (Machine Learning, ML) y aprendizaje profundo (Deep Learning, DL) para extraer y procesar información semántica del entorno. Cada artículo construye sobre el anterior, demostrando una evolución en la capacidad de la AR para interactuar de manera más inteligente y contextual con su entorno, y resaltando la aplicación práctica y los beneficios de estas innovaciones en la industria. / [CA] La Realitat Augmentada (Augmented Reality, AR) i la seua capacitat per integrar contingut sintètic sobre una imatge real ofereix un valor incalculable en diversos camps; no obstant això, la indústria és un d'aquests camps que més pot aprofitar-se'n. Com a tecnologia clau en l'evolució cap a la Indústria 4.0 i 5.0, l'AR no només complementa sinó que també potencia la interacció humana amb els processos industrials. En aquest context, l'AR es converteix en una eina essencial que no substitueix al factor humà, sinó que l'enriqueix, ampliant les seues capacitats i facilitant una col·laboració més efectiva entre humans i tecnologia. Esta integració de l'AR en entorns industrials no solament millora l'eficiència i precisió de les tasques, sinó que també obri noves possibilitats per a l'expansió del potencial humà. Existeixen nombroses formes en què l'ésser humà interactua amb la tecnologia, sent l'AR un dels paradigmes més innovadors respecte a com els usuaris accedeixen a la informació; no obstant això, és crucial reconéixer que l'AR, per si mateixa, té limitacions quant a la interpretació del contingut que visualitza. Encara que en l'actualitat podem accedir a diferents llibreries que utilitzen algoritmes per a realitzar una detecció d'imatges, objectes, o fins i tot entorns, sorgeix una pregunta fonamental: fins a quin punt pot l'AR comprendre el context d'allò veu? Esta qüestió esdevé especialment rellevant en entorns industrials. Pot l'AR discernir si una màquina està funcionant correctament, o el seu rol es limita a la presentació d'indicadors digitals superposats? La resposta a estes qüestions subratllen tant el potencial com els límits de l'AR, impulsant la recerca d'innovacions que permeten una major comprensió contextual i adaptabilitat a situacions específiques dins de la indústria. En el nucli d'esta tesi jau l'objectiu de no solament dotar a l'AR d'una "intel·ligència semàntica" capaç d'interpretar i adaptar-se al context, sinó també d'ampliar i enriquir les formes en què els usuaris interactuen amb esta tecnologia. Aquest enfocament s'orienta particularment a millorar l'accessibilitat i l'eficiència de les aplicacions d'AR en entorns industrials, que són de naturalesa restringida i complexos. La intenció és anar un pas més enllà dels límits tradicionals de l'AR, proporcionant eines més intuïtives i adaptatives per als operaris en els entorns esmentats. La recerca es desplega a través de tres articles d'investigació, on s'ha desenvolupat i avaluat una arquitectura multimodal progressiva. Esta arquitectura integra diverses modalitats d'interacció usuari-tecnologia, com el control per veu, la manipulació directa i el feedback visual en AR. A més, s'incorporen tecnologies avançades basades en models d'aprenentatge automàtic (ML) i aprenentatge profund (DL) per a extreure i processar informació semàntica de l'entorn. Cada article construeix sobre l'anterior, demostrant una evolució en la capacitat de l'AR per a interactuar de manera més intel·ligent i contextual amb el seu entorn, i ressaltant l'aplicació pràctica i els beneficis d'estes innovacions en la indústria. / [EN] Augmented Reality (AR) and its ability to integrate synthetic content over a real image provides invaluable value in various fields; however, the industry is one of these fields that can benefit most from it. As a key technology in the evolution towards Industry 4.0 and 5.0, AR not only complements but also enhances human interaction with industrial processes. In this context, AR becomes an essential tool that does not replace the human factor but enriches it, expanding its capabilities and facilitating more effective collaboration between humans and technology. This integration of AR in industrial environments not only improves the efficiency and precision of tasks but also opens new possibilities for expanding human potential. There are numerous ways in which humans interact with technology, with AR being one of the most innovative paradigms in how users access information; however, it is crucial to recognize that AR, by itself, has limitations in terms of interpreting the content it visualizes. Although today we can access different libraries that use algorithms for image, object, or even environment detection, a fundamental question arises: To what extent can AR understand the context of what it sees? This question becomes especially relevant in industrial environments. Can AR discern if a machine functions correctly, or is its role limited to presenting superimposed digital indicators? The answer to these questions underscores both the potential and the limits of AR, driving the search for innovations that allow for greater contextual understanding and adaptability to specific situations within the industry. At the core of this thesis lies the objective of not only endowing AR with "semantic intelligence" capable of interpreting and adapting to context, but also of expanding and enriching the ways users interact with this technology. This approach mainly aims to improve the accessibility and efficiency of AR applications in industrial environments, which are by nature restricted and complex. The intention is to go beyond the traditional limits of AR, providing more intuitive and adaptive tools for operators in these environments. The research unfolds through three articles, where a progressive multimodal architecture has been developed and evaluated. This architecture integrates various user-technology interaction modalities, such as voice control, direct manipulation, and visual feedback in AR. In addition, advanced technologies based on Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) models are incorporated to extract and process semantic information from the environment. Each article builds upon the previous one, demonstrating an evolution in AR's ability to interact more intelligently and contextually with its environment, and highlighting the practical application and benefits of these innovations in the industry. / Izquierdo Doménech, JJ. (2024). Enhancing Industrial Process Interaction Using Deep Learning, Semantic Layers, and Augmented Reality [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/205523 / Compendio