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High Fantasy is extremely popular, with publication and sales of High Fantasy titles outnumbering Science Fiction for thirty years, yet Fantasy is less respected by reviewers of the Speculative Fiction genre. One reason for this is that High Fantasy often fails to adequately address culturally or politically significant issues. Respected Science Fiction writers, such as Octavia Butler, on the other hand, use the issues such as discrimination and persecution on the basis of race and gender. In my exegesis I explore the ways in which High Fantasy has explored the problems of discrimination and persecution. In my novel, The T'En Exiles, I create a world populated by differently abled races. The ' ordinary ' people resent and fear the gifted people, who are less numerous and marginalised. Among the gifted there are those who are aware of mystical powers and those who can manipulate them; because of this a strict hierarchy has evolved. There is also a divide between the genders because the power of the females is expressed differently to that of the males. In The T'En Exiles I use the device of cognitive estrangement, a technique common in both Fantasy and Science Fiction, to examine discrimination and persecution. In particular in terms of how it affects individuals. In the exegesis I examine the ways in which issues of discrimination and persecution are dealt with in contemporary High Fantasy and Science Fiction, and the ways in which a more comprehensive and sensitive treatment of these issues in High Fantasy can address some concerns about the marginalisation of the sub-genre.

The author of this thesis Representation of the hero and the antihero in the British fantasy literature deals with the typology of characters within the genre. She focuses on the distinction between a hero and an antihero and discribes the characteristic features of their representation in the pieces written by British authors, including particularly the work of J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, J. K. Rowling, P. Pullman, N. Gaiman and T. Pratchett. The theoretical background is provided by the publication The Hero with a Thousand Faces by Joseph Campbell and a book titled The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Gained pieces of information are confronted with the texts named above.

Submitted by STÉFANO STAINLE null (stefano@stainle.com.br) on 2016-07-08T22:06:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_-_VERSAO_-_CAPA_-_DURA_-_STEFANO.pdf: 1429025 bytes, checksum: edd0f4b4e3b4ea54c0cd16da71d665d1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-11T19:07:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 stainle_e_me_arafcl.pdf: 1429025 bytes, checksum: edd0f4b4e3b4ea54c0cd16da71d665d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-11T19:07:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 stainle_e_me_arafcl.pdf: 1429025 bytes, checksum: edd0f4b4e3b4ea54c0cd16da71d665d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com essa pesquisa pretende-se, a partir de uma abordagem teórico-crítica de O Senhor dos Anéis, obra máxima de J. R. R. Tolkien, analisar o modo de atuação da personagem Gandalf, de forma a esclarecer e melhor compreender como essa personagem atua na narrativa e, com essa atuação, possibilita a existência da narrativa em si mesma, equilibrando ou desequilibrando o compasso do enredo. A forma como ela se movimenta e se manifesta no enredo é que permite concluir que cabe a Gandalf a responsabilidade de ser o urdidor dos elementos narrativos. Ele possilita que os elementos distintos da obra se conectem e dessa forma impulsionem a narrativa. Para tal análise há a mobilização de teorias que se referem à atuação da personagem e ao contexto literário em questão. Tais teorias são relacionadas aos gêneros romance, épica, contos de fadas, novelas de cavalaria e mito, bem como a psicanálise, religião, personagem e herói. Partindo do estudo da referida personagem, intenciona-se contribuir, em última instância, para uma melhor compreensão do universo ficcional criado pelo autor e um melhor entendimento dos recursos utilizados na composição da atuação da referida personagem na narrativa, aspecto que até o momento não foi adequadamente abordado e analisado pela crítica especializada na obra do autor. / With this research it is intended to analyse the way of acting of the character Gandalf departing from a theoretical-critical approach of The Lord of the Rings, J. R. R. Tolkien’s masterpiece, and by this, searching the enlightment and better understanding of how this character acts on the paths of the narrative and how this acting makes possible the existence of narrative itself, by balancing or even unbalancing the plot’s compass. The way he moves and acts in the plot allows us to conclude that Gandalf is the responsible for manipulating the narrative elements. He makes possible the connection among different elements of the plot, boosting the narrative. There is a mobilization of theories concerning the character's performance and the literary context to do such analysis. The theories are related to the genres novel, epic, fairy tale, romance and myth, as well as to the psychoanalysis, the religion, the character and the hero. Departing from the study of the referred character, it is intended to contribute, in the last resort, to a better understanding of the fictional universe created by the author and a better comprehension of the resources used in the composition of the reported character’s performance in the narrative, an aspect that was not properly approached and analysed by the critics on the work of the author.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:20:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_alrm_me_arafcl.pdf: 611867 bytes, checksum: 441ea8ec6438d6b91c6e4dde1fbde7d1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / J. R. R. Tolkien afirmou que o tema central de sua principal obra, O Senhor dos Anéis, é a tensão provocada entre a morte inevitável e a busca pela imortalidade. Diante disso, procurase nesse trabalho verificar de que maneira essa temática influencia a forma do romance e desenvolve uma crítica acerca do papel da arte e da técnica enquanto artigo de valor e fonte memória para seres cuja existência é finita ou seres ligados a um universo em constante transformação. Por um lado, há seres como os elfos que estão ligados diretamente à natureza de Arda e são fadados a não deixá-la até que chegue o seu fim. Esses seres, aparentemente imortais, sofrem com as constantes mudanças no planeta e tentam, através da técnica, agir diretamente sobre o mundo, tentando conservá-lo tal como ele é. Por outro lado, há os homens mortais, que, diante de sua própria mortalidade, buscam ter seus feitos eternizados em obras de arte, como esculturas, tapeçarias ou textos literários. / J. R. R. Tolkien declared that the central issue of his major work, The Lord of the Rings, is the tension emerging between the unavoidable death and the search for immortality. Therefore, this study is a research about how that aspect affects the structure of the novel and how it discusses the role of art and technique as a piece of value and a resource of memory available for finite or immortals beings, whose existence is linked to a continuously changing world. On the one hand, there are in novel beings such as elves that are directly connected to the nature of Arda and are doomed to remain there until its end. These apparently immortal beings can’t bear such constant changes on the planet and employ technical means in order to have an affect on the world and keep it as it is. On the other hand, mortal men, faced with their own mortality, seek out art as a way to have their deeds registered and so kept alive forever in works such as sculptures, tapestry or literary texts.

This work is focused on the history of Messianic ideas in context of the Old Testament, in Jewish nation in the period between the Old and the New Testaments, and in the area of ancient Near East (Egypt, Mesopotamy, and preIsraelite Kanaan). The author of the work regards Messianic ideas in the area of Mediterrean and Persia in the age of Hellenism. She also considers eschatological Messianic figures in Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism. In the second part of the work, she studies the passage from prophet Isaiah 52,13-53,12 and its figure of Lord{\crq}s servant, then she also mentions the impact of that figure on the authors of the New Testament. The Messiah figure's origin lies in preIsraelite religious ideas of ancient Orient. The Jewish idea of Messiah differs from the others. The work is concluded by the statement, that concepts of "Messiah" as well as "Servant" in DeuteroIsaiah expresses mission and function, which was in different backgrounds interpreted in a different way. Various figures, especially kings, entered this role. The saving function of the Messiah consists in certain sacrifice, sometimes self-sacrifice, which considerably improves the quality of life of particular group of people.

El culto al Señor de los Milagros se manifiesta en la ciudad de Lima cada mes de octubre con una imponente convocatoria durante sus procesiones y se reactualiza en las prácticas de sus miles de fieles alrededor del mundo. Como parte de una investigación mayor orientada a indagar en la historia de este símbolo religioso desde mediados del siglo XVII, me propongo aquí avanzar desde su institucionalización (1771) y seguir su trayectoria durante el períodorepublicano para profundizar en cómo se forjaron los principales significados que hoy expresa este cristo entre la población peruana: una identidad nacional mestiza y una tradición afrodescendiente. Metodológicamente seguiré el abordaje de la antropología histórica, articulando fuentes de etnografía y archivo y aplicando un enfoque histórico-antropológico. Demostraré así cómo la definición del culto en tanto “práctica negra que ha ganado a los blancos” puede sintetizar el derrotero de este símbolo religioso en dos niveles: en términos de su tricentenario proceso histórico y en términos de las representaciones sobre ese proceso. / The cult of Lord of the Miracles takes place every October in Lima with an extraordinary attendance and it renovates on the practice of thousands of devotes around the world. Within a larger study of the history of this symbol from XVII century, I will follow him from his colonial institutionalization (1771) to his republican trajectory in order to explore how his mayor meanings were made up: a mestizanational identity and an afrodescendent tradition. Methodologically, I will use the approach of historic anthropology, with ethnographic and archive sources and with an anthropological-historical point of view. In this way, I will demonstrate how the cult definition as “black practice that has won white people” can summarize the itinerary of that symbol on two levels: in terms of his tricentenary historical process and in terms of representations about that process.

Chama a atenção o fato de uma obra como O Senhor dos Anéis, de J. R. R. Tolkien, envolver não apenas um herói, mas muitos personagens com um objetivo comum: a destruição do Anel do Poder. Eles criam laços e revelam sentimentos que nós encontramos no dia a dia, na jornada de nossa vida: se tornam amigos. Este projeto busca analisar como a amizade na obra tolkieniana colabora para o desenvolvimento de seus personagens, bem como contribui para o sucesso de seu objetivo final. Para tanto, tomaremos como base teórica o livro Ética a Nicômaco de Aristóteles, obra que se propõe essencialmente a estudar a felicidade, ou seja, o bem último do homem (eudaimonía). Ao aniquilarem o Anel, os heróis da saga tolkieniana realizam seu grande desejo, e ocorre então o que Tolkien chama de eucatástrofe, o final feliz, essencial nas histórias de fada. Ainda no pensamento aristotélico, a amizade seria tanto um sintoma da felicidade do ser humano quanto uma necessidade para que ele alcance essa realização plena. Por conta de Tolkien ter o seu entendimento de imaginário baseado, entre outras questões, no pensamento religioso, buscaremos também apoio na teologia, especialmente na Suma Teológica de São Tomás de Aquino, enxergando, na amizade, uma relação direta com a caridade cristã. Por entendermos que, na contemporaneidade, a centralidade do livro dá espaço para outras produções artísticas, nos apoiaremos também nas adaptações fílmicas de O Senhor dos Anéis, dirigidas pelo neozelandês Peter Jackson. Tal análise comparativa visa trazer mais elementos para o estudo sobre a amizade na narrativa de Tolkien, visto que o homem contemporâneo, especialmente o jovem, se mostra, cada vez mais, apoiado no universo do audiovisual, muitas vezes partindo dele para o da literatura. Acreditamos que nosso projeto chega em boa hora, visto que tanto o livro quanto o filme em questão envolvem e fascinam seu público leitor e espectador, contribuindo para a formação de seu pensamento ético e de seu caráter, servindo de referência a muitas obras do gênero fantasia, em diversas plataformas. / It draws our attention the fact that a work like The Lord of The Rings, by J. R. R. Tolkien, involves not only a single hero, but many characters with a common goal: the destruction of the Ring of Power. They connect with each other and reveal feelings we find day by day in our lives journey: they become friends. This project aims, therefore, to analyze how friendship in the Tolkienian work collaborates for the characters development, as well as it contributes for the success of their final goal. To achieve this, we will take as theoretical basis the book Nicomachean Ethics, by Aristotle, a work that essentially proposes to study happiness, in other words, the ultimate purpose of man (eudaimonia). By annihilating the Ring, the Tolkienian saga heroes achieve their great desire, and what happens then is what Tolkien calls the happy ending, which is essential to fairy stories. Still within the Aristotelian line of thought, friendship would be both a symptom of a human beings happiness and a requirement to reach this full achievement. Since Tolkiens imaginary understanding is based on, among other issues, the religious mindset, we will take theology as support, especially Summa Theologica, by Thomas Aquinas, by seeing, in friendship, a direct association with the Christian charity. Since we understand that, in our present days, the centrality of the book allows other artistic productions, we will also base this study on The Lord of The Rings movie adaptations, directed by the New Zealander filmmaker Peter Jackson. Such comparative analysis aims to bring more elements to the study of friendship in Tolkiens narrative, since the contemporary man, especially the young one, shows an increasing interest in the audiovisual universe, often starting with it and then moving on to literature. We believe that this is a timely project, since both the book and the movies in question involve and fascinate their readers and spectators, contributing to the development of their ethical thinking and character, acting as a reference to many fantasy gender works, in many platforms.

The problem of the study was related to the asymptotic and relative efficiencies of the conventional biserial correlation coefficients and the two modified biserial correlation coefficients proposed by Brogden (1) and Lord-Clemans (2; 15). These were determined under some selected cutting points (p), and various sizes of samples (n) randomly drawn from the; simulated bivariate populations of four different shapes—normal, lognormal, double exponential, and the contaminated normal, and of various degrees in population parameter (p).

In this essay, Ralph C. Wood's religious-philosophical interpretation of LotR has been analyzed, with emphasis upon his conclusions about evil and sin in LotR. Some of Wood's claims about evil and sin in LotR have been applied upon the character Boromir, in order to show how sin is manifested as truth-transgression, pride, avarice, and misdirected love. A theoretical section is presented in order to define the concepts of sin, mimetic desire, and evil. The literary analysis focuses upon the character Boromir; the relevant works of literary scholas Ralph C. Wood and René Girard have been chosen as points of reference in this analysis. Attention is also given to an article by the historian Stephen Morillo, in the analysis of Norse pagan and Christian interpretations. It has been argued that a Christian reading of LotR, contrary to Morillo's standpoint, is possible.