A presente dissertação se propõe a fazer uma síntese ampla da sintaxe da Língua Brasileira de Sinais, a LSB: isto é, de um lado, procura identificar, seja na literatura, seja no corpus de estudo, que padrões gerais de enunciados são gramaticais e que padrões são agramaticais na LSB; de outro lado, tenta caracterizar a estrutura dos enunciados gramaticais da língua por meio de uma descrição do léxico, das regras sintagmáticas e das transformações da LSB. No primeiro capítulo, realizamos uma revisão da história das línguas de sinais observando as influências que outras línguas de sinais, como a americana e a francesa, exerceram sobre a gramática da LSB; e revisitamos os principais estudos linguísticos a respeito dessas línguas. No segundo capítulo, procuramos oferecer informações preliminares importantes para o entendimento satisfatório da estrutura da LSB: discorremos sobre o Léxico e seus componentes; as três classes de verbos; as marcações não-manuais; e a ordem canônica da frase. No capítulo seguinte, realizamos um estudo descritivo dos sintagmas da Língua Brasileira de Sinais, analisando o sintagma nominal e seus componentes; o sintagma preposicional, adjetival, adverbial e verbal, propondo regras de transformação para eles. Por fim, no último capítulo, nos detivemos em analisar as interrogativas com elementos QU (ou WH, em inglês). Levamos em conta as discussões acerca do movimento desses elementos na língua de sinais americana e na brasileira, se para direita ou esquerda, optando pelo movimento para a esquerda. Para embasar melhor o estudo, fizemos uma síntese das principais pesquisas sobre o assunto em questão, observando as diferenças existentes nas explicações, comparando-as com os dados que coletamos e com os juízos de nossos informantes. Concluímos propondo as estruturas que consideramos possíveis para as interrogativas com um único QU em LSB e para as com elementos QU duplicados. / The aim of this dissertation is to propose a broad description of Brazilian Sign Language (henceforth LBS) syntax: that is, on the one hand, it seeks at identifying, either in the literature or in our corpus, which of the common utterances’ patterns are grammatical and which are ungrammatical in LBS; on the other hand, it tries to characterize structure of the language grammatical utterances through a description of lexis, syntagmatic rules and LBS transformations. In the first chapter, we present a bibliographic summary of sign language history both pointing out the influence of some, such as the American and French, over LBS grammar; and revising the most significant linguistic studies in regards to those languages. In the second chapter, we offer important preliminary information to a satisfactory understanding of LBS structure: we describe the Lexis and its components; three verb classes; the nonmanual markers; and the sentence canonical structure. In the next chapter, we describe the LBS phrase, analyzing the nominal phrase and its components, the prepositional, adjectival, adverbial and verbal phrases; and offering transformational rules for them. Finally, in the last chapter, we analyze WH interrogative elements (or QU in Portuguese). We take in account the current discussions on the gestures of such elements both in American and Brazilian sign languages, whether they are to the right or to the left, opting for moving to the left. In order to consolidate this study, we summarized the most recurrent researches, observing the differences in explanations, comparing them to the data we have collected and to the judgment of our informants. In conclusion, we propose the WH interrogative structures which we consider likely to be applied in questions with only one WH element or with double WH elements.

A presente dissertação se propõe a fazer uma síntese ampla da sintaxe da Língua Brasileira de Sinais, a LSB: isto é, de um lado, procura identificar, seja na literatura, seja no corpus de estudo, que padrões gerais de enunciados são gramaticais e que padrões são agramaticais na LSB; de outro lado, tenta caracterizar a estrutura dos enunciados gramaticais da língua por meio de uma descrição do léxico, das regras sintagmáticas e das transformações da LSB. No primeiro capítulo, realizamos uma revisão da história das línguas de sinais observando as influências que outras línguas de sinais, como a americana e a francesa, exerceram sobre a gramática da LSB; e revisitamos os principais estudos linguísticos a respeito dessas línguas. No segundo capítulo, procuramos oferecer informações preliminares importantes para o entendimento satisfatório da estrutura da LSB: discorremos sobre o Léxico e seus componentes; as três classes de verbos; as marcações não-manuais; e a ordem canônica da frase. No capítulo seguinte, realizamos um estudo descritivo dos sintagmas da Língua Brasileira de Sinais, analisando o sintagma nominal e seus componentes; o sintagma preposicional, adjetival, adverbial e verbal, propondo regras de transformação para eles. Por fim, no último capítulo, nos detivemos em analisar as interrogativas com elementos QU (ou WH, em inglês). Levamos em conta as discussões acerca do movimento desses elementos na língua de sinais americana e na brasileira, se para direita ou esquerda, optando pelo movimento para a esquerda. Para embasar melhor o estudo, fizemos uma síntese das principais pesquisas sobre o assunto em questão, observando as diferenças existentes nas explicações, comparando-as com os dados que coletamos e com os juízos de nossos informantes. Concluímos propondo as estruturas que consideramos possíveis para as interrogativas com um único QU em LSB e para as com elementos QU duplicados. / The aim of this dissertation is to propose a broad description of Brazilian Sign Language (henceforth LBS) syntax: that is, on the one hand, it seeks at identifying, either in the literature or in our corpus, which of the common utterances’ patterns are grammatical and which are ungrammatical in LBS; on the other hand, it tries to characterize structure of the language grammatical utterances through a description of lexis, syntagmatic rules and LBS transformations. In the first chapter, we present a bibliographic summary of sign language history both pointing out the influence of some, such as the American and French, over LBS grammar; and revising the most significant linguistic studies in regards to those languages. In the second chapter, we offer important preliminary information to a satisfactory understanding of LBS structure: we describe the Lexis and its components; three verb classes; the nonmanual markers; and the sentence canonical structure. In the next chapter, we describe the LBS phrase, analyzing the nominal phrase and its components, the prepositional, adjectival, adverbial and verbal phrases; and offering transformational rules for them. Finally, in the last chapter, we analyze WH interrogative elements (or QU in Portuguese). We take in account the current discussions on the gestures of such elements both in American and Brazilian sign languages, whether they are to the right or to the left, opting for moving to the left. In order to consolidate this study, we summarized the most recurrent researches, observing the differences in explanations, comparing them to the data we have collected and to the judgment of our informants. In conclusion, we propose the WH interrogative structures which we consider likely to be applied in questions with only one WH element or with double WH elements.

A presente dissertação se propõe a fazer uma síntese ampla da sintaxe da Língua Brasileira de Sinais, a LSB: isto é, de um lado, procura identificar, seja na literatura, seja no corpus de estudo, que padrões gerais de enunciados são gramaticais e que padrões são agramaticais na LSB; de outro lado, tenta caracterizar a estrutura dos enunciados gramaticais da língua por meio de uma descrição do léxico, das regras sintagmáticas e das transformações da LSB. No primeiro capítulo, realizamos uma revisão da história das línguas de sinais observando as influências que outras línguas de sinais, como a americana e a francesa, exerceram sobre a gramática da LSB; e revisitamos os principais estudos linguísticos a respeito dessas línguas. No segundo capítulo, procuramos oferecer informações preliminares importantes para o entendimento satisfatório da estrutura da LSB: discorremos sobre o Léxico e seus componentes; as três classes de verbos; as marcações não-manuais; e a ordem canônica da frase. No capítulo seguinte, realizamos um estudo descritivo dos sintagmas da Língua Brasileira de Sinais, analisando o sintagma nominal e seus componentes; o sintagma preposicional, adjetival, adverbial e verbal, propondo regras de transformação para eles. Por fim, no último capítulo, nos detivemos em analisar as interrogativas com elementos QU (ou WH, em inglês). Levamos em conta as discussões acerca do movimento desses elementos na língua de sinais americana e na brasileira, se para direita ou esquerda, optando pelo movimento para a esquerda. Para embasar melhor o estudo, fizemos uma síntese das principais pesquisas sobre o assunto em questão, observando as diferenças existentes nas explicações, comparando-as com os dados que coletamos e com os juízos de nossos informantes. Concluímos propondo as estruturas que consideramos possíveis para as interrogativas com um único QU em LSB e para as com elementos QU duplicados. / The aim of this dissertation is to propose a broad description of Brazilian Sign Language (henceforth LBS) syntax: that is, on the one hand, it seeks at identifying, either in the literature or in our corpus, which of the common utterances’ patterns are grammatical and which are ungrammatical in LBS; on the other hand, it tries to characterize structure of the language grammatical utterances through a description of lexis, syntagmatic rules and LBS transformations. In the first chapter, we present a bibliographic summary of sign language history both pointing out the influence of some, such as the American and French, over LBS grammar; and revising the most significant linguistic studies in regards to those languages. In the second chapter, we offer important preliminary information to a satisfactory understanding of LBS structure: we describe the Lexis and its components; three verb classes; the nonmanual markers; and the sentence canonical structure. In the next chapter, we describe the LBS phrase, analyzing the nominal phrase and its components, the prepositional, adjectival, adverbial and verbal phrases; and offering transformational rules for them. Finally, in the last chapter, we analyze WH interrogative elements (or QU in Portuguese). We take in account the current discussions on the gestures of such elements both in American and Brazilian sign languages, whether they are to the right or to the left, opting for moving to the left. In order to consolidate this study, we summarized the most recurrent researches, observing the differences in explanations, comparing them to the data we have collected and to the judgment of our informants. In conclusion, we propose the WH interrogative structures which we consider likely to be applied in questions with only one WH element or with double WH elements.

Öffentliche Bibliotheken stehen bei der Erfüllung ihres gesellschaftlichen Informationsund Bildungsauftrages in einer hochtechnisierten Wissensgesellschaft vor ganz neuen Herausforderungen. Die Bibliotheksentwicklungskonzeption (BEK) der Leipziger Städtischen Bibliotheken (LSB) ist Grundlage für Qualität und Quantität der Bibliotheksarbeit und reagiert in ihren regelmäßigen Fortschreibungen auf aktuelle Entwicklungen. Festgeschrieben sind darin auch der Ausbau der Online-Angebote und die Förderung des lebenslangen Lernens.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-04-16T18:43:41Z No. of bitstreams: 4 Dissertação - Hildomar José de Lima - 2012 - parte 01.pdf: 17636865 bytes, checksum: 63ae351f343d1e51b8ca2adf1fa77206 (MD5) Dissertação - Hildomar José de Lima - 2012 - parte 02.pdf: 17664525 bytes, checksum: a18f77e197cf968856a3b6b1fc38c05e (MD5) Dissertação - Hildomar José de Lima - 2012 - parte 03.pdf: 6233184 bytes, checksum: 29e83f0ddcf2254bc34460774359d078 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-04-16T18:45:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 Dissertação - Hildomar José de Lima - 2012 - parte 01.pdf: 17636865 bytes, checksum: 63ae351f343d1e51b8ca2adf1fa77206 (MD5) Dissertação - Hildomar José de Lima - 2012 - parte 02.pdf: 17664525 bytes, checksum: a18f77e197cf968856a3b6b1fc38c05e (MD5) Dissertação - Hildomar José de Lima - 2012 - parte 03.pdf: 6233184 bytes, checksum: 29e83f0ddcf2254bc34460774359d078 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-16T18:45:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Dissertação - Hildomar José de Lima - 2012 - parte 01.pdf: 17636865 bytes, checksum: 63ae351f343d1e51b8ca2adf1fa77206 (MD5) Dissertação - Hildomar José de Lima - 2012 - parte 02.pdf: 17664525 bytes, checksum: a18f77e197cf968856a3b6b1fc38c05e (MD5) Dissertação - Hildomar José de Lima - 2012 - parte 03.pdf: 6233184 bytes, checksum: 29e83f0ddcf2254bc34460774359d078 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this paper is to analyze some ‘morphic’ and semantic-syntactic properties that allow us to define Noun and Verb in Brazilian Sign Language (BSL). It is based on a contemporary approach of linguistic analysis named functional-cognitive (Croft e Cruse, 2004; Fauconnier e Turnner, 1998, 2008; Givón, 2001; Langacker, 1987, 1990, 1991, 2008 e Taylor, 2002). In this perspective, a linguistic analysis asserts that the code should be regarded as dynamic and likely to suffer changes that come from the speaking community and the universe, never as an immutable entity. In this way, this research bases itself on the fact that in BSL, the processes of cognitive nature and discursive-pragmatic nature motivate the distribution of such linguistic code in terms of categories. The data analysis is done in two distinct moments. First, we showed analysis observations concerning those signs in BSL that are related to Nouns and Verbs in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), that is, we worked with nominal notions and verbal notions based on the prototypical semantic characteristics proposed by Givón (2001). At this stage, it was possible to link the prototypical semantic characteristics that are correlated to Verbs and Nouns in BP. Afterwards, we analyzed the grammatical criteria that are typical of the language being studied based on bigger constructions. In such analyses, we verified that a first criterion to identifying a contrast between verbal and nominal notions, in BSL, was semantic feature dynamicity, which separates dynamic events/activities from entities/states more stable in time. / Este trabalho objetiva analisar algumas propriedades ‘mórficas’ e sintático-semânticas que nos permitam definir as categorias lexicais Nome e Verbo na Língua de Sinais Brasileira (LSB). Fundamenta-se em uma abordagem contemporânea de análise linguística denominada Cognitivo-funcional (Croft e Cruse, 2004; Fauconnier e Turnner, 1998, 2008; Givón, 2001; Langacker, 1987, 1990, 1991, 2008 e Taylor, 2002). Nessa perspectiva, uma análise linguística implica que se considere o código como dinâmico e passível de mudanças advindas da relação entre comunidade falante e o universo, jamais como uma entidade imutável. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa parte do pressuposto de que na LSB os processos de natureza cognitiva e de natureza pragmático-discursiva motivam a distribuição do código linguístico em estudo em termos de categorias. Este trabalho envolveu pesquisa de campo, com dados coletados especialmente para esta investigação, através de narrativas de surdos adultos usuários de LSB. A análise dos dados se dá em dois momentos distintos. Primeiramente, explicitamos observações de análise sobre aqueles sinais em LSB que se correlacionam com Nome e os que se correlacionam com Verbo no Português do Brasil (PB), ou seja, trabalhamos com noções nominais e noções verbais com base nas características semânticas prototípicas propostas por Givón (2001). Nesta etapa foi possível traçar as características semânticas prototípicas daqueles sinais que se correlacionam com Verbos e Nomes no PB. Em seguida, analisamos critérios gramaticais internos à língua em estudo a partir de construções maiores. Nesta análise verificou-se que um primeiro critério para a identificação de um contraste entre noções verbais e nominais, na LSB, foi o traço semântico de dinamicidade, que separa eventos/ações, dinâmicos, de entidades/estados, mais estáveis no tempo.

Digital steganography is a technique for hiding data mostly into multimedia files (images, audio, video). With the development of information technology this technique has found its use in the field of copyright protection and secret data transfer, could be even applied in places where is limited possibility of using cryptography (e. g. by law). This thesis gives insight into digital steganography and contains an application using this technique.

MPEG audio compression techniques significantly reduces the storage and transmission requirements for high quality digital audio. However, compression complicates the processing of audio in many applications. If a compressed audio signal is to be processed, a direct method would be to decode the compressed signal, process the decoded signal and re-encode it. This is computationally expensive due to the complexity of the MPEG filter bank. This thesis deals with processing of MPEG compressed audio. The main contributions of this thesis are a) Extracting wavelet coefficients in the MPEG compressed domain. b) Wavelet based pitch extraction in MPEG compressed domain. c) Time Scale Modifications of MPEG audio. d) Watermarking of MPEG audio. The research contributions starts with a technique for calculating several levels of wavelet coefficients from the output of the MPEG analysis filter bank. The technique exploits the toeplitz structure which arises when the MPEG and wavelet filter banks are represented in a matrix form, The computational complexity for extracting several levels of wavelet coefficients after decoding the compressed signal and directly from the output of the MPEG analysis filter bank are compared. The proposed technique is found to be computationally efficient for extracting higher levels of wavelet coefficients. Extracting pitch in the compressed domain becomes essential when large multimedia databases need to be indexed. For example one may be interested in listening to a particular speaker or to listen to male female audio segments in a multimedia document. For this application, pitch information is one of the very basic and important features required. Pitch is basically the time interval between two successive glottal closures. Glottal closures are accompanied by sharp transients in the speech signal which in turn gives rise to a local maxima in the wavelet coefficients. Pitch can be calculated by finding the time interval between two successive maxima in the wavelet coefficients. It is shown that the computational complexity for extracting pitch in the compressed domain is less than 7% of the uncompressed domain processing. An algorithm for extracting pitch in the compressed domain is proposed. The result of this algorithm for synthetic signals, and utterances of words by male/female is reported. In a number of important applications, one needs to modify an audio signal to render it more useful than its original. Typical applications include changing the time evolution of an audio signal (increase or decrease the rate of articulation of a speaker),or to adapt a given audio sequence to a given video sequence. In this thesis, time scale modifications are obtained in the subband domain such that when the modified subband signals are given to the MPEG synthesis filter bank, the desired time scale modification of the decoded signal is achieved. This is done by making use of sinusoidal modeling [I]. Here, each of the subband signal is modeled in terms of parameters such as amplitude phase and frequencies and are subsequently synthesised by using these parameters with Ls = k La where Ls is the length of the synthesis window , k is the time scale factor and La is the length of the analysis window. As the PCM version of the time scaled signal is not available, psychoacoustic model based bit allocation cannot be used. Hence a new bit allocation is done by using a subband coding algorithm. This method has been satisfactorily tested for time scale expansion and compression of speech and music signals. The recent growth of multimedia systems has increased the need for protecting digital media. Digital watermarking has been proposed as a method for protecting digital documents. The watermark needs to be added to the signal in such a way that it does not cause audible distortions. However the idea behind the lossy MPEC encoders is to remove or make insignificant those portions of the signal which does not affect human hearing. This renders the watermark insignificant and hence proving ownership of the signal becomes difficult when an audio signal is compressed. The existing compressed domain methods merely change the bits or the scale factors according to a key. Though simple, these methods are not robust to attacks. Further these methods require original signal to be available in the verification process. In this thesis we propose a watermarking method based on spread spectrum technique which does not require original signal during the verification process. It is also shown to be more robust than the existing methods. In our method the watermark is spread across many subband samples. Here two factors need to be considered, a) the watermark is to be embedded only in those subbands which will make the addition of the noise inaudible. b) The watermark should be added to those subbands which has sufficient bit allocation so that the watermark does not become insignificant due to lack of bit allocation. Embedding the watermark in the lower subbands would cause distortion and in the higher subbands would prove futile as the bit allocation in these subbands are practically zero. Considering a11 these factors, one can introduce noise to samples across many frames corresponding to subbands 4 to 8. In the verification process, it is sufficient to have the key/code and the possibly attacked signal. This method has been satisfactorily tested for robustness to scalefactor, LSB change and MPEG decoding and re-encoding.

L'objectif principal de ces travaux de thèse est d'unifier différentes informations 2D et 3D afin de réaliser une visualisation adaptée dans un environnement client/serveur hétérogène en termes de réseau, de traitement et de ressources mémoire. Dans ce contexte, nous avons exploité la nature multi-résolution de la transformée en ondelettes discrètes (TOD) du codeur JPEG2000. L'unification des données est réalisée par insertion aveugle, synchrone ou partiellement synchrone, des données cachées dans le domaine des ondelettes. Une visualisation 3D classique nécessite au moins deux types de données : une image 2D d'intensité, appelé texture, et une forme 3D pouvant être représentée par une image, un modèle 3D ombré ou un maillage de points. Ce type d'image, parfois également appelé carte de profondeur est une image dans laquelle la valeur des pixels reflète la distance du capteur à la surface par imagerie. La texture est une image 2D couleur qui est apposée sur le modèle 3D après triangulation. Au niveau de l'insertion des données cachées, la carte de profondeur est d'abord transformée dans le domaine des ondelettes tandis que la texture est insérée dans le codeur JPEG2000. Le processus de codage JPEG2000 de la texture est interrompue, et les coefficients 3D sont insérés dans la totalité ou dans un sous-ensemble des sous-bandes de la texture. Les données sont re-intégrées dans le codeur standard de JPEG2000 à l'endroit où l'interruption a été faite. Le fichier résultant peut alors être envoyé à travers tous types de canal de communication comme un autre fichier standard issu du codeur JPEG2000. Les différents niveaux de résolution et le caractère synchronisé de nos algorithmes permettent une visualisation en 3D, même avec peu de sous-bandes de résolution suite à un transfert partiel ou retardé. La méthode permet ainsi d'effectuer une visualisation à partir uniquement d'une fraction des données. Dans ce cas nous remplaçons par des zéros les coefficients des sous-bandes manquantes. La première phase de ce travail a concerné l'imperceptibilité; c'est la raison pour laquelle l'insertion a été réalisée dans les bits de poids plus faibles. La deuxième phase de ces travaux a concerné la robustesse, c'est pourquoi une stratégie d'insertion par étalement de spectres a été utilisée. Au cours de la seconde phase, l'imperceptibilité n'a pas été complètement ignorée, du fait que l'insertion des données est effaçable après l'extraction. Les deux applications principales sont la visualisation 3D de modèles numériques de terrains et de visages. Dans la troisième et dernière phase de ces travaux de thèse, nous avons élargi le problème en essayant de prendre en compte le problème d'assemblage de dalles de niveaux de résolutions différentes sans soudure apparente. Ceci a eté assuré par des fonctions de lissage dans le domaine des ondelettes.