En av de mest centrala delarna av undervisningen i lågstadiet fokuserar på svenskämnet och speciellt elevers läsförmåga. Trots obligatoriska screeningmoment och nationella bedömningsstöd uppfattar personal inom skola att kartläggning av läskunskaper är tidskrävande, komplext och subjektivt till följd av dess manuella format. Denna studie undersöker hur en automatiserad läs-screening kan implementeras som ett kompletterande verktyg i lågstadiet genom forced alignment. Syftet är att fastställa om ett program är tillräckligt pålitligt för att underlätta screeningprocessen och tidigare kunna identifiera elever med lässvårigheter. Genom intervjuer med personer som jobbar inom skola och framtagandet av en prototyp har resultaten analyserats. Studiens slutsats blev att det finns fördelar med att komplettera den manuella läs-screeningen med ett automatiskt verktyg, men att det inte går att dra några slutsatser om huruvida verktyget går att implementera i samtliga skolor med positiva effekter. Det kan vara mer fördelaktigt att använda sig av ett automatiskt verktyg i mellanstadiet, men till följd av låg svarsfrekvens vid intervjuer kan detta inte fastställas. / One of the most central parts of the education in lower school is Swedish and especially reading skills. Even though there are mandatory screening moments and national evaluation support, employees in schools think of the screenings as a timeconsuming, complex, and subjective process due to their manual format. This study investigates how an automatized reading screening can be implemented in lower school as a complemental tool by forced alignment. The purpose is to confirm whether a program is reliable enough to make it easier to perform reading screening and earlier identify pupils with reading difficulties. By interviewing employees in schools and creating a prototype, the results have been analyzed. The study concluded was that there are advantages of having an automatic complementary tool in the reading screening process. Still, there was not possible to make any conclusions about whether the tool can be implemented in all schools with positive effects. It could be more beneficial to use an automatic tool in middle school, but due to low answering frequency, this cannot be established.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:07:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FernandoAP_TESE.pdf: 585382 bytes, checksum: a389cddb1a55fc2117f23064915d2fce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-10 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / A study about the polyphonic aspect of The Lusiads. An epic poem in Portuguese Language written by Lu?s de Cam?es, that narrates the adventure of the journey of Vasco da Gama in the discoverer of new shipping lanes for the ?ndias. Secondarily, tells the historics battles engaged during the process of foundation and consolidation of the Portuguese Empire. The object of the study are the diverse speeches that compose the poem s narration, aiming at to the possible aesthetic relation of the epic poetry of Cam?es with the novelistic prose developed in the modernity, starting with D. Quijote and consacrating it at polyphonic novels written by Dostoi?vski. The sdudy focuses the singularity of Cam?es lies in the elaboration of a narrative structurally epic, but at the same time contains several deviating speeches. Such speeches emphasize the multiple planes and multiple voices (characteristics of novelistic prose) without, however, prejudice the interlinking logical-formal epos, resulting in the monological finish conventional of the epic gender. This feature characterizes The Lusiads as monological literary work, but also shows dialogism and plurilinguism, essentials to the polyphonic phenomenon. Another prominent aspect of the poetry of Cam?es is the relative procedure to the expressiveness of the characters. They are, in the majority, rhetorical creations, which assume, in the speech, human or myhtological characteristics. Stratagem that permits to the poet to emit a multiple faces of vision of the facts told. The analysis of the speeches supports-itself entirely in the polyphonic theory of Mikhail Bakhtin, shall be cited, accessory, viewpoints of others theoretical, as long if it is judged compatible with the theory adopted / Estudo sobre o aspecto polif?nico d Os Lus?adas. Poema ?pico escrito em L?ngua Portuguesa por Lu?s de Cam?es, cujo tema central ? a aventura da viagem de Vasco da Gama no descobrimento de novas rotas mar?timas para as ?ndias, narrando, secundariamente, as batalhas hist?ricas travadas no percurso da forma??o e consolida??o do Imp?rio Portugu?s. O objeto do estudo s?o os diversos discursos que comp?em a narra??o do poema, examinando a poss?vel rela??o de influ?ncia est?tica entre a poesia ?pica camoniana e a prosa romanesca que se desenvolve na modernidade, a partir de D. Quixote, consagrando-se nos romances polif?nicos de Dostoi?vski. O estudo enfoca a singularidade de Cam?es na elabora??o de uma narrativa estruturalmente ?pica, mas que ao mesmo tempo engloba v?rios discursos desviantes (excursos). Discursos esses que revelam a multiplanaridade e a plurivocaliza??o (caracter?sticas da prosa romanesca) sem, contudo, prejudicar o encadeamento l?gico-formal da epopeia, resultando no acabamento monol?gico can?nico do g?nero ?pico. Este aspecto caracteriza Os Lus?adas como uma obra monol?gica, conforme o c?none de ent?o, mas que deixa transparecer tra?os de dialogismo e de plurilinguismo essenciais ao fen?meno polif?nico. Outro aspecto relevante da po?tica camoniana, ressaltado no presente estudo, ? o procedimento relativo ? expressividade das personagens. As personagens-narradoras do poema s?o, na maioria, cria??es discursivas ou ret?ricas, as quais assumem, no discurso, caracter?sticas humanas ou mitol?gicas. Artif?cio que permite ao poeta apresentar uma vis?o multifacet?ria dos fatos narrados. A an?lise dos discursos apoia-se inteiramente na teoria polif?nica de Mikhail Bakhtin, citando, acessoriamente, pontos de vista de outros te?ricos, ? medida que se julgam compat?veis com a teoria adotada

The research conducted for this thesis seeks to understand issues associated with integrating a direct spread spectrum system (DSSS) transceiver on to a single chip. Various types of sequences, such as Kasami sequences and Gold sequences, are available for use in typical spread spectrum systems. For this thesis, complex spreading sequences (CSS) are used for improved cross-correlation and autocorrelation properties that can be achieved by using such a sequence. While CSS and DSSS are well represented in the existing body of knowledge, and discrete bulky hardware solutions exist – an effort to jointly integrate CSS and DSSS on-chip was identified to be lacking. For this thesis, spread spectrum architecture was implemented focussing on sub-systems that are specific to CSS. This will be the main contribution for this thesis, but the contribution is further appended by various RF design challenges: highspeed requirements make RF circuits sensitive to the effects of parasitics, including parasitic inductance, passive component modelling, as well as signal integrity issues. The integration is first considered more ideally, using mathematical sub-systems, and then later implemented practically using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The integration involves mixed-signal and radio frequency (RF) design techniques – and final integration involves several specialized analogue sub-systems, such as a class F power amplifier (PA), a low-noise amplifier (LNA), and LC voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs). The research also considers various issues related to on-chip inductors, and also considers an active inductor implementation as an option for the VCO. With such an inductor a better quality factor is achievable. While some conventional sub-system design techniques are deployed, several modifications are made to adapt a given sub-system to the design requirements for this thesis. The contribution of the research lies in the circuit level modifications done at sub-system level aimed towards eventual integration. For multiple-access communication systems, where a number of independent users are required to share a common channel, the transceiver proposed in this thesis, can contribute towards improved data rate or bit error rate. The design is completed for fabrication in a standard 0.35-μm CMOS process with minimal external components. With an active chip area of about 5 mm2, the simulated transmitter consumes about 250 mW&the receiver consumes about 200 mW. AFRIKAANS : Die navorsing wat vir hierdie tesis onderneem is, beoog om kundigheid op te bou aangaande die kwessies wat met die integrasie van ‘n direkte spreispektrumstelsel (DSSS) sender-ontvanger op ‘n enkele skyfie verband hou. Verskeie tipes sekwensies, soos byvoorbeeld Kasami- en Gold-sekwensies, is vir gebruik in tipiese spreispektrumstelsels beskikbaar. Vir hierdie tesis is komplekse spreisekwensies (KSS) gebruik vir verbeterde kruis- en outokorrelasie-eienskappe wat bereik kan word deur so ‘n sekwensie te gebruik. Alhoewel DSSS en KSS reeds welbekend is, en diskrete hardeware oplossings reeds bestaan, is die vraag na gesamentlike geïntegreerde DSSS en KSS op een vlokkie geïdentifiseer. Vir hierdie tesis is spreispektrumargitektuur aangewend met die klem op KSS substelsels. Dit is dan ook die belangrikste bydrae van hierdie tesis, maar die bydrae gaan verder gepaard met verskeie RF-ontwerpuitdagings: hoëspoed-vereistes maak RF-stroombane sensitief vir die uitwerking van parasitiese komponente, met inbegrip van parasitiese induktansie, passiewe komponentmodellering en ook seinintegriteitskwessies. Die integrasie word eerstens meer idealisties oorweeg deur wiskundige substelsels te gebruik en dan later prakties te implementeer deur komplementêre metaaloksied-halfgeleiertegnologie (CMOS) te gebruik. Die integrasie behels gemengdesein- en radiofrekwensie(RF)-ontwerptegnieke – en finale integrasie behels verskeie gespesialiseerde analoë substelsels soos ‘n klas F-kragversterker (KV), ‘n laeruis-versterker (LRV), en LC-spanningbeheerde ossileerders (SBO’s). Die navorsing oorweeg ook verskeie kwessies in verband met op-skyfie induktors en oorweeg ook ‘n aktiewe induktorimplementering as ‘n opsie vir die SBO. Met sodanige induktor is ‘n beter kwaliteitsfaktor haalbaar. Hoewel enkele konvensionele substelsel-ontwerptegnieke aangewend word, word daar verskeie wysigings aangebring om ‘n gegewe substelsel by die ontwerpvereistes vir hierdie tesis aan te pas. Die bydrae van die navorsing is hoofsaaklik die stroombaanmodifikasies wat gedoen is op substelselvlak om integrasie te vergemaklik. Vir veelvoudige-toegang kommunikasiestelsels waar ‘n aantal onafhanklike gebruikers dieselfde seinkanaal moet deel, kan die sender-ontvanger voorgestel in hierdie tesis meewerk om die datatempo en fouttempo te verbeter. Die ontwerp is voltooi vir vervaardiging in ‘n standaard 0.35-μm CMOS-proses met minimale eksterne komponente. Met ‘n aktiewe skyfie-oppervlakte van ongeveer 5 mm2, verbruik die gesimuleerde sender ongeveer 250 mW en die ontvanger verbruik ongeveer 200 mW. / Thesis (PHD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted