Teaching Artists are an important component of the Utah Shakespearean Festival's Education Department's outreach touring program that visits K-12 schools throughout Utah each year. However, the Education Department could be using Teaching Artists in different and better ways to help K-12 teachers infuse theatre into their curriculum. This work looks carefully at the outreach offered by the Utah Shakespearean Festival's Education Department and then compares it to the outreach work being done by the Oregon Shakespeare Festival and Shakespeare Santa Cruz. Based on the analysis of the three festivals, assessment benchmarks are identified to aid the Education Department in evaluating their use of Teaching Artists and suggestions are made to help them strengthen their outreach programs through the creation of a Teaching Artist training program that would allow more Teaching Artists to work in Utah K-12 schools. The work concludes with ideas for lesson and unit plans for Teaching Artists of various levels to use in the K-12 classroom that align with the State Common Core Standards for Language Arts that were adopted by Utah in August, 2010.

[pt] A pandemia da COVID-19 se espalhou rapidamente pelo mundo. No Brasil, várias organizações, como a Cruz Vermelha Brasileira (CVB), atuaram em diversas ações contra a disseminação do vírus e de apoio às populações mais vulneráveis. Em resposta às emergências de saúde pública, os suprimentos de socorro imediatos são essenciais para reduzir danos. Para assegurar a distribuição dos donativos aos beneficiários no tempo certo, é fundamental uma gestão adequada da cadeia de suprimentos (CS). Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal a revisão dos processos da CVB, à luz da literatura, visando promover condições reais de transformação nos referidos processos, com vistas à melhoria do desempenho organizacional e da eficiência e eficácia na distribuição dos itens de alívio. Baseando-se em uma Revisão de Escopo da literatura, identificar o estado da arte sobre os Fatores Críticos de Sucesso da Logística Humanitária em situações de crise epidemiológicas, como a COVID-19, e as melhores práticas para alcançá-los. Neste trabalho, é conduzido um Estudo de Caso sobre a cadeia logística da CVB em que, através de entrevistas com especialistas e análise documental de publicações oficiais, foi diagramado o fluxograma dos macroprocessos atuais (captação e recebimento de doações, distribuição das doações, recebimento nas filiais, distribuição de última milha). Em seguida, à luz da literatura, identificou-se 10 oportunidades de melhoria, resultando na revisão de seus processos, reformulando e validando os macroprocessos logísticos da CVB, onde foi possível concluir que as melhorias propostas são viáveis e apresentam um potencial significativo de impacto positivo nas atividades humanitárias da organização. / [en] The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly spread throughout the world. In Brazil, various organizations, such as the Brazilian Red Cross (CVB), have engaged in several actions against the spread of the virus and in support of the most vulnerable populations. In response to public health emergencies, immediate relief supplies are essential to reduce harm. To ensure the timely distribution of donations to beneficiaries, proper supply chain management (SCM) is fundamental. This dissertation aims to review CVB s processes in light of the literature, in order to promote real conditions for transformation in these processes, with a view to improving organizational performance and effectiveness in distributing relief items. Based on a Scoping Review of the literature, the state of the art on Critical Success Factors of Humanitarian Logistics in epidemiological crisis situations, such as COVID-19, and the best practices to achieve them were identified. In this work, a Case Study was conducted on CVB s logistics chain, in which, through interviews with experts and documentary analysis of official publications, the flowchart of current macro-processes (donation capture and receipt, donation distribution, branch receipt, last-mile distribution) was diagrammed. Next, in light of the literature, 10 opportunities for improvement were identified, resulting in the revision of its processes, reformulating and validating CVB s logistics macro-processes, where it was possible to conclude that the proposed improvements are feasible and present significant potential for positive impact on the organization s humanitarian activities.

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This dissertation explores the social relations of indebtedness. In this project I read Latinx and Latin American texts not often placed in conversation—Tomás Rivera’s …y no se lo tragó la tierra, Carlos Fuentes’ La Frontera de Cristal, Rosario Ferré’s Maldito Amor, and Angie Cruz’s Let It Rain Coffee—and explore their thematic and formal engagements with debt. I consider the problem of the visibility, representation, and understanding of indebtedness and argue that, to engage with the invisible logic of debt requires engaging the formal logic—the temporal, narratological, and rhetorical features—of the text. Each chapter treats each of these texts as a case study, and analyzes a different historical context and a different form and scale of debt—from the individual and informal in Rivera’s text to the sovereign and neocolonial in Ferré’s. Unlike other scholars who read for representations of high finance, the stock market, and debt relations, I read texts where questions of credit, finance, and the market are represented in subtle ways, attending to how the ideologies that precede debt are negotiated in the intimate spaces of the home and the family. I ask questions like what kind of ideas about the American Dream, family sacrifice, and national progress prop up debt regimes or what ideas about national progress justify sovereign debt to understand the generation and maintenance of an indebted subjectivity, not merely on an institutional and abstract level, but from below. Reading for debt’s logic is not an attempt to expose the latent ideology of the text or how it mimetically reflects reality but rather to show how the text’s critical engagement of related ideologies—those of progress, development, and liberalism—also encode questions related to credit, debt, risk, and loss. The texts I bring together offer a certain comparative, theoretical, and historical value in foregrounding narrative’s ability to generate relationships of debt and expose the literary techniques deployed to conceal debt’s logic. I show how attending to debt in these texts reframe struggles that tend to be thought of in spatial terms—displacement, migration, expropriation, extraction—and help us see them in temporal ones. Unlike engagements of finance and indebtedness that focus on its asocial and alienating qualities, I show how these texts render visible the deeply intimate nature of indebtedness and how debt mechanisms both produce and are produced by social relationships. Throughout the project, I argue that the relations of intimacy—the stories told that produce closeness, the care from which value is extracted for the production of profit, and the relations created between the debtor and the creditor—are the necessary conditions for contemporary debt and finance across the Americas.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010 / Este estudo analisa a situação do quadro de trabalhadores do Ministério da Saúde e entidades vinculadas Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS) e Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) _ noperíodo de 2000 a 2008, segundo algumas variáveis selecionadas, com destaque para o tipo de vínculo desses trabalhadores. Além da análise da evolução quantitativa da força de trabalho federal em saúde, procurou-se relacionar a situação atual com os condicionantes históricos e as políticas recentes voltadas para o funcionalismo público federal. O institucionalismo histórico é a principal corrente utilizada como referencial teórico do estudo, por reconhecer a importância do Estado como ator político e valorizar os condicionantes históricos, o papel das instituições e dos atores na conformação das políticas. As estratégias metodológicas utilizadas foram: revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e análise de dados primários e secundários sobre o quadro de trabalhadores federais em geral e na saúde. Os resultados sugerem que, no período recente, após o início do governo Lula em 2003, houve uma inflexão na tendência de redução do funcionalismo público federal, a qual vinha sendo observada desde os anos 1990, relacionada ao aumento dos concursos públicos para reposição de quadros. Tal movimento não atinge de forma homogênea todas as áreas,sendo que a saúde apresentou um aumento no quadro de servidores ativos inferior à média total do Executivo Federal. Foram observadas diferenças na situação do quadro de trabalhadores do Ministério da Saúde e entidades vinculadas incluídas no estudo. O nível central do Ministério foi pouco beneficiado com a realização de concursos e o funcionamento de áreas estratégicas do nível central do Ministério permanece dependente de profissionais inseridos como consultores ou por contratos temporários. As agências reguladoras da saúde, criadas no início dos anos 2000, foram beneficiadas com concursos para a contratação de servidores de carreiras específicas, principalmente a partir de 2005, mas ao final do período ainda apresentavam uma quantidade expressiva de trabalhadores com outros tipos de vínculos. Já na FIOCRUZ, observou-se um aumento do número de servidores no período, porém um aumento ainda maior na incorporação de trabalhadores terceirizados. Por fim, discutem-se os desafios de conformação de uma força de trabalho federal na saúde suficiente, estável e adequada para dar conta das atribuições estratégicas do Ministério da Saúde e entidades vinculadas, visto que, no Brasil, a esfera federal tem um papel fundamental para a consolidação do Sistema Único de Saúde, mesmo em um contexto de descentralização político-administrativa. / This study investigates the staffing of the Brazilian Ministry of Health and associated entities – namely, the National Public Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA, National Agency for Supplementary Health Care (ANS) and the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) – during the period from 2000 to 2008, in terms of a selected set of variables,with particular focus on the types of employment relation. As well as an analysis of the quantitative growth of the federal work force in health, the study involved relating the current situation to historical factors and recent policies aimed at the federal civil service. Historical institutionalism is the main theoretical branch referenced in the study as it recognizes the importance of the State as a political actor and values the historical conditioning factors and the role of the institutions and actors in policy making. The methodological techniques used were a bibliographical review, documental analysis and analysis of primary and secondary data on federal staffing in general and in health care. The results suggest that since the dawn of the Lula government in 2003, the trend of a shrinking federal civil service observed since the 1990s has been reversed as a result of increased civil service admissions to replenish staffing levels. However, this movement has not affected all the different areas in a uniform manner, and the increase in active public health workers is lower than the average increase of the Federal Executive. Differences were found in the staffing situations of the Ministry of Health and of the associated entities included in this study. The central office of the Ministry benefitted only slightly from the civil service admission examinations conducted and the operations of strategic areas of the Ministry central office remain dependent on professionals hired as consultants or by temporary contracts. The health regulatory agencies, created in the early 2000s, have benefitted from civil service admission examinations for the admission of specific professions, especially since 2005, but at the end of the period there was still a considerable proportion of workers employed under alternative types of engagement. Meanwhile at FIOCRUZ, although an increase was observed in the number of civil servants in the period, there was an even greater increase in the number of workers employed under other types of contracts. Finally, a discussion is developed on the challenges involved in forming a federal work force in health which is large enough, stable and adequate to address the strategic 10 responsibilities of the Ministry of Health and associated entities, bearing in mind that in Brazil the federal governmental sphere plays a fundamental role in consolidating the Unified Health System (SUS), even against the backdrop of political-administrative decentralization.

Paleomagnetic data from 25 sites (5 samples per site) in andesite flows of the Gringo Gulch Volcanics in Santa Cruz County, Arizona, were analyzed to determine a lower Paleocene paleomagnetic pole. Alternating-field demagnetization to 500 oe peak field was sufficient to erase secondary viscous components. The mean direction of magnetization (inclination = -58.8°, declination = 167.5 °) was obtained by averaging the site mean directions of the 25 sites, which are all reversed. The resultant lower Paleocene pole position is at lat. 77.0 °N, 1on. 201.0 °E (dp = 1.2 °, dm = 1.7 °).

Cette thèse est une étude analytique et comparative des conceptions éthiques autochtones, à travers des discours coloniaux de deux régions de l'Amérique : le Pérou et le Québec. Le but ultime de cette étude est permettre de découvrir les principes de ces éthiques des communautés autochtones et de les faire participer au débat et à la création d'éthiques interculturelles et écologiques pertinentes pour le monde contemporain. À cette fin, ce travail se consacre à l'étude des traditions orales autochtones, et plus particulièrement à la littérature de source orale coloniale. Plus précisément, nous étudions deux chroniques coloniales autochtones des Andes : le Manuscrit de Huarochirí et la Relation de Joan Santa Cruz Pachacuti, ainsi que les relations de deux missionnaires jésuites en Nouvelle-France : Paul Lejeune et Jean de Brébeuf. Étant donné que ces textes ne peuvent être considérés comme des transcriptions littérales des traditions orales autochtones, nous optons pour une méthodologie qui prend en compte à la fois les locus de l'énonciation, les traditions discursives et les processus de textualisation de la mémoire, ainsi que les relations contextuelles (référentielles, intertextuelles et interpersonnelles) et les instances d’une analyse « éthicologique ». Du côté des textes des Andes, des dynamiques éthiques synthétisées comme une « éthique de la réciprocité » sont dégagées. Cette dernière se veut hautement écologique, prend en considération la cohabitation avec toutes les entités de l’environnement (humaines et non humaines) et, par conséquent, peut être considérée comme un effort pour répondre aux défis imposés par le contexte dans lequel elles vivent. En ce qui concerne les textes québécois, leurs principes éthiques se résument en une « éthique du respect », celle-ci pouvant également être considérée comme une éthique écologique. De fait, on y observe l’absence d’une réelle séparation entre l’être humain et les autres entités de son milieu, remplacée par une continuité fluide de relations entre celles-ci, formant un « cercle sacré » de relations. À partir de ces résultats, un bilan comparatif est dressé et montre que les différences sont pour la plupart de nature formelle. En effet, les éthiques sont ancrées dans des réalités sociohistoriques différentes puisqu’elles se réfèrent à différents environnements et aux coutumes qui y sont reliés. En termes de similitudes, celles-ci se résument au concept de « cosmoéthique du cercle » qui révèle une conception de l'éthique comme un processus dynamique mettant en jeu non seulement les humains, mais aussi l'environnement et ce qui échappe à l’appréhension palpable du monde. Enfin, une tentative est faite, celle de donner une perspective à certains principes dégagés lors des analyses, montrant qu’elles peuvent impliquer une complexité parfois niée ou écartée par certains philosophes occidentaux contemporains. Ainsi, ce travail montre que l’étude de discours proprement autochtones est une porte d’accès à leurs manières de concevoir l’éthique et peut donc contribuer au travail interculturel de la philosophie et, plus précisément de l’éthique. / This thesis is a comparative study of indigenous ethical conceptions, through the analysis of colonial discourses from two regions of the Americas: Peru and Quebec. The aim of this study is to discover the principles of indigenous ethics and have these participate in the creation of and discussion about intercultural and ecological ethics that are relevant to the contemporary world. To this end, this paper is devoted to the study of indigenous oral traditions, and more particularly to colonial literatures based on oral sources. Specifically, we study two indigenous colonial chronicles from the Andes: the Huarochiri Manuscript and the Relation, by Joan and Santa Cruz Pachacuti; we also examine the relations of two Jesuit missionaries in New France: Paul Lejeune and Jean de Brébeuf. Since these texts cannot be considered as direct transcriptions of indigenous oral traditions, we use a methodology that takes into account the locus of enunciation, discursive traditions and processes of textualization of memory; as well as contextual relationships (intertextual, referencial, and interpersonal) and the different instances of an “ethicologic” analysis. Regarding the Andean texts, ethical dynamics are highlighted and then synthesized as an “ethics of reciprocity”. This highly ecological ethics takes into consideration the coexistence of all environmental entities (human and non-human), and may be viewed as an effort of Andean people to respond to the specific challenges they faced. Concerning the texts from Quebec, the ethical principles identified may be summarized as an “ethics of respect”. These may also be viewed as an ecological ethics as they do not perceive a real separation between man and the other entities that inhabit their environment. Rather, they view the relationship between human and non-human entities as a fluid continuity that forms a “sacred circle”. Based on these results we draw a comparative assessment that demonstrates that the difference is mostly formal: ethics are anchored in different socio-historical realities related to environmental differences and the customs associated with these environments. Regarding the similarities between the Peruvian and Quebec indigenous ethics, they may be summarized by the concept of a “cosmoethics of the circle”. This reveals a conception of ethics as a dynamic process that brings into play not only humans, but also the environment, as well as that which escapes a palpable apprehension of the world. Finally, this thesis attempts to lend a perspective on some of the principles outlined in the analysis, by showing that they can involve a complexity that is at times denied or dismissed by contemporary Western philosophers. In summary, this dissertation shows that the study of indigenous discourses, or discourses which give a voice to indigenous people, is a gateway to their ways of thinking about ethics and therefore can contribute to the intercultural work of philosophy and ethics. / La presente tesis es un estudio analítico y comparativo de las concepciones éticas indígenas, a través de discursos coloniales de dos regiones de América: Perú y Quebec. La finalidad última de este estudio es la de permitir descubrir los principios de esas éticas indígenas y de hacerlas participar en el debate y creación de éticas interculturales y ecológicas pertinente al mundo contemporáneo. A ese fin, este trabajo se consagra al estudio de las tradiciones orales indígenas, y más particularmente al de la literatura de fuente oral colonial. Concretamente, se hace un estudio de dos crónicas coloniales indígenas de los Andes: el Manuscrito de Huarochirí y la Relación de Joan Santa Cruz Pachacuti; y de las relaciones de dos misioneros jesuitas en Nueva Francia: Paul Lejeune y Jean de Brébeuf. Puesto que estos textos no pueden ser considerados como trascripciones literales de las tradiciones orales indígenas, se ha optado por una metodología que toma en consideración tanto los locus de enunciación, las tradiciones discursivas y los procesos de textualización de la memoria, como las relaciones contextuales (intertextuales, referenciales e interpersonales) y las diferentes instancias de un análisis “eticológico”. Del lado de los textos andinos, se destacan dinámicas éticas que se sintetizan en una “ética de la reciprocidad”, ética altamente ecológica que toma en consideración el convivir con todas las entidades del entorno (humanas y no humanas) y, en consecuencia, que se puede considerar como un esfuerzo para responder a los desafíos impuestos por el contexto en el cual viven. Por lo que se refiere a los textos quebequenses, se identifican principios éticos que pueden ser resumidos como una “ética del respeto”, que también puede ser considerada como una ética ecológica, ya que no se concibe una real separación entre el ser humano y las demás entidades de su entorno, sino más bien una continuidad fluida de relaciones entre ellos, formando un “círculo sagrado” de relaciones. A partir de estos resultados, se elabora un balance comparativo que muestra que las diferencias son sobre todo de orden formal, ya que las éticas se anclan en realidades socio-históricas diferentes por tener que ver principalmente con las diferencias del medio ambiente y de las costumbres que les están asociadas. En cuanto a las similitudes, estas se resumen en el concepto de “cosmoética del círculo”, que releva una concepción de la ética como una dinámica que pone en juego no sólo a los humanos, sino también el medio ambiente y lo que escapa a la aprensión palpable del mundo. Para terminar, se intenta dar perspectiva a algunos principios destacados en el análisis, mostrando que pueden conllevar una complejidad que a veces es negada o descartada por los filósofos occidentales contemporáneos. Así, este trabajo muestra que el estudio de discursos propiamente indígenas, o que dan la palabra al indígena, es una puerta de acceso a sus maneras de concebir la ética y que, por tanto, puede contribuir en una labor intercultural de la filosofía y de la ética.

Silenced for almost half a century, testimonies of those who lost the Spanish Civil War are now surfacing and being published. The origin of this dissertation was the chance discovery that Martín Herrera de Mendoza, a Spanish Civil War exile living in the United States, was truly a Catalonian anarchist named Antonio Vidal Arabí. This double identity was a cover for the political activist dedicated to the fight for change in the anarchist workers’ union CNT (National Confederation of Workers) and the FAI (Federation of Iberian Anarchists). He founded the FAI chapter in Santa Cruz de Tenerife and planned a failed assassination attempt on General Franco’s life in an effort to avoid the military takeover in 1936. This dissertation is the reconstruction of Antonio Vidal Arabí’s life narrative. It is based on the texts written during his seventeen-month stay as a refugee in Great Britain. Copies of his writings were left in a suitcase with a fellow anarchist who he instructed to have sent to his family upon his death. In 1989, “The English Suitcase” was delivered to his children in Barcelona. Based on his own account, this study follows his service as an intelligence agent for the Spanish Republic during the War. When it was over, he attempted to evacuate his family from France, to save them from the threat of the Nazi invasion and reunite with them in England or America. The analysis of the letters he wrote to his wife and children in France documents how he hid from Franco’s spies using his dual identity. In his letters, always signed as Martín Herrera de Mendoza, he invents a persona in order to help his family. The present study narrates his transformation into the persona he created and the events that brought about his translation into his “other.” Antonio Vidal Arabí’s bilinguism and biculturality is underlined as the main factors in his change into Martín Herrera de Mendoza. His was a voyage into exile documented by his own words; a story of survival and reinvention. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2013-03-06T20:26:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_FilogeografiaLagartosBaixo.pdf: 877843 bytes, checksum: dbfeeb7d4af9c4a9afb4638a2b50cc15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-03-08T16:28:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_FilogeografiaLagartosBaixo.pdf: 877843 bytes, checksum: dbfeeb7d4af9c4a9afb4638a2b50cc15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-08T16:28:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_FilogeografiaLagartosBaixo.pdf: 877843 bytes, checksum: dbfeeb7d4af9c4a9afb4638a2b50cc15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Estudos filogeográficos têm ajudado a esclarecer o contexto espacial e temporal da diversificação de organismos amazônicos, o que pode ser diretamente comparado com cenários geológicos específicos. O presente estudo visa fornecer informações que possam auxiliar na reconstituição da história recente do baixo Tocantins/Ilha do Marajó a partir e uma análise filogeográfica de Gonatodes humeralis e Kentropyx calcarata. Adicionalmente, a utilidade do gene citocromo oxidase I como marcador para estudos populacionais de lagartos foi avaliada. Dados de 49 exemplares de G. humeralis e 32 de K. calcarata de 14 localidades ao sul do Amapá, baixo Tocantins, Ilha do Marajó e de uma externa à área focal do estudo foram analisados. Alem das medidas de diversidade e diferenciação genética, foram possíveis eventos de expansão demográfica recente nestas populações foram avaliados com uso da estatística R2. As relações filogenéticas entre as populações foram avaliadas pela construção de árvores não enraizadas usando-se os métodos de máxima parcimônia (MP) e máxima verossimilhança (MV). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que embora o COI tenha sido raramente utilizado para esta finalidade, a variação observada entre seqüências de populações de G. humeralis e K. calcarata indicam que ele é um marcador útil para análises filogeográficas. As cinco populações de ambas as espécies aqui estudadas, são geneticamente estruturadas. Isso indica um baixo ou mais provavelmente inexistente fluxo gênico entre elas. As relações filogeográficas observadas, embora mais seguramente para G. humeralis que para K. calcarata indicam que ocorreram mudanças significativas em tempos relativamente recentes no sistema de drenagem na região do baixo rio Tocantins e Ilha do Marajó. Isto porque, há neste estudo, fortes indícios de que em tempos pretéritos recentes houve maior movimentação, ativa ou passiva, das espécies entre as regiões do Marajó e oeste do rio Tocantins que teriam sido as mais diretamente afetadas por estas mudanças. / Filogeographical studies have helped to clarify the spatial and temporal context of the diversification of organisms from Amazonian, which can be directly compared with specific geological scenarios. This study aims to contribute with the reconstitution of the recent history of low Tocantins/Marajó Island from a philogeographical analysis of Gonatodes humeralis and Kentropyx calcarata. The questions to be answered are whether there is a distinction among the population of the southern Amapá, Marajó Island, and each side of the Tocantins river, and how these populations interrelate one each other. In addition, this work also aims to assess the usefulness of the gene cytochrome oxidase I as a marker for studies of lizard populations. Data from 49 specimens of G. humeralis and 32 of K. calcarata from 14 localities in southern Amapá, low Tocantins, Marajó Island, and of an external population of the focal area of study, in the city of Itaituba, Pará, were analyzed. The molecular studies were based on mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I. The levels of genetic variability were calculated: diversity of nucleotides (π) and diversity of haplotypes (h), the genetic differentiation through the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and the estimates of Fst for pairs of populations and distribution of the differences between pairs of sequences. It was used a statistical test to detect possible R2 events of recent demographic expansion. The phylogenetic relations between populations were evaluated by the construction of non-rooted trees using the methods of maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (MV). The results show that although the COI has been rarely used for this purpose, the observed variation in sequences of populations of G. humeralis and K. calcarata indicates that it is a useful marker for Phylogeographic analysis. The five populations of both species studied here, are genetically structured. This indicates a low or, more probably, inexistent gene flow among them. The observed Phylogeographic relations, although more certainly to G. humeralis than K. calcarata, indicates that significant changes have occurred in relatively recent times in the drainage system in the low Tocantins river and Marajo island. This is due strong indications, obtained in this study, that in recent past there was more movement, active or passive, of the species between regions of Marajo and west of the Tocantins river that would have been the most directly affected by these changes.