Orientador: Niza de Castro Tank / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T07:31:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Siqueira_EgleMariaLuzBragaZamariande_M.pdf: 1211156 bytes, checksum: 4bdebf92f5738e046ddd71ae882ac527 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000 / Resumo: A Música, como modalidade de conhecimento ou como forma de expressão, tem caracterizado uma presença marcante na história do desenvolvimento cultural do Brasil. Considerando as inúmeras possibilidades da Música no processo de ensino, esta dissertação busca refletir sobre sua aplicação em Escolas de Educação Infantil e Ensino Fundamental, partindo de uma concepção construtivista, utilizando conceitos de antropologia cultural e sob a ótica da arte-educação, e descreve experimentos realizados em salas de aula entre os anos de 1992 e 1999. Sob o enfoque qualitativo, utiliza-se a canção como principal material de apoio, escolhida pelo fato de constituir o grande manancial da cultura musical brasileira e trazer em seu bojo importantes elementos referentes à sua linguagem: apreciação contextualização histórica da letra, de compositores e de autores, observação da instrumentação, arranjo e outros. Nestes elementos encontramos rica fonte de conhecimentos musicais, essenciais para a formação básica cultural da criança no processo constituitivo de um público fruidor no contexto musical, a fim de resgatar uma platéia ouvinte. A prática de trabalhar música, partindo da canção, com alunos na faixa etária compreendida de três a dez anos, revelou suas diversas potencialidades concretizando o sucesso das estratégias adotadas e aqui analisadas. Em outubro de 1999 foi realizada a gravação do CD intitulado "Coral da Escola Nova de Mococa", parte integrante desta dissertação / Abstract: Music as a model of knowledge, or just as one way of expression has a strong effect in Brazil cultural development. This dissertation deals with the many possibilities of music as a teaching tool for pre-school and grades 1-8, based on a conception of the constructivism, as well as cultural anthropology and art-education concepts. It describes experiments that were realized in the classroom between 1992/1999. Under the qualitative side it is convenient to make use of songs, since they are a fountainhead of Brazilian Musical Culture. It leads us to believe that is possible to bring out some very important elements such as: language, lyrics, history, composers, instrumentation, arrangement, and communication of the meaning of the words. From these elements we find a very rich musical source route which is essential for the development of the children's culture, and also in the process of creating new audience. The experience of working with songs, with the pupils from 03 to 10 years old, proved that it is possible to work and develop the strategies determined and analyzed through songs with success. In October 1999 was recorded a CD "Coral da Escola Nova" which is part of this dissertation / Mestrado / Artes / Mestre em Artes

The present thesis was developed in the post-graduate program in education at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria in the line of research in Education and Arts. It deals with a case study of the school youth choir Mãe de Deus , from the city of Tupanciretã in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where 6 members of the choir with varying amounts of time with the group were investigated. The research approach was qualitative and the data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews and Field notes of the choirmaster. The general objective was to investigate the role of the choir in the development of conceptions and musical actions of the members of the choir. Authors such as Teixeira (2005), Wöhl (2006), Schmeling (2003), Oliveira (2003), Hentschke (1995), Bellochio (1995), Coll (1994), Phillips (1992), Penna (1990) and Figueiredo (1990) were studied in the review of literature. The results obtained demonstrate the importance of the choir activity for the members of the choir. Given the fact that the school Mãe de Deus does not offer music classes and that the choir was the only formal musical activity available, it was considered by participants to be an agent in their musical construction development. The choir acts as a bond, where the union of voices remits the widest social and musical experiences of its participants. The musical actions practiced by the singers outside of the choir further maintain their link to the knowledge gained in the choir. Daily musical experiences are continuously related to the knowledge gained in the group. Thus, it is possible to see the role of the choirmaster who should be a mediator between the singers and the music itself. Themes such as vocal technique, voice change, the repertory and discussions on group singing should be given special attention in the youth choir. In conclusion, it is clear that the choir is an activity that enhances musical and social development in its participants and a offers a space for solidarity among the participants, which encourages the desire to collectively do the best. / A presente dissertação foi desenvolvida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria na linha de Pesquisa em Educação e Artes. Trata-se de um estudo de caso sobre o coro juvenil Mãe de Deus, da cidade de Tupanciretã/RS, onde foram investigados seis coristas com tempos distintos de participação no grupo. A abordagem de pesquisa é qualitativa e o coleta de dados constitui-se de entrevista semi-estruturada e anotações de campo do pesquisador/regente. O objetivo geral centrou-se em investigar o papel do coro Mãe de Deus no desenvolvimento das concepções e ações musicais dos coristas. Fizeram parte do referencial teórico autores tais como: Teixeira (2005), Wöhl (2006), Schmeling (2003), Oliveira (2003), Hentschke (1995), Bellochio (1995), Coll (1994), Phillips (1992), Penna (1990) e Figueiredo (1990). Os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa apontam para a importância da atividade de canto coral para os cantores. Apoiando-se na realidade do Instituto Mãe de Deus de não possuir aulas de música no currículo e levando em conta que o coro Mãe de Deus representa a única atividade musical formalizada na escola, o mesmo foi destacado pelos participantes da pesquisa como um agente de construção e desenvolvimento musical. O coro atua como aglutinador, onde a união das vozes remete a vivências musicais e sociais mais amplas de seus participantes. As ações musicais praticadas pelos cantores fora da atividade coral mantém ligações com aprendizados dentro do coro. Vivências musicais diárias são constantemente relacionadas com os aprendizados vivenciados no grupo. Neste sentido, percebe-se o papel do regente, que deve promover uma mediação entre cantores e a música em si. Temas como a técnica vocal, a mudança de voz, o repertório e discussões sobre o cantar em conjunto, constituem-se em tópicos que devem ter uma atenção especial no coro juvenil. Finalizando, entende-se a atividade coral como potencializadora do desenvolvimento musical e social dos cantores, espaço que vivencia-se a solidariedade, a ajuda entre os participantes promovendo a vontade de coletivamente fazer o melhor.

Over the last 40 years, the Caribbean has lost half of its live coral cover, mostly in the form of Acropora cervicornis and A. palmata, due to disease, bleaching from rising water temperatures, and other stressors. To help restore these corals to reefs in Florida, the Coral Restoration Foundation (CRF) created nearshore nurseries and transplanted over 30,000 acroporid colonies across the Florida Keys. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the growth, survivorship, and condition of nursery-raised A. cervicornis colonies that were part of two transplant projects: 1) photographic analyses of 17 past CRF transplant projects over the last seven years; and 2) a transplant experiment at Little Conch Reef to additionally assess the effects of depth, colony density, and the genetic composition of transplants. The photographic analyses included 2,428 individual colonies, 38 genotypes, and six reefs from 2007 to 2013. Results from the photographs were combined with one in situ monitoring effort that used SCUBA in 2014. In the Little Conch Reef experiment, 1,288 colonies from 14 genotypes were transplanted in October and November, 2013 at two depths (5m and 12m) in either cluster or thicket configurations. At each depth, clusters comprised 14 colonies, each placed within in 1m diameter radius, with ten monogenetic and six multigenetic structures. Thickets were 3.5m by 1.5m in size, with 10 colonies from each genotype forming its own subunit within the larger configuration. In June 2014, 963 additional colonies were added to the shallow site by stacking them on top of six existing clusters and one thicket to evaluate whether larger three-dimensional structures affected growth or survival. The Little Conch Reef experiment was monitored through January 2015. Results from the photographic analyses were: 1) maximum size of A. cervicornis transplants was approximately 40cm in diameter; 2) mortality increased after approximately two years; 3) despite high mortality, some colonies survived the duration of each project; and 4) frequent and long-term monitoring is required to assess factors that affect survival and condition. Results from the Little Conch Reef experiment suggest: 1) maximum skeletal diameter was unaffected by any of the treatments; 2) percent survival and percent live tissue were higher at the shallow site compared to the deep site, and similarly, the clusters outperformed the thickets, and multigenetic clusters outperformed their monogenetic counterparts; 3) location within the shallow site had an impact on survival and condition, with clusters doing better on the south side than on the north; and 4) stacking did not positively impact growth, survival, or condition. In general, the sizes and condition of natural populations of A. cervicornis throughout the Florida Keys are similar to results from both experiments and with other transplant projects conducted in the Caribbean. Remarkably, despite high mortality in nearly all of the projects, small numbers of colonies transplanted for most projects, a few colonies survived to 2014/2015. These colonies have the potential to act as a “seed population” that might produce sexually dispersed larvae better adapted at surviving mortality events and asexual fragments that may be better acclimated to the stressors related to their location. Evidence of persistence in this species and expansion northward in Florida suggest that it is too early to consider coral reefs a lost cause, and that coral restoration holds promise for enhancing recovery of A. cervicornis.

The high latitude thickets of Acropora cervicornis off Broward County flourish despite the presence of natural and anthropogenic impacts. These populations provided a unique study area in contrast to disease-stricken populations of the Florida Keys. This study used time-sequenced photographs to examine how A. cervicornis was affected by tissue loss attributed to white-band disease during 2007–2008. Variables monitored included healthy colony skeletal extension rates, diseased colony skeletal extension rates, and tissue loss. The transmissibility of the three white-band syndromes found in the Scooter and Oakland thickets was examined through tissue grafting experiments. Skeletal extension rates of healthy and diseased colonies were generally not significantly different. Mean skeletal extension for A. cervicornis colonies in Broward County was observed to be 9.6 cm/y (SD=3.95, Range: 1.02–19.9). Mean linear tissue loss from disease signs was 2.6 mm/d (SD=4.3, Range: 0.023–16.8). Although the majority of active disease lesions caused severe tissue loss upon contact with healthy branches, in 25% of the cases there was no tissue loss. Disease signs were also observed in 10% of the control grafting trials. A. cervicornis thickets in Broward County were growing at rates similar to those observed in this species elsewhere in Florida, but faster than other areas of the Western Atlantic. Tissue loss rate from disease lesions was lower than reported elsewhere. White-band disease and/or other tissue loss syndromes are always present in Broward County, but the low prevalence of affected colonies, inconsistent transmission of a presumptive agent that causes the disease signs, and optimum branch skeletal extension seems to limit effects on the thickets. Results of this research are significant as the current protected status of acroporid corals no longer allows manipulative research such as coral grafting for transmissibility of potential disease pathogens.

The fundamental components of a coral reef are coral, algae, and sand. At its simplest assessing the status of a coral reef may be reduced to quantifying the relative benthic cover of these three bottom-types. While in situ surveys can provide an accurate census on an individual reef scale (10s of meters), the only feasible method to surveys coral reefs on a reef tract (10-100s of kilometers) or worldwide scale is through the use of remote sensing. Remote sensing is a means of surveying entire ecosystems. A major issue in remote sensing of coastal environments is the confounding effects of the water column on the signal emerging from the water column. We used a simulation method to model differing levels of environmental parameters, which occur in marine ecosystems, with HydrolightEcolight 5. Simulated data were interpolated with actual bottom; type spectra to determine the accuracy of a classification function developed in MATLAB. The aim was to distinguish bottom-types as well as predict levels of water column parameters. The results of this study demonstrate that bottom-type (78% algae, 84% coral, and 94% sand) and chlorophyll concentration (85-90% across range) are well determined, while depth and suspended sediment load are not as well predicted (<70%) and has a tendency to slightly over predict depth.

Bioerosion is a major process that affects the carbonate balance on coral reefs, and excavating sponges from the genus Cliona are some of the most important bioeroders on Caribbean reefs. The orange boring sponge, Cliona delitrix, is an abundant excavating sponge offshore southeast Florida that frequently colonizes dead portions of live stony corals, killing live coral tissue as it grows. With the recent decline in coral cover attributed to combined environmental and anthropogenic stressors, the increasing abundance of excavating sponges poses yet another threat to the persistence of Caribbean coral reefs. In the first part of this study, I explored distributional patterns of C. delitrix offshore southeast Florida and compared yearly sponge growth/corresponding coral tissue loss rates across habitats of different depths. C. delitrix densities and growth rates were significantly higher on the outer reef, where coral colonies also showed some of the fastest tissue retreat rates. More sponge individuals were found on sites with higher coral densities, likely resulting from the higher availability of preferred coral skeleton substrate. C. delitrix showed a clear preference for boulder stony coral species, which could alter the coral community composition in the future and allow an increase in branching and foliose species. The growth rates of C. delitrix offshore southeast Florida are slower compared to rates from other locations, likely a result of intense fouling of the coral-sponge interface by other spatial reef competitors. These results suggest that outer reef sites with high boulder coral density offshore southeast Florida are most vulnerable to C. delitrix colonization and may continue to suffer the greatest impacts of coral bioerosion. Excavating sponges are also strong competitors for space on coral reefs; able to colonize, excavate, and kill entire live stony corals. Despite the known negative effects of excavating sponges on stony corals very few studies have experimentally tested the competitive nature of this interaction. In the second part of this study, I examined the effect of manual removal of the excavating sponge, Cliona delitrix (Pang 1973), on tissue loss of the stony coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus 1767), and its possibility as a restoration technique. A total of 33 M. cavernosa colonies colonized by small C. delitrix sponges (up to 10 cm in diameter) were examined. Sponges were removed using a hammer and chisel from 22 of the affected colonies, and 11 colonies were left alone as controls. After sponge removal, the resultant cavities in the coral skeletons were filled to minimize future colonization by other bioeroders and promote coral tissue growth over the excavation. Cement was used as fill material on 11 of the colonies, and the remaining 11 cavities were filled with epoxy. Standardized photos of each colony were taken immediately, at 6 months and 12 months after sponge removal. Results show a significant reduction in coral tissue loss in colonies where sponge was removed, and both fill materials performed similarly reducing coral tissue loss. I also found that a majority of experimental corals showed no return of C. delitrix to the colony surface a year after removal. This study demonstrates that eliminating the bioeroding sponge competitor may promote recovery of the affected stony coral. Additionally, the sponge removal technique can be applied to any stony coral colonized by C. delitrix to preserve, or at least slow the loss of, remaining live tissue.

The Veracruz Reef System (VRS) is located in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. It is comprised of 28 coral reefs in various stages of development and conservation. They are protected under the Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano National Park created in 1992. There are many threats to the reefs of the VRS, including the Port and city of Veracruz, which hosts half a million inhabitants and Mexico’s oldest active port. The inhabitants of Veracruz have used reef resources for thousands of years, as evidenced in archaeological sites on Sacrificios island, and constructions throughout the city, most notably in the San Juan de Ulúa Fort which was built entirely of coral skeletons. Despite the usage and protection given under the National Park, there is relatively little known about the health and condition of the stony corals in the System. There has only been one large scale study of 21 reefs conducted in the VRS in the late 1980’s. Since then, the National Park was created and 28 reefs are now recognized. This study performed point-intercept transects on 24 of these reefs including five reefs added to the official list in 2012. Point-intercept transects were surveyed at 63 sites between 2007 and 2014. Percent cover was calculated for seven functional groups. Additionally, demographic data of a subset of individual stony coral colonies were assessed on each transect. The functional group with the greatest cover in the VRS was crustose coralline algae (mean ± S.E.: 28.9% ± 1.97), stony corals had the second highest cover (21.5% ± 1.24). The Jamapa river divides the VRS into two groups the Veracruz group to the North and the Anton Lizardo group to the south of the river mouth. The Veracruz group had lower crustose coralline algae cover (28.1% ± 2.71) and coral cover (17.8% ± 1.55) than the Anton Lizardo group (29.6% ± 2.87 CCA and 25.3% ± 1.86 coral cover). The highest average coral cover on a reef was recorded at Ahogado Chico (45.5% ± 5.58), and the highest cover recorded on a single transect was 70% at Santiaguillo reef. The lowest coral cover was recorded at the fringing reefs on the north of the VRS, Punta Gorda and Punta Brava which had less than 1% coral cover. Coral colonies averaged 69.1 cm ± 3.10 in length at the VRS, 56.8 cm ± 2.98 in the Veracruz group and 81.7 cm ± 5.11 in the Antón Lizardo group. Old partial mortality was 25% ± 1.05 overall and similar between groups, recent partial mortality was 1.2% ± 0.21 and 1% at both groups. Disease prevalence was 3.9% for the VRS, 2.9% ± 0.88 in the Veracruz group and 4.9% ± 1.11 in the Antón Lizardo group. Overall, these reefs are faring slightly better than other reefs in the Caribbean having higher coral cover and larger colonies. However, the great variability in the health and condition of these reefs demands added attention and clear management goals to ensure their persistence in the face of ever growing threats. It is important to decrease the sources of stress, such as construction and poor waste water management in the area, better regulate fishing and approach a watershed wide management plan which takes into account upstream effects from the rivers that discharge into the Veracruz Reef System.

Cette étude a pour but de comparer la reproduction et le recrutement des coraux entre les récifs subtropicaux d'Afrique du Sud et les récifs tropicaux de la Réunion représentant des milieux contrastés. D'autres part, afin de simuler le réchauffement climatique, l'effet de l'augmentation de la température de l'eau en aquarium a été testé sur le développement des larves et les juvéniles de coraux. Les deux espèces étudiées, Acropora austera et Platygyra daedalea ont un mode de reproduction (hermaphrodite ‘pondeur’), un développement des gamètes (5-6 mois) et une période de reproduction (d'Octobre à Février) similaires en Afrique du Sud et à la Réunion. La fécondité de ces coraux est néanmoins supérieure en Afrique du Sud par rapport à la Réunion. Les deux espèces produisent 43-100% plus d'ovocytes en Afrique du Sud qu'à la Réunion. Le taux de recrutement des coraux est aussi supérieur sur les récifs subtropicaux d'Afrique du Sud (548 recrues m2 an-1) comparé à ceux de la Réunion (305 recrues m2 an-1). Le recrutement est dominé par les Pocilloporidae dans les deux régions, suivis par les Acroporidae en Afrique du Sud et les Poritidae à la Réunion. En Afrique du Sud, l'augmentation de la température de l'eau de 2°C a une influence négative sur le développement larvaire du sensible A. austera alors que P. daedalea est plus vigoureux et supporte des températures de 4°C supérieures à la normale (30°C). À la Réunion, le faible taux de fécondité et de recrutement semble être un indicateur de perturbation des récifs. Au contraire en Afrique du Sud, l'effort de reproduction des coraux et l'important approvisionnement en larves, associés à la faible anthropisation des récifs, pourraient favoriser l'adaptation des coraux aux changements climatiques dans une certaine limite. / Coral reproduction and recruitment in Scleractinia were compared between the subtropical reefs of South Africa and the tropical reefs of Reunion to assess variations between contrasting environments. In addition, coral larvae and juvenile polyps were exposed to elevated temperature in aquarium to simulate global warming. The two targeted species, Acropora austera and Platygyra daedalea, exhibited the same reproductive mode (hermaphroditic broadcast spawner), gamete development (5-6 months) and breeding seasonality (October to February) in South Africa and Reunion. Coral fecundity was nevertheless higher in South Africa than in Reunion. A. austera and P. certaine limite.AbstractCoral reproduction and recruitment in Scleractinia were compared between the subtropical reefs of South Africa and the tropical reefs of Reunion to assess variations between contrasting environments. In addition, coral larvae and juvenile polyps were exposed to elevated temperature in aquarium to simulate global warming. The two targeted species, Acropora austera and Platygyra daedalea, exhibited the same reproductive mode (hermaphroditic broadcast spawner), gamete development (5-6 months) and breeding seasonality (October to February) in South Africa and Reunion. Coral fecundity was nevertheless higher in South Africa than in Reunion. A. austera and P. daedalea produced respectively 43 and 100% more oocytes per polyp than their Reunion counterparts. The recruitment rate was also higher on the subtropical reefs of South Africa (548 recruits m2 year-1) compared to Reunion (305 recruits m2 year-1). Recruitment was dominated by Pocilloporidae at the two localities, followed by Acroporidae in South Africa and Poritidae in Reunion. In South Africa, an increase in sea temperature of 2°C strongly affected the larval development of the sensitive A. austera, while the more robust P. daedalea sustained temperatures up to 4°C (i.e. 30°C) above ambient. In Reunion, diminished fecundity and recruitment rate seemed to be an indicator of reef perturbation. In contrast in South Africa, the high reproductive effort and larval supply in corals associated with the low levels of disturbance on the reefs may favour coral adaptation, to some extent, under global change.

Scleractinian coral populations are declining worldwide in response to numerous stressors operating on both global and regional scales. Rising sea surface temperatures associated with global climate change and the increasing frequency of coral-macroalgae competitive interactions are two of the gravest ecological drivers facing coral reef ecosystems. However, little is known about how these stressors interact to impact corals, their health, and potential modes of population recovery. These threats also highlight the need to develop reliable techniques that detect stress in multiple life-history stages of hermatypic corals prior to the degradation of coral reef habitats. To address these concerns we evaluated the effects of elevated sea surface temperatures (+3.5°C), Dictyota menstrualis competition, and their combined impacts on three life-history stages of the reef-building coral Porites astreoides. Elevated temperature induced sub-lethal stress yet had varied responses that were contingent on the life-history stage being examined. Hyperthermal stress did not consistently effect the transcriptional expression of heat shock proteins (Hsp) 16 or 60, but was readily detected utilizing biomarkers of the oxidative stress pathway. The presence of D. menstrualis significantly reduced coral survival and recruitment beyond simple space occupation in every coral life-history stage examined.While macroalgal exposure and elevated temperature had distinct effects on coral survival and physiological condition, the combination of both stressors induced a synergistic impact on biomarkers of oxidative stress in coral larvae. The results highlight the potential of biomarkers of oxidative stress for detecting hyperthermal stress in scleractinian corals. They also support the accepted notion that benthic macroalgae compete with reef-building corals via direct contact for space on coral reefs and that elevated temperatures can reduce the health of the coral holobiont. In addition, the results indicate that larvae from P. astreoides are more susceptible to the impacts of hyperthermal stress compared to established corals and that multiple perturbations can interact to exacerbate coral health.

Coral reefs around the world are threatened by a variety of sources, from localized impacts, including overfishing and coastal development, to global temperature increases and ocean acidification. Conserving these marine biodiversity havens requires both global and local action informed by scientific research. In this thesis, I use data collected from the coral reefs around Kiritimati atoll (Republic of Kiribati) in the central equatorial Pacific, first to assess the applicability of two common metrics used in passive underwater acoustic research, and second to examine the effects of a marine heatwave and local human disturbance on an assemblage of corallivorous fish. Using acoustic data recorded in 2017 and 2018 on reefs around Kiritimati, I assess how sound pressure level (SPL) and the acoustic complexity index (ACI) respond to changes in fish sounds in a low frequency band (160 Hz – 1 kHz) and snapping shrimp snaps in a high frequency band (1 kHz – 22 kHz). I found that while SPL was positively correlated with increases in fish sounds and snap density, changes in ACI were dependent upon the settings chosen for its calculation, with the density of snaps negatively correlated with ACI across all settings. These findings provide evidence that despite its quick and prolific adoption, acoustic metrics like ACI should be thoroughly field-tested and standardized before they are applied to new ecosystems like coral reefs. Next, using underwater visual censuses (UVCs) of reef fish assemblages, I quantified how two functional groups of corallivores, obligate and facultative, responded to a mass coral mortality event created by the 2015-2016 El Niño. Declines in abundance of both groups were largely driven by the response of coral-associated damselfishes, Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus in the obligate group and Plectroglyphidodon dickii in the facultative group, to heat stress and subsequent coral mortality. I also observed a significant decline in the species richness of obligate corallivores, and a continued decline in the abundance of obligate corallivores three years after the mass coral mortality event. Additionally, facultative corallivore abundance increased with disturbance, although the effect was modulated by year, likely due to their more adaptable diets. Corallivore assemblage structure was also influenced by the heat stress event, recovery, and local human disturbance. These results detail how an entire corallivorous assemblage is impacted by a coral mortality event and incidentally provide a timeline for corallivore decline. Together, these results provide information about new ways of monitoring coral reefs, and the ways in which two components of the reef fish community, obligate and facultative corallivores, respond to a mass coral mortality event. / Graduate / 2022-01-15