Les calculs numériques ont été effectués à l'aide du logiciel SAGE. / En 1993, Conway et Schneeberger fournirent un critère simple permettant de déterminer si une forme quadratique donnée représente tous les entiers positifs ; le théorème des 15. Dans ce mémoire, nous nous intéressons à un problème analogue, soit la recherche d’un critère similaire permettant de détecter si une forme quadratique en trois variables représente tous les entiers impairs. On débute donc par une introduction générale à la théorie des formes quadratiques, notamment en deux variables, puis on expose différents points de vue sous lesquels on peut les considérer. On décrit ensuite le théorème des 15 et ses généralisations, en soulignant les techniques utilisées dans la preuve de Bhargava. Enfin, on démontre deux théorèmes qui fournissent des critères permettant de déterminer si une forme quadratique ternaire représente tous les entiers impairs. / In 1993, Conway and Schneeberger gave a simple criterion allowing one to determine whether a given quadratic form represents all positive integers ; the 15-theorem. In this thesis, we investigate an analogous problem, that is the search for a similar criterion allowing one to detect if a quadratic form in three variables represents all odd integers. We start with a general introduction to the theory of quadratic forms, namely in two variables, then, we expose different points of view under which quadratic forms can be considered. We then describe the 15-theorem and its generalizations, with a particular emphasis on the techniques used in Bhargava’s proof of the theorem. Finally, we give a proof of two theorems which provide a criteria to determine whether a ternary quadratic form represents all odd integers.

Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Katedra pedagogiky Bc. Jitka Soldátová Spolupráce učitelů při proměně výuky Cooperation between teachers during education transformation Vedoucí práce: 2014 Doc. PhDr. Kasíková Hana, CSc. Abstract Cooperation between teachers during education transformation The topic of the thesis pertains to the collaboration of teachers in education transformation. It concerns itself with cooperation at the level of schools and with individual forms of teacher collaboration that lead to better teaching. It also deals with the roles and competences of teachers, the requirements for their work and factors that affect the inclusion of innovative elements in teaching. The transformation focuses on organisational forms and teaching methods. The empirical section presents the specific level of cooperation of teachers during the inclusion of new organisational forms and teaching methods at the Secondary and Vocational School in Milevsko. Keywords: cooperation, school, teacher, teaching, organisational forms of education, teaching methods červen 2014

This work approaches the phenomenon called voseo from two different points of view: synchronic and diachronic. At the beginning, the work compares verbal and pronominal systems in Spain and Hispanic America, then analyses the evolution of voseo with the help of writings from given periods (from Cid to Classicism). In addition, it examines how different grammars (from the first grammar of Nebrija to the newest grammar of the Royal Spanish Academy) see this phenonomenon. In the part dedicated to the synchronic view, it describes voseo in different states with the help of the corpus of the Royal Spanish Academy.

The thesis titled Possibilities and limits of work with motivation of pupils with ADHD and ADD syndrome at first degree of primary school specializes in finding effective motivation of these pupils. In the theoretical part of the thesis will be defined notions of motivation, ADHD and ADD, teaching methods, organizational forms, evaluating the relationship between teacher and pupil. It will also be a sub-analysis of individual concepts and relationships between them. Processed theoretical background will be taken into account in the practical part. The practical part will pick out the most effective way of motivating pupils with ADD and ADHD syndrome integrated in the regular classroom at primary school. The research methods will be used direct and participant observation, case study, analysis of pupils' projects. Key words: motivation, ADHD, ADD, teaching methods, organizational forms, assessment, teacher-pupil relationship

The goal of the present thesis is to introduce on a Riemannian Spin- manifold a system of partial differential equations for spinor-valued differ- ential forms called Killing equations. We study basic properties of several types of Killing fields and relationships among them. We provide a simple construction of Killing spinor-valued forms from Killing spinors and Killing forms. We also review the construction of metric cone and discuss the re- lationship between Killing spinor-valued forms on the base manifold and parallel spinor-valued forms on the metric cone.

The Master's thesis proceeds from a corpus-based analysis and focuses on strong forms of Early Middle English adjectives. A formal distinction between weak and strong adjectival forms had disappeared during the period of Middle English, the work, therefore, aims at the transitional period between Old and Middle English, when the strong forms could still be identified, either due to the relics of inflectional endings, syntactic position, or context. A representative sample of the most frequent adjectives was chosen from the corpus comprising the extant Middle English texts with help of specific searching code. Consequently, the strong forms were manually chosen from these according to their formal characteristics and position in the sentence. This sample was then analyzed from the syntactic point of view, as well as from the point of view of functional sentence perspective. The results of the analysis show that the indication of indefiniteness was mostly expressed by the mix of syntactic and contextual means in EME. It has also been found out that the adjectives, being used both attributively and predicatively, were by rule part of the rheme.

Legal forms of political persecution in the Czechoslovak Republic in the period of communist totalitarian régime This thesis Legal forms of political persecution in the Czechoslovak Republic in the period of communist totalitarian régime is divided into five chapters. In the theoretical part of the thesis (chapter No. 1) the author defines examined period to be between years 1948-1960, defines political persecution as a legal term and desribes the ideological basis of communist law. In the end of this chapter there is a categorisation of legal forms of political persecution that is reflected in the core part of this work. In the second chapter author depicts causes of political persecution in the Czechoslovak Republic in the period of communist totalitarian régime that are based on legal and political developement between years 1945 and 1948. In the scope of this chapter author also offers a general characteristics of the period of so called Third republic. Constitutional developement in the Czechoslovak Republic after second world war and the system of Popular Front of Czechs and Slovaks are also depicted here. This chapter also includes assessment of the constitutional system of the Czechoslovak Republic between years 1948 and 1960 and of the political situation in the years 1945-1948. The...

Alors que l’économie semble bien en passe (si elle ne l’est déjà) de devenir « la » science « humaine » prenant le pas sur toutes les autres, on peut se demander s’il est encore temps et pertinent de se préoccuper de groupe. Pourtant, il demeure incontestable que le groupe se révèle une manière très opérante de parler de changement, de pratiquer le changement. De plus, il constitue un moyen incontournable de faire du lien entre les individus (les « atomes » sociaux). Ainsi, la première partie de ce travail est-elle consacrée à retracer le parcours de la science des groupes, la psychosociologie. Puis nous étudions différents paradigmes qui ont encadré, accompagné les tentatives de modélisation de l’apprentissage (ou de la cognition) au cours du XXe siècle. Des approches qui ont, au fil du temps, pris de plus en plus en compte l’environnement dans lequel s’opère cette cognition pour la concevoir comme un processus à la fois individuel et collectif. Dans cette articulation la notion de représentation occupe une place de choix. C’est ainsi que nous sommes conduits à étudier les nombreux aspects que recouvre cette notion de représentation. Ces réflexions nous amènent à la question de la forme, des formes qui organisent et tendent à normaliser la vie d’un groupe. Cela nous donne ensuite l’occasion de nous interroger sur ce qui caractérise un groupe ainsi que de réfléchir à propos de quelques outillages qui permettent de le modéliser — lui et les phénomènes auxquels il est soumis. Nous voyons combien il est important d’utiliser ces outillages non pas en les comparant ou en les opposant les uns les autres mais en nous efforçant de les associer à partir d’une nécessaire multiréférentialité. C’est ce à quoi nous mène aussi une réflexion épistémologique que nous entreprenons pour nous aider à situer la recherche, plaçant résolument l’ « observateur » dans l’action, dans une posture phénoménologique. Cela nous donne l’opportunité de faire le point sur les difficultés que rencontre ce type de recherche, si l’on reste dans le cadre d’une démarche positiviste longtemps adoptée par les sciences « dures ».Enfin, nous sommes amenés à utiliser ces différents points de vue pour appréhender les évolutions suivies par un groupe en formation, durant une semaine. Au cours de l’exploitation des matériaux laissés par ce groupe, nous relevons que détecter les formes (qui structurent son organisation) permet de modéliser son parcours. Mais nous sommes aussi conduits à proposer que le repérage de l’émergence des formes constitue un outillage susceptible de recadrer l’ensemble des approches employées pour décrire les groupes. / While economy seems about (if it’s not the case) to become “the” “Human” Science overwhelming all the others, we can wonder whether the notion of group still matters. Through, the group undeniably allows to speak and to enact change. Moreover, it’s unquestionably the best away to link people (social “atoms”). Thus, the first part of this work is devoted to retracing the process of psychosociology, the science of groups. Then, we’ll study the different paradigms which have paved the attempts to design learning (or cognition) through the 20th century. Decade after decade, these approaches have more and more taken into account the environment in which this cognition works in order to be concerned as an ongoing process both individual and collective. In this approach, the notion of representation is prominent, as such we have to study the many aspects it includes. So, how can these forms normalize the life of a group? Then, we can ask ourselves what mainly characterizes a group and try to define some tools which tend to design it as well as the phenomena depending on it. We can see how important it is to use these tools neither comparing or opposing one another but trying to make a link between them, considering several references as our starting point. An epistemological study also leads us to this conclusion, a study we have led in order to situate search, putting the “observer” into action in a phenomenological position. This is an opportunity for us to take an inventory of the difficulties such a type of search usually faces, if we assume we confine ourselves to a positivist approach adopted by the “fundamental” sciences for long.Lastly, according to these different points of view, we’ll watch the progress made by a one week learning group. Thanks to their work, we can notice that identifying the forms (which structure its organisation) allows one to design its process. Nevertheless, we can also assume that identifying the emerging forms constitutes a set of tools likely to make the approaches used to describe groups fit within the scope.

On the first pages I tried to theoretically process problems of cooperation and its use from different point of view. The main goal of this work was to discover the teachers' and students' approach on cooperative methods. If they consider them as appropriate, useful and funny as it's written in many other publications. I didn't forget to define essential concepts either. Cooperation itself is in the society dealed with many scientific sectors such as sociology, politic science, psychology, even economy, ecology and last but not least didactics and pedagogy itself. The base for my research was to know as many theoretical aspects on cooperative form of teaching. To make mapping of relevant knowledge about cooperative learning and teaching more meaningful, my work includes empiric part, which describes research survey focused on cooperative teaching form and its use on the second grade on the basic school. The crucial goal of research was to find out what opinion on cooperative forms of education do the teachers and students have and what cooperative method do they consider as the most appropriate. Start from theoretic research preparation and lead to own research performance and evaluation of gain data. In the end of my work I tried to create summary of gain data and their evaluation. Key words:...

The goal of this thesis is to outline the situation of private supplementary tutoring in the first years of primary school in the Czech Republic, as this topic has not been investigated properly so far. A questionnaire for young pupil's parents was chosen as an appropriate method to collect the data needed. Although the research sample was not large, the research has brought valuable information about the children who have supplementary tutoring, about the reasons they (their parents) have for it, and also the tutors chosen to teach the pupils. The thesis builds on foreign sources and compares the situation in the Czech Republic with the situation in other countries in the world. Despite its limited extent this work could be used as a first groundwork for subsequent more extensive research in this field.