<div>Due to recent advances in sensor technology and the exponential increase in computation power of electronic control units (ECUs) along with their increasing affordability, active safety and vehicle automation have become major trends in the commercial vehicle industry. New regulations for increased safety are also a major driver behind the industry's increased interest in that topic. As a result, being a crucial part of vehicle automation, steering systems had to be adapted to enable Active Steering. Consequently, commercial vehicle steering designers introduced the concept of torque and angle overlay using an electric motor in series with the conventional hydraulic steering system. However, despite the fact that these systems are becoming more prevalent in the market, they still suffer from inefficiencies intrinsic to the conventional hydraulic steering system still being used. These inefficiencies are a result of</div><div>flow metering losses due to the use of control valves to regulate the pump flow output, as well as inside the steering gear with the use control valves to build assistance pressure.</div><div><br></div><div><div>In this research project, we investigate the potential use of the proven pump Displacement Control (DC) technology in steering on-highway commercial vehicles. DC pumps have been shown to signicantly improve system efficiency as they allow the removal of control valves typically used to regulate </div><div>ow [1]. Instead, the displacement of the pump can be directly controlled to vary the pump's flow rate and direction,</div><div>and thus eliminating throttling losses. The DC technology has been successfully used in a steer-by-wire conguration for an articulated frame steering vehicle and has been shown to signicantly improve efficiency and productivity, as well as result in a reduction in fuel consumption [2].</div></div><div><br></div><div><div>In this work, we propose a steer-by-wire system, using DC pump technology, for on-highway commercial vehicles, and present the dierent possible congurations in which it can be implemented. Moreover, the benets and drawbacks of the steer-by-wire system are researched and identied. Subsequently, the system is designed and validated in simulation, on laboratory test setup, as well as on a test vehicle to prove its feasibility.</div></div><div><br></div><div><div>Chief among the drawbacks of the steer-by-wire system is potential failures that can lead to the complete loss of the steering function of the vehicle. As a result, different possible fail-safe mechanisms are researched from which the most suitable ones are proposed to allow the steer-by-wire system to fail safely. Moreover, two of the proposed fail-safe mechanism are implemented onto the test vehicle to prove and validate their feasibility.</div></div><div><br></div><div><div>Furthermore, an alternative way of using displacement controlled pumps for active steering is be proposed. For this concept, we investigate the possibility of actively controlling the driver's steering effort by varying the pump displacement while maintaining the mechanical link between the steering wheel and the road wheels. If successful, this method will allow for a more efficient way of providing steering assistance as it does away with the conventional control valves used to build pressure and regulate pump flow, and thus eliminating throttling losses. This method has also the advantage of having an intrinsic fail-safe mechanism with manual steering being always possible should the hydraulic or electric systems fail.</div></div>

Process plants that produce chemical products through pre-designed processes are fundamental in the Chemical Engineering industry. The safety of hazardous processing plants is of paramount importance as an accident could cause major damage to property and/or injury to people. HAZID is a computer system that helps designers and operators of process plants to identify potential design and operation problems given a process plant design. However, there are issues that need to be addressed before such a system will be accepted for common use. This research project considers how to improve the usability and acceptability of such a system by developing tools to test the developed models in order for the users to gain confidence in HAZID s output as HAZID is a model based system with a library of equipment models. The research also investigates the development of computer-aided safety applications and how they can be integrated together to extend HAZID to support different kinds of safety-related reasoning tasks. Three computer-aided tools and one reasoning system have been developed from this project. The first is called Model Test Bed, which is to test the correctness of models that have been built. The second is called Safe Isolation Tool, which is to define isolation boundary and identify potential hazards for isolation work. The third is an Instrument Checker, which lists all the instruments and their connections with process items in a process plant for the engineers to consider whether the instrument and its loop provide safeguards to the equipment during the hazard identification procedure. The fourth is a cause-effect analysis system that can automatically generate cause-effect tables for the control engineers to consider the safety design of the control of a plant as the table shows process events and corresponding process responses designed by the control engineer. The thesis provides a full description of the above four tools and how they are integrated into the HAZID system to perform control safety analysis and hazard identification in process plants.

Falls with or without injuries among the elderly have become a public health concern, with falls among adults age 65 years and older increasing every year. Nurses play a role in ensuring patient safety by following fall prevention guidelines. The purpose of this evidence-based study was to implement the RE-AIM evaluation tool to determine the impact of the Safe Five program on staff compliance with the program; patients' awareness of the need for falls prevention; and falls among older adults, ages 65 years and older, admitted to an acute care nursing unit. The literature supports implementing a falls prevention program with multifactorial and interdisciplinary components, and an evaluation plan to help decrease falls in acute care settings. The Safe Five falls prevention program was implemented on the acute care nursing unit in an effort to decrease the inpatient falls rate on the unit. The inpatient falls data were collected retrospectively, 2 years pre implementation of the Safe Five program, and 8 to 10 months post implementation. Data were collected from the Safe Five checklists, recorded inpatient fall rates, and high fall risk chart audits provided by staff and nurse manager; they were then analyzed using the RE-AIM evaluation tool. The long-term effects of the Safe Five program include an 18% increase in patients' awareness of the importance of preventing falls, an 18% increase in staff compliance with the program, and a 14% decrease in inpatient fall rate on the unit. It is projected that the decrease in inpatient falls will result in decreased healthcare costs and improved patient satisfaction with the healthcare system, communication among the interdisciplinary team, and health outcomes for the patients.

This master thesis was performed in collaboration with Scania Ferruform in Luleå, with the purpose to create an efficient, rational and safe workplace at the unloading station of the crossmember painting line. The mission from Ferruform was to investigate and analyse flaws, risk, and bottlenecks with regards to flows, ergonomics and material handling. The project aimed to create a vision that could guide present and future development, followed by an implementation strategy consisting of concrete measures of both layout and organisational character. The vision is: “Create a work situation that is rooted in Scania's production system and characterized by efficiency, rationality and safe working conditions, where committed individuals can be challenged and developed”   The research questions that has guided the project are: What problem is the basis for the ergonomic situation at the crossmember painting? How can an efficient and rational workplace be created at crossmember painting? What does Ferruform need to do to create a safe and sustainable work environment at the crossmember painting?   The first step was to map the current state and identify problems with regards to process and organisation. This was done by using participative observation, interviews, user participation, overview analysis and Scania’s intranet. Apart from previous studies, the main problems that the mapping identified was consequences of frequent downtimes, shifts being isolated and having unique work methods, unsafe work environment, and finally that tools and aids for reducing harmful lifts are not used.  These problems and their consequences were analysed with regards to the current research in work science, behavioural science, and by using methods such as Fault tree analysis and proximity chart. One of the most important conclusions was that downtime, apart from compromised production volumes, affected the work situation negatively. Operators compensate for downtime by working faster and unsafe to reach the weekly production goals. Additionally, a middle manager role has disappeared in favour of meeting the production goals. This has severe consequences on the organisation of work and among others, ergonomics. The proximity chart showed that placement of functions in the production system is not based on logic, resulting in safety issues, intersecting flows and inefficient handling of materials. To counter the identified problems, three different layouts were developed and evaluated using the specification of requirements. The concept with highest score was further developed and detail designed. It is called “Wing” and separates humans and forklifts, has a centralized material buffer and redundancy for downtime. The concept allows for safer work environment, and efficient flows. The required changes are arranged in three steps, each with increasing capacity. The final concept together with the implementation plan, which present recommendations on how the final concept could gradually be implemented and what organisational changes that are needed, shows that productivity and rationality can coexist with a good work environment, where both humans and the production system can flourish.

The concept of a missing nursing care in a nursing practice is a phenomenon that could endanger patients' safety in all cultures. This global deficit of a superior and comprehensive nursing care occurs in various departments of healthcare facilities. The theoretical part of this thesis deals with problematic aspects of the concept of a missing nursing care based on theoretical findings. Furthemore it summarises strategies used for ensuring that quality, safety and kompetence in a nursing care is met in relation to latest findings and the legislation. The research part presents outcomes of a conducted qualitative survey research focusing on nurses working in an Intensive Care Unit where a nursing care is directed towards the population of adult patients. Research Metodology: The data collection in the study is based on a semi-structured interview conducted on an actively working group of nine Intensive Care Unit nurses. Aim of the Study: The main objective of the thesis is to describe and analyse problematic aspects of the concept of a missing nursing care in an Intensive Care Unit, as well as to identify factors that affect occurrence of the given concept limited to the nursing staff in the Intensive Care Units. Research Results: The study analyses six categories in total, of which five categories...

Transformational leadership (TL) has been found popular in many industries in the United States and abroad for the perceived transformational leaders' effectiveness in improving occupational safety. There is a lack of empirical evidence to confirm these claims for safe occupational driving. This phenomenological study attempted to fill this knowledge gap in the electric utility industry where employees must drive in all weather conditions to restore power to customers. The conceptual framework for the study was based on leadership and motivation theories of Burns and Maslow. The research questions explored the influence of (a) TL on safe driving performance improvement in organizations and (b) emotional intelligence (EI) on leaders' efficiency to improve safe driving performance in organizations. These questions were addressed using a 14-item in-depth, open-ended interview questionnaire by a convenience sample of 18 management and 12 union-represented personnel drawn from 5 U.S. electric utility companies using the snowball method. Data were analyzed using NVivo 10 software and were interpreted using the methodological framework of Leedy and Ormrod, and Maxwell. The findings suggested that (a) TL influenced safe driving performance through these leaders' idealized influence, inspirational motivation, and intellectual stimulation; and (b) EI ineffectively and unreliably influenced safe driving improvement, but it improved organizational trust through the leaders' empathy and drivers' empowerment. Individualized consideration, while acknowledged as desirable, was least important and was widely lacking. The implications for positive social change include promoting TL style in other industries, raising employees' commitment and contribution to safe driving performance improvement, and improving organizational trust as well as public safety.

Inom byggbranschen finns det problem med att personer kommer in på arbetsområdet där de kan komma till skada. Detta problem kallas problemet med tredje man på arbetsplats och byggföretagen jobbar idag på att hitta en lösning till detta. I examensarbetet ligger fokusen på att identifiera och kartlägga hur incidenterna går till och om det är möjligt att förebygga dessa. I rapporteringsdatabasen BIA har 1000 incidenter undersökts, kategoriserats och presenterats. Detta för att hitta samband och beteendemönster. Intervjuer har gjorts med branschaktiva och enkäter har skickats ut till insatta i ämnet för att inhämta kunskap och förståelse av problemet. De studerade incidenterna som undersökts kommer från Skanskas arbetsplatser. Incidenter som inträffat på andra ställen än Skanska Sverige undersöks inte. Studien undersöker inte om det är möjligt att förhindra skador på tredje man. Studien har visat att det finns vissa beteendemönster i hur och varför tredje man beträder arbetsplatser. Dessa beteendemönster kan delvis förklaras av hur och när folk tar sig till skolor och jobb. Studien visar också att i vissa fall har tredje man kommit in av misstag då avstängningar är otillräckliga. Material från intervjuer och enkäter stödjer också detta resultat. I dessa intervjuer och enkäter framgår också att det finns ett stort problem av bristande respekt hos tredje man vilket leder till aktiva beslut att beträda arbetsplatser. Slutsatsen som kan dras av examensarbetet är att problemet med tredje man på arbetsplatser är omfattande och det finns många orsaker till problemet. Det framgår också att problemet med tredje man existerar i betydande grad bland fotgängare, cyklister och bilister. Det som kan konstateras är att om problemet helt ska förhindras krävs åtgärder på många olika sätt, både för att stoppa de aktiva intrången och förhindra att personer kommer in av misstag eller missförstånd. / In the construction industry today, there is problems related to the public entering worksites where accidents might happen that also lead to injuries. This is called the problem with third person at worksites and today, companies do their best to find a solution for this. In this examination thesis the focus is to identify and map how these incidents occur, and if it is possible to prevent them. In the report database BIA, 1000 incidents has been studied, categorized and presented. This has been done to find similarities and behavioral patterns. To collect information and understanding about this issue, interviews and surveys has been done with people working in the construction industry. The incident reports that has been studied comes from Skanska’s worksites in Sweden. Incidents that has occurred at other work sites has not been studied. The study does not analyze if it is possible to avoid injuries to unauthorized people entering the work sites. The study shows there is signs of behavioral patterns concerning the public and how they end up within worksites. This can partly be explained in which time and way people travel between home and schools or work. The study also shows that in some cases third person has entered the worksite by mistake when fences and gates has been insufficient. The interview material and surveys also support this result. In these interviews and surveys it’s also apparent that there is a big issue concerning peoples lack of judgement, leading to decisions to enter construction sites. What can be summarized by this examination thesis is that the problem with unauthorized entry by third person at worksites is a major issue and there seems to be many causes to the problem. It also appears that the issue widely affects pedestrians, cyclists and motorists. What can be said about this is that if the problem is to be completely prevented, large effort needs to be applied in many ways, both to prevent active intrusion and to prevent people trespassing by accident.

La nécessité de prendre en considération les aspects sûreté de fonctionnement des systèmes automatisés, dès la phase de conception, pour tendre vers le concept de « systèmes automatisés sûrs de fonctionnement » représente aujourd'hui un enjeu majeur. <br />Nous présentons dans cette Habilitation à Diriger les Recherches le concept de systèmes automatisés sûrs de fonctionnement et procédons à une analyse de la problématique globale de la conception de tels systèmes. Nous identifions clairement les frontières des différents systèmes constituant les systèmes automatisés sûrs de fonctionnement : processus physique, systèmes d'automatisation, systèmes de sécurité, systèmes de contrôlabilité du risque (barrières). Pour ce faire, nous nous appuyons sur la notion de service rendu. <br />Nous introduisons ensuite les différents concepts de sûreté de fonctionnement des systèmes en dégageant deux grands niveaux : la sûreté de fonctionnement prédictive et la gestion de la sûreté de fonctionnement avec prise en compte des risques pour l'Homme et l'environnement. Cette étude aborde les aspects normatifs incontournables pour les systèmes industriels et décline notre point de vue sur la notion de complexité. L'identification de ces grands axes de recherche en conception des systèmes automatisés sûrs de fonctionnement nous permet de situer dans la communauté scientifique nos activités de recherche, dont les contributions et résultats sont présentés dans le mémoire selon deux axes :<br />• L'axe I porte sur la sûreté de fonctionnement de processus physiques avec une application à l'évaluation des paramètres FMD (Fiabilité-Maintenabilité-Disponibilité) des lignes de production dans le but d'en améliorer la performance,<br />• L'axe II porte sur la sûreté de fonctionnement des systèmes d'automatisation à intelligence distribuée avec la proposition d'une démarche de conception de tels systèmes et d'un formalisme pour la spécification des besoins et contraintes d'architecture, l'originalité de cette méthode repose sur la volonté d'obtenir une architecture validée par des paramètres de sûreté quantifiés. <br />De ces travaux découlent nos activités de recherche actuelles et futures relatives à l'analyse systémique de la sûreté de fonctionnement des systèmes complexes et à l'exploration de voies de recherche pour la proposition d'une méthodologie générique, indépendante du domaine d'application, pour la conception de systèmes complexes sûrs de fonctionnement.

<p>Föreliggande studie hade som syfte att undersöka vilken betydelse organisationen Here 4 U hade haft för sina medlemmar under skoltiden och senare i livet. I studien har kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer genomförts och tillsammans med tidigare forskning utgjorde de grunden för föreliggande studie. För djupare förståelse i den avslutande analysen har Salutogen teori och empowerment som teori använts. I studien framkom att Here 4 U hade haft stor betydelse för sina medlemmar både under skoltiden och senare i livet. Det visade sig att medlemskapet under skoltiden bidragit till ökad trygghet, bättre trivsel i skolan och känslan av att kunna påverka sin skolsituation. Detta bidrog i sin tur till ett bättre studieresultat.  Även senare i livet hade medlemskapet i Here 4 U haft betydelse för medlemmarnas sociala förankring i samhället. Det handlade bland annat om inställning till droger, kriminalitet men också ett ökat engagemang i sociala frågor.  Slutsatser från studien visade att förebyggande insatser som Here 4 U kunde fylla ett behov för ungdomar i skolan både på kort sikt och på lång sikt.  Det förbättrade inte bara trivseln och känslan av delaktighet i skolan utan kunde även bidra till förankring i samhället genom socialt engagerat beteende vilket kunde leda till ökad hälsa hos ungdomar.</p> / <p>The aim of this study was to examine what meaning the organization Here 4 U has had for the members during their school years and what influence this had later on in life. The study was based on qualitative interviews along with previous research on topics relevant for the subject. For deeper understanding of the result of the study, the theory of empowerment and the Salutogenic theory have been used. The study showed that Here 4 U did have a significant meaning for their members during and after their school years. The membership during the school years provide an increased comfort, a sense of feeling secure in school and the ability to make an impact on their school situation. All together this improved the member’s results in school. To be a member in the organization had an effect on the member’s sense of belonging and will to participate in their society even after the school years. Conclusions of the study showed that prevention efforts, like Here 4 U, could fill the needs for youths during their school years and later on in life. Further conclusions of the study showed that the youth’s engagement in the society and the feeling to contribute could increase young peoples health.</p>

When practicing secure programming, it is important to understand the restrictive influence programmed entities have on the propagation of authority in a program. To precisely model authority propagation in patterns of interacting entities, we present a new formalism Knowledge Behavior Models (KBM). To describe such patterns, we present a new domain specific declarative language SCOLL (Safe Collaboration Language), which semantics are expressed by means of KBMs. To calculate the solutions for the safety problems expressed in SCOLL, we have built SCOLLAR: a model checker and solver based on constraint logic programming. SCOLLAR not only indicates whether the safety requirements are guaranteed by the restricted behavior of the relied-upon entities, but also lists the different ways in which their behavior can be restricted to guarantee the safety properties without precluding their required functionality and (re-)usability. How the tool can help programmers to build reliable components that can safely interact with partially or completely untrusted components is shown in elaborate examples.