Bakgrund: Sepsis är ett akut sjukdomstillstånd med en hög mortalitet världen över.Tidig identifiering och snabb behandling är viktig för patientens överlevnad.Sjuksköterskan har i sitt patientnära arbete en unik position att snabbt identifierasepsis och initiera behandling. För att möjliggöra en säker vård för patient, kollegoroch vårdansvarig sjuksköterska ska sjuksköterskan arbeta förebyggande ochpatientsäkert. Syfte: Att kartlägga åtgärder som främjar sjuksköterskans förmåga attidentifiera sepsis på sjukhus. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har genomförts för attskapa en överblick av det aktuella kunskapsläget. För att besvara syftet användesartiklar med en kvantitativ metod. Med hjälp av Polit och Becks niostegsmodellanalyserades artiklar som sedan presenterades i resultatet. Resultat: Resultatetvisade att sjuksköterskorna använde sig utav utbildning, riktlinjer samtscreeningverktyg för att främja identifieringen utav sepsis. Signifikanta skillnader sågsi relation till de olika åtgärderna. Skillnaderna visade bland annat en minskadmortalitet och minskad vårdtid. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskan har en central roll i attidentifiera sepsis. Resultatet förväntas identifiera åtgärder som i den kliniskavardagen kan hjälpa framtida sjuksköterskor eller annan vårdpersonal. Genom attsjuksköterskan är ödmjuk för den egna kompetensen, tar hjälp av screeningverktygoch vidhåller de riktlinjer som finns kan en grund för säker vård byggas. / Background: Sepsis is an acute illness with a high mortality rate worldwide. It istherefore important to act quickly as rapid identification and treatment can be crucialfor the patient's survival. The nurse has, with her close work with the patient a uniqueposition to quickly identify sepsis and initiate treatment. In order to enable safe carefor both the patient, colleagues and healthcare providing nurse, the nurse must workpreventively and in a patient safe manner. Aim: To map interventions that promotethe nurse's identification of sepsis in a hospital setting. Method: A literature reviewhas been carried out to create an overview of the current state of knowledge. To answerthe purpose, articles with a quantitative methodology were chosen. Using Polit andBeck's nine-step model articles were analyzed and then presented in the results.Results: The results showed that the nurses used training, protocols and screeningtools to promote the identification of sepsis. Significant differences were seen inrelation to the various interventions. The differences showed for instance a decreasedmortality and abbreviated the hospital stay. Conclusion: The nurse has a central rolein identifying sepsis. The results are expected to identify measures that can help futurenurses or other healthcare professionals in the clinic. By the nurse being humble abouther own competence, using screening tools and maintaining the existing protocols, afoundation for safe care can be built.

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication using Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) technology promises to help drastically reduce vehicle collisions. DSRC allows vehicles in a highly mobile and complex network to send and receive safety messages with more reliability and lower latency compared with other wireless technologies used for automotive communications. However, there are many factors that could cause a safety-critical automotive application to become unreliable due to communication failures. While the reliability of V2V communication has been a subject of study by several researchers, there are still open questions regarding how the placement of the DSRC devices (inside or outside the host vehicle), the vehicle’s interior elements and the differences in altitude can affect the V2V communications. This article provides experimental testing data and analyses in order to quantify the impacts of relative vehicle speeds, altitude differences between vehicles, and interior obstacles on V2V communication range and reliability for opposite traffic, in both city and highway environments. We discuss how these results can adversely affect the design parameters of safety critical applications by considering the V2V application “Safe Pass Advisory” on two-lane rural highways.

Commercially available organic and conventionally grown vegetables were studied by quantitative determination of selected metals in them and to determine if any differences found are statistically significant. These findings can help the consumers to determine if the vegetable products are within the recommended maximum limits as proposed by the joint FAO/WHO Expert committee on organic foods designation. Eight edible vegetables were purchased from local stores in both the organic and conventionally grown categories. Samples were digested with concentrated nitric acid and the metals monitored were zinc, copper, lead, iron, cadmium, and nickel using flame atomic absorption. The concentration range for the heavy metals found are as follows: Zn, 2.04-69.4; Cu, 0.35-15.1; Pb, 0.00-3.99; Cd, 0.00-0.74; Fe, 2.52-319; and Ni, 39.9-53.8 μg/g. It was found that in general, conventional vegetables contain higher amounts of most of the heavy metals studied as compared to their organic counterparts. The study also showed that all vegetables products contain below the permissible limits for Zn, Cu, Ni, and Fe. For Pb all vegetables exceeded the safe limit except organic cucumber and conventional cabbage. For Cd, organic lettuce and green pepper, and conventional leafy green, green pepper, and spinach all exceeded the limit recommended by FAO/WHO.

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Machine learning (ML) has demonstrated great success in numerous complicated tasks. Fueled by these advances, many real-world systems like autonomous vehicles and aircraft are adopting ML techniques by adding learning-enabled components. Unfortunately, ML models widely used today, like neural networks, lack the necessary mathematical framework to provide formal guarantees on safety, causing growing concerns over these learning-enabled systems in safety-critical settings. In this dissertation, we tackle this problem by combining formal methods and machine learning to bring provable safety and robustness to learning-enabled systems. We first study the robustness verification problem of neural networks on classification tasks. We focus on providing provable safety guarantees on the absence of failures under arbitrarily strong adversaries. We propose an efficient neural network verifier LayR to compute a guaranteed and overapproximated range for the output of a neural network given an input set which contains all possible adversarially perturbed inputs. LayR relaxes nonlinear units in neural networks using linear bounds and refines such relaxations with mixed integer linear programming (MILP) to iteratively improve the approximation precision, which achieves tighter output range estimations compared to prior neural network verifiers. However, the neural network verifier focuses more on analyzing a trained neural network but less on learning provably safe neural networks. To tackle this problem, we study verifiable training that incorporates verification into training procedures to train provably safe neural networks and scale to larger models and datasets. We propose a novel framework, AdvIBP, for combining adversarial training and provable robustness verification. We show that the proposed framework can learn provable robust neural networks at a sublinear convergence rate. In the second part of the dissertation, we study the verification of system-level properties in neural-network controlled systems (NNCS). We focus on proving bounded-time safety properties by computing reachable sets. We first introduce two efficient NNCS verifiers ReachNN* and POLAR that construct polynomial-based overapproximations of neural-network controllers. We transfer NNCSs to tractable closed-loop systems with approximated polynomial controllers for computing reachable sets using existing reachability analysis tools of dynamical systems. The combination of polynomial overapproximations and reachability analysis tools opens promising directions for NNCS verification. We also include a survey and experimental study of existing NNCS verification methods, including combining state-of-the-art neural network verifiers with reachability analysis tools, to discuss what overapproximation is suitable for NNCS reachability analysis. While these verifiers enable proving safety properties of NNCS, the nonlinearity of neural-network controllers is the main bottleneck that limits their efficiency and scalability. We propose a novel framework of knowledge distillation to control “the degree of nonlinearity” of NN controllers to ease NNCS verification which improves provable safety of NNCSs especially when they are safe but cannot be verified due to their complexity. For the verification community, this opens up the possibility of reducing verification complexity by influencing how a system is trained. Though NNCS verification can prove safety when system models are known, modern deep learning, e.g., deep reinforcement learning (DRL), often targets tasks with unknown system models, also known as the model-free setting. To tackle this issue, we first focus on safe exploration of DRL and propose a novel Lyapunov-inspired method. Our method uses Gaussian Process models to provide probabilistic guarantees on the policies, and guide the exploration of the unknown environment in a safe fashion. Then, we study learning robust visual control policies in DRL to enhance the robustness against visual changes that were not seen during training. We propose a method DRIBO, which can learn robust state representations for RL via a novel contrastive version of the Multi-View Information Bottleneck (MIB). This approach enables us to train high-performance visual policies that are robust to visual distractions, and can generalize well to unseen environments.

When children gives good conditions to create a trustful attachment, with a secure preschool staff, they are given the opportunity to develop on many levels. However, when children create insecure attachment patterns, children need help to be able to develop good relationships consciously. Four in-depth interviews were conducted with active preschool teachers, with a focus on the phenomenon of relational work in preschool. Both conditions and obstacles to give all children a possibility to trustful attachment and a sense of security in preschool appears in the result. The result shows that trustful attachment activities is affected by the preschool teachers’ approach to attachment activities, approach to children and self-awareness of how trustful attachment activities can be carried out. Furthermore, the preschool teachers emphasizes that external factors such as time, group size, organization, physical environment, rules and regulation as well as educational level and staff density affect the work of trustful attachment activities. The preschool teachers cannot influence these factors in the organization. The preschool teachers experience that it is important that the principal and the municipality are aware of these in order to be able to support and change the activities for the better. The result shows that preschool teachers perceive that trustful attachment activities are opportunities for development and learning for the children. The conclusion is that the factors above needs to be taken into account in preschool, in order to create good conditions in the daily work with trustful attachment activities. / När barn får bra förutsättningar att skapa en trygg anknytning så ges de möjlighet att utvecklas på många plan, men när barn skapar otrygga anknytningsmönster så behöver barn hjälp för att medvetet kunna utveckla goda relationer. Empirin samlades in genom fyra djupintervjuer med aktiva förskollärare, med fokus på fenomenet anknytningsarbete i förskolan. I resultatet framkommer både förutsättningar och hinder för att ge alla barn en bra anknytning och en trygghet i förskolan. Förskollärarens förhållningssätt, barnsyn och självmedvetenhet upplevs påverka hur anknytningsarbete utförs och hur resultatet av detta visar sig i verksamheten. Vidare lyfter förskollärarna att yttre faktorer så som tid, gruppstorlek, organisation, miljö och strukturer samt utbildning och personalsituation, som förskollärarna inte kan påverka i lika stor utsträckning, påverkar arbetet med att knyta an till barn i verksamheten. Förskollärare upplever att det är viktigt för rektor och huvudman får en bild av deras perspektiv och upplevelser, för att kunna stötta och även ändra verksamheten till det bättre. Resultatet visar att förskollärare upplever att anknytningen påverkar möjligheterna för utveckling och lärande hos barnen. Slutsatsen är att dessa faktorer behöver uppmärksammas inom förskolan för att skapa goda förutsättningar i det dagliga arbetet med anknytning.

The aim of the essay is to explore how so called ”safe spaces” are built, and the part that creativity can play in this construction. The essay also explores the duality of idea-based social work that at the same time strives to support vulnerable groups and strives to make social and political changes. The essay has its empirical base in the RFSL Ungdom project ”Tusen bilder, tusen ord” (A thousand pictures, a thousand words). RFSL Ungdom is the Swedish youth organization for homosexual, bisexual and transgender rights. The object of ”Tusen bilder, tusen ord” is to increase psychological well-being amongst queer youth under the age of 26 by providing a safe space where they can meet, and by encouraging their creative expressions in various workshops which are led by queer-identified artists. The essay is conducted through semi-structural interviews with participants in the project, and through participating observations of some of the workshops. Its theoretical base is previous research in the concept of safe spaces, strategies of resistance, and creativity. The result shows that the safe space ”Tusen bilder, tusen ord” is constructed in various ways, for example identification with each other and a ”queer identity” and through the trust that participants in the project felt towards the organization RFSL Ungdom. The creative expressions established an air of openness and understanding in the group, and also served as ways to reshape and transform the heteronormative surroundings, through the project's art-exhibition, and through the inner queer fantasy space bricolage.

In this thesis I argue that access to an adequate quantity and quality of safe water in sustainable ways is a basic moral human right, one that has been legally recognized by the international community through UN Resolution 15/9. As a result of water’s being a basic moral human right, governments, institutions, and individuals are obligated to avoid depriving, protect from deprivation, and aid those deprived of access to safe drinking water. Using this as a foundation, I examine the Millennium Development Goals, the Sustainable Development Goals, and water pricing as strategies used to fulfill the right to safe drinking water. I also provide arguments in favour of (national and international) tax schemes that cover the cost of providing 50L of safe water per person per day. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

В условиях высокой волатильности рынка вопросы безопасного, долгосрочного размещения инвестиций выходят на первое место. Таким образом, перед инвесторами возникает научно-практическая задача: «Как оценить допустимый уровень безопасности использования капитала при максимальном извлечении прибыли?» Важность проблемы обусловила выбор темы исследования, ее актуальность, методическую и практическую значимость. Целью исследования является теоретическое обоснование целесообразности формирования стратегических планов организации с учетом реальной конкурентной позиции, определяемой на базе инструментария оценки стоимости бизнеса и создание методики для практического применения теоретических положений. Практическая значимость проведенного исследования состоит в том, что характеристика безопасности использования капитала легко моделируется, имеет доступные информационные ресурсы для расчета и может быть использована без существенных финансовых затрат, что минимизирует транзакционные издержки на поиск информации. / In conditions of high market volatility, the issues of safe, long-term investment placement come first. Thus, a scientific and practical problem arises for investors: "How to assess the permissible level of capital safety with maximum profit-taking?" The importance of the problem has determined the choice of the research topic, its relevance, methodological and practical significance. The purpose of the study is the theoretical justification of the expediency of forming strategic plans of the organization taking into account the real competitive position determined on the basis of the business valuation toolkit and the creation of a methodology for the practical application of theoretical provisions. The practical significance of the study is that the safety profile of the use of capital is easily modeled, has available information resources for calculation, and can be used without significant financial costs, which minimizes the transaction costs of searching for information.

Background: The Scaled Agile Framework®(SAFe) has been adopted by many automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) for scaling their agile practices. It is one of the ways to improve and accelerate their in-house software development life cycle. Most OEMs have tailored the agile framework to fit their own needs. However, with the increasing complexity of vehicles, especially in terms of embedded software and hardware development, agile release trains (ARTs) face challenges in managing requirements throughout the vehicle development life cycle. Multiple teams working on requirements, consistency of requirements, collaboration, prioritization of requirements between teams, and changing requirements are some of the challenges faced by the SAFe practicing organizations. Objectives: This thesis examines how the requirements engineering within SAFe has been practiced inone of the automotive OEMs, and the challenges its agile release trains face. It addresses the real problems of practical interest and real-life context by interacting with the teams who have been closely working with the requirements daily. It also accumulates the impacts due to the identified challenges. Methods: This study utilizes a case study methodology, which is flexible in design, exploratory, andqualitative. This choice of research method is influenced by the scope of the study, research questions, and the degree of interaction required between us and the participants to collect the data. By conducting semi-structured interviews, a large quality of data isproduced by having a higher level of interaction with participants. The collected data is then probed for newer and unexpected responses using a thematic approach, which helps to identify patterns and themes using large and complex data. Results: This thesis summarizes the requirement engineering practices and challenges faced by theagile release trains in SAFe practicing automotive industry. We approached the agile teams directly and collected the organizational and stakeholder behavior while working with therequirements and the challenges faced. Using intrinsic data analysis, the gathered interview data is understood, and the implications are listed. This study reemphasizes that agile release trains were facing many challenges, especially in the requirements engineeringarea even though the Scaled Agile Framework is practiced. Knowledge gaps, incompleteand misunderstood customer requirements, ineffective communication, fragmented tooling, inadequate management support, and inconsistent requirement engineering practiceare some of the challenges highlighted by the agile release trains.