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Computational analysis of wide-angle light scattering from single cellsPilarski, Patrick Michael 11 1900 (has links)
The analysis of wide-angle cellular light scattering patterns is a challenging problem. Small changes to the organization, orientation, shape, and optical properties of scatterers and scattering populations can significantly alter their complex two-dimensional scattering signatures. Because of this, it is difficult to find methods that can identify medically relevant cellular properties while remaining robust to experimental noise and sample-to-sample differences. It is an important problem. Recent work has shown that changes to the internal structure of cells---specifically, the distribution and aggregation of organelles---can indicate the progression of a number of common disorders, ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative disease, and can also predict a patient's response to treatments like chemotherapy. However, there is no direct analytical solution to the inverse wide-angle cellular light scattering problem, and available simulation and interpretation methods either rely on restrictive cell models, or are too computationally demanding for routine use.
This dissertation addresses these challenges from a computational vantage point. First, it explores the theoretical limits and optical basis for wide-angle scattering pattern analysis. The result is a rapid new simulation method to generate realistic organelle scattering patterns without the need for computationally challenging or restrictive routines. Pattern analysis, image segmentation, machine learning, and iterative pattern classification methods are then used to identify novel relationships between wide-angle scattering patterns and the distribution of organelles (in this case mitochondria) within a cell. Importantly, this work shows that by parameterizing a scattering image it is possible to extract vital information about cell structure while remaining robust to changes in organelle concentration, effective size, and random placement. The result is a powerful collection of methods to simulate and interpret experimental light scattering signatures. This gives new insight into the theoretical basis for wide-angle cellular light scattering, and facilitates advances in real-time patient care, cell structure prediction, and cell morphology research.
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Computational analysis of wide-angle light scattering from single cellsPilarski, Patrick Michael Unknown Date
No description available.
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Self-assembled rolled-up devices: towards on-chip sensor technologiesSmith, Elliot John 29 August 2011 (has links)
By implementing the rolled-up microfabrication method based on strain engineering, several systems are investigated within the contents of this thesis. The structural morphing of planar geometries into three-dimensional structures opens up many doors for the creation of unique material configurations and devices. An exploration into several novel microsystems, encompassing various scientific subjects, is made and methods for on-chip integration of these devices are presented.
The roll-up of a metal and oxide allows for a cylindrical hollow-core structure with a cladding layer composed of a multilayer stack, plasmonic metamaterial. This structure can be used as a platform for a number of optical metamaterial devices. By guiding light radially through this structure, a theoretical investigation into the system makeup of a rolled-up hyperlens, is given. Using the same design, but rather propagating light parallel to the cylinder, a novel device known as a metamaterial optical fiber is defined. This fiber allows light to be guided classically and plasmonically within a single device. These fibers are developed experimentally and are integrated into preexisting on-chip structures and characterized.
A system known as lab-in-a-tube is introduced. The idea of lab-in-a-tube combines various rolled-up components into a single all-encompassing biosensor that can be used to detect and monitor single bio-organisms. The first device specifically tailored to this system is developed, flexible split-wall microtube resonator sensors. A method for the capturing of embryonic mouse cells into on-chip optical resonators is introduced. The sensor can optically detect, via photoluminescence, living cells confined within the resonator through the compression and expansion of a nanogap built within its walls.
The rolled-up fabrication method is not limited to the well-investigated systems based on the roll-up from semiconductor material or from a photoresist layer. A new approach, relying on the delamination of polymers, is presented. This offers never-before-realized microscale structures and configurations. This includes novel magnetic configurations and flexible fluidic sensors which can be designed for on-chip and roving detector applications.
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Novel Applications of Optical Diffraction Tomography: On-chip Microscopy and Detection of Invisibility CloaksDíaz Fernández, Francisco Javier 21 January 2022 (has links)
[ES] La tomografía por difracción surge para mejorar las técnicas de imagen al considerar la naturaleza ondulatoria de la luz. Mientras que los primeros sistemas de imagen médica se basaban únicamente en fuentes sin difracción, este enfoque consigue mejorar la reconstrucción del índice de refracción de los objetos, lo que permite, por ejemplo, el estudio de estructuras subcelulares. Del mismo modo, la demanda de redes de telecomunicaciones cada vez más rápidas y seguras ha propiciado la aparición de la fotónica. Hace dos décadas, la combinación de estos dos campos dio lugar a los primeros sistemas de tomografía por difracción óptica (ODT), los cuáles han evolucionado rápidamente durante este siglo. En esta tesis, presentamos dos nuevas aplicaciones de la ODT. La primera está relacionada con el concepto del microscopio tomográfico de fase (TPM), una versión de la ODT que permite el estudio de células aisladas, con muchas aplicaciones biomédicas, como el diagnóstico y la prognosis del cáncer. Sin embargo, los sistemas TPM actuales son caros, pesados y complejos. Para resolver estos problemas, proponemos el concepto de TPM en chip. Con este fin, diseñamos una hoja de ruta hacia el primer dispositivo tomográfico integrado en el marco de la tecnología lab-on-a-chip (LoC), y desarrollamos los primeros pasos para ello: 1) Hasta ahora, sólo se han utilizado detectores planos para obtener los mapas de índice de refracción de los objetos estudiados en TPM, basados en la detección del campo difractado hacia delante. Sin embargo, los principios físicos fundamentales indican que medir también el campo difractado hacia detrás debería mejorar la resolución de las imágenes. Además, un detector plano no es la configuración óptima para el TPM en chip. En esta línea, hemos explorado la posibilidad de usar detectores circulares en este escenario, como una técnica más adecuada para las configuraciones en chip, demostrando al mismo tiempo que este enfoque proporciona una mejor resolución que el lineal. 2) Proponemos un esquema de TPM en chip basado en el uso de nanoantenas dieléctricas como fuente de luz y píxeles detectores ODT, y caracterizamos experimentalmente su comportamiento mediante microscopía óptica de campo cercano. En cuanto a la segunda aplicación, estudiamos el potencial de la ODT como nuevo paradigma en la detección de capas de invisibilidad realistas, una de las aplicaciones más importantes de los metamateriales. Hasta ahora, el scattering cross section (SCS) se ha utilizado como modelo de referencia para diseñar y observar la eficacia de estos dispositivos para ocultar objetos. En nuestro estudio, demostramos que la ODT puede detectar las capas de invisibilidad prácticas con una sensibilidad superior a la que ofrece el SCS, incluso a las frecuencias de trabajo óptimas. Además, es posible obtener una imagen representativa del tamaño y la forma de la capa, revelando claramente su existencia. Finalmente, se discuten las conclusiones extraídas de los resultados obtenidos. Además, se detallan las futuras líneas de trabajo para abordar los retos que no se han completado en esta tesis doctoral. / [CA] La tomografia per difracció sorgeix per millorar les tècniques d'imatge anteriors en considerar la naturalesa ondulatòria de la llum. Mentre que els primers sistemes d'imatge mèdica es basaven únicament en fonts sense difracció, aquest enfocament aconsegueix millorar la reconstrucció de l'índex de refracció dels objectes, la qual cosa permet, per exemple, l'estudi d'estructures subcelulars. De la mateixa manera, la demanda de xarxes de telecomunicacions cada vegada més ràpides i segures ha propiciat l'aparició de la fotònica. Fa dues dècades, la combinació d'aquests dos camps va portar als primers sistemes de tomografia per difracció òptica (ODT), els quals han evolucionat ràpidament durant aquest segle. En aquesta tesi, presentem dues noves aplicacions de la ODT. La primera està relacionada amb el concepte del microscopi tomogràfic de fase (TPM), una versió de la ODT que permet l'estudi de cèl·lules aïllades, amb moltes aplicacions en biomedicina, com el diagnòstic i prognosi del càncer. No obstant això, els sistemes TPM actuals són cars, pesats i complexos. Per resoldre aquests problemes, proposem el concepte de TPM en xip. Per fer-ho, dissenyem un full de ruta cap al primer dispositiu tomogràfic integrat en el marc de la tecnologia lab-on-a-chip (LoC), i desenvolupem els primers passos a aquest efecte: 1) Fins ara, només s'han utilitzat detectors plans per a obtindre els mapes d'índex de refracció dels objectes estudiats en TPM, basats en la detecció del camp difractat cap avant. No obstant això, els principis físics fonamentals indiquen que mesurar també el camp difractat cap endarrere hauria de millorar la resolució de les imatges. A més, un detector pla no és la configuració òptima per al TPM en xip. En aquesta línia, hem explorat la possibilitat d'usar detectors circulars en aquest escenari, com una tècnica més adequada per a les configuracions en xip, demostrant al mateix temps que aquest enfocament proporciona una millor resolució que el lineal. 2) Proposem un esquema de TPM en xip basat en l'ús de nanoantenes dielèctriques com a font de llum i píxels detectors ODT, i caracteritzem experimentalment el seu comportament en camp pròxim mitjançant microscòpia òptica de camp pròxim. Pel que fa a la segona aplicació, estudiem el potencial de la ODT com a nou paradigma en la detecció de capes d'invisibilitat realistes, una de les aplicacions més importants dels metamaterials. Fins ara, el scattering cross section (SCS) s'ha utilitzat com a model de referència per a dissenyar i observar l'eficàcia d'aquests dispositius per a ocultar objectes. En el nostre estudi, vam demostrar que la ODT pot detectar les capes d'invisibilitat pràctiques amb una sensibilitat superior a la que ofereix el SCS, fins i tot a les freqüències de treball òptimes. A més, és possible obtindre una imatge representativa de la grandària i la forma de la capa, revelant clarament la seua existència. Finalment, es discuteixen les conclusions extretes dels resultats obtinguts i es detallen les futures línies de treball per a abordar els reptes que no s'han completat en aquesta tesi doctoral. / [EN] Diffraction Tomography arises to improve previous imaging techniques by considering the wave nature of light. Whereas the first medical imaging systems relied only on non-diffracting sources, this approach results in an enhanced reconstruction of the object's refractive index distribution, allowing, for example, the study of subcellular structures. Likewise, the demand for increasingly faster and secure telecommunication networks led to the advent of photonics. Two decades ago, the combination of these two fields gave rise to the first optical diffraction tomography (ODT) systems, which have rapidly evolved during this century. In this thesis, we present two novel applications of ODT. The first one is related to the concept of tomographic phase microscopy (TPM), a version of ODT that enables the study of isolated cells, with many applications in biomedicine, such as the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. Nevertheless, current TPM systems are expensive, heavy, and cumbersome. To solve these issues we propose the concept of on-chip TPM. For this purpose, we design a roadmap towards the first integrated tomographic device in the frame of lab-on-a-chip (LoC) technology and develop the first steps to this end: 1) Until now, only flat detectors have been used to obtain the refractive index maps of the objects studied in TPM, based on the detection of the forward scattering. However, fundamental physical principles indicate that measuring also the backscattered field should improve the resolution of the images. Moreover, a flat detector is not the optimal configuration for on-chip TPM. In this vein, we have explored the possibility of using circular detectors in this scenario as a more suitable technique for on-chip configurations, demonstrating at the same time that this approach provides a better resolution than the linear one. 2) We propose a TPM on-chip scheme based on the use of dielectric nanoantennas as the ODT light source and detector pixels, and experimentally characterize their near-field behavior via scanning near-field optical microscopy. As for the second application, we study the potential of ODT as a new paradigm in the detection of realistic invisibility cloaks, one of the most important applications of metamaterials. Up to now, the scattering cross section (SCS) has been used as the gold standard to design and observe the effectiveness of these devices in hiding objects. In our study, we show that ODT can detect practical invisibility cloaks with a higher sensitivity than that offered by the SCS, even at the optimal working frequencies. Moreover, it is possible to obtain an image depicting the size and shape of the cloak, clearly revealing their existence. Finally, the conclusions drawn from the obtained results are discussed. In addition, future lines of action to address the challenges that have not been completed in this doctoral thesis are detailed. / Díaz Fernández, FJ. (2021). Novel Applications of Optical Diffraction Tomography: On-chip Microscopy and Detection of Invisibility Cloaks [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/180125
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