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No description available.

No description available.

The luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) belongs to the G protein-coupled receptorfamily. It consists of two distinct domains; the N-terminal extracellular exodomain and themembrane associated endodomain which includes 7 transmembrane domains, 3 exoloops, 3cytoloops and a C-terminal tail. Sequence alignment and computer modeling suggest thepresence of Leu Rich Repeat (LRR) motifs in the exodomain. Although their structuralsimilarity is high, each LRR is not equally important for hormone binding. Ala-scanning andtruncation studies performed in our laboratory suggest that LRR2 and LRR4 appear to be themost crucial. The Ala-scanning data suggest that Leu103 and Ile105 in LRR4 are important forhormone binding. However, it is not clear whether these two residues make direct contact withhuman chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or if they are necessary for the overall structural integrityof LRR4. In this work, the LHR peptide mimics of LRR4 were used for photoaffinity labeling todetermine whether Leu103 and Ile105 directly interact with hormone. Furthermore, LRR4peptides containing the photoactivable benzoylphenylalanine (Bpa) were used to determinewhether the LRR structure really exists in the LHR exodomain, whether LRR 4 interact withhCG, and which residues of LRR4 interact with hCG. Bpa was directly incorporated intodifferent positions of the LRR4 peptide sequence to examine the labeling ability of individualamino acids. The results suggest that LRR4, in particular the sequence of Lys101-Cys106,makes direct contact with hCG. However Leu103 and Ile105 do not interact with hCG but mayform the hydrophobic core of the LRR4 loop, which appears to be crucial for the LRR structure.Existing data suggest that glycoprotein hormones initially bind the exodomain. Thehormone/exodomain complex undergoes conformational adjustments and stimulates theendodomain of the receptor to generate hormone signals. The exoloops modulate hormonebinding and signaling; however, little is known about whether the hormone/exodomain complexcontacts the endodomain. To address this issue, we investigated whether the exoloops interactwith the hormone. First, we examined exoloop 3 that connects transmembrane domains 6 and 7which are important for signal generation. We present the first physical evidence that LHRexoloop 3 interacts with hCG.

This study intends to investigate the experiences of labeling on people with a ADHD diagnos and how individuals with an ADHD diagnosis handles labeling. In today's society normality is is something that is pursued and the individuals that do not meet the normality are perceived as deviant. The study is conducted with a qualitative method and is based on three autobiographies where individuals with an ADHD diagnosis writes about their life. The study deals with postmodern constructivism which is explaining that the normalization and deviances are constantly changing, both depending on time and context. The results and analysis of this study are presented under three main headings that are related to the study's research questions. Based on the findings in the empirical data concrete sub headings have been developed to gain structure. The analysis of the empirical data is based on Becker's (2006) labeling theory and is strengthened by the concepts of normalization, deviance and outsiders. The results of the study shows that individuals with an ADHD diagnosis often are labeled based on their difficulties. What is revealed in the study is that labeling takes place in different contexts and that labeling mainly took place in the school environment and in society’s construction of the norm following behavior. Another thing the study shows is that labeling does not occur as frequently in the home enviroment as in school and society’s construction. It also reveals that the actual diagnosis has a significant impact on how labeling is handled and how individuals value themselves.

Obesity has risen drastically in the past few decades. Some experts contribute this to an increased prevalence of eating food away from home and consuming large portion sizes. A popular discussion in policy and legislation arenas has been mandatory implementation of nutrition information on restaurant chain menus. Menu labeling in restaurants that have 20 or more locations nationally was first implemented by New York City in an effort to increase consumer awareness of the calorie content of menu entrees. Since New York City’s implementation of restaurant menu labeling in 2008, there have been conflicting studies on whether nutrition menu labeling improves consumers’ selection of healthier menu items. Conducted on consumers in Lexington, Kentucky, this study focuses on factors influencing nutrition information on restaurant menus. This experimental research design included one menu with calorie information next to the menu items while the other menu did not provide calorie information. Also, this study compares the level of hunger of participants to their restaurant menu selection and participant’s BMI status to their restaurant menu selection. This study shows that when calorie information is provided, it does not influence the participants purchasing behavior.

The purpose of this research study was to test the validity of three diet analysis programs — Food Processor, Diet Analysis Plus 7.0 Online, and NutritionData.com — by comparing results of each program to the nutrient data from an independent food science lab for menu items served at Pizza King, Inc. restaurants.NutritionData.com had a slightly higher positive correlation, as well as more nutrient values within 10% of the chemical analyses, than ESHAs Food Processor. However, due to several ancillary factors (e.g., limited data base, inability to save laboratory-obtained data into a permanent database, and the minimal cost for the program for a company the size of Pizza King), this researcher has recommended ESHA Food Processor to Pizza King for the current and future analyses of their menu items. Diet Analysis Plus 7.0 Online could not be tested because the program did not generate analyzable results. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

Europos Komisija ieško būdų mažinti gaminių daromą poveikį aplinkai, vertinant visą jų būvio ciklą. Siekiant šio tikslo taikomos ekologinio projektavimo ir būvio ciklo vertinimo priemonės saugesnių aplinkos atžvilgiu gaminių gamybai ir ekonominės (pvz., mokesčių diferenciacija, gamintojo atsakomybė) bei informacinės (pvz., ekoženklinimas) priemonės tokių gaminių paklausos kūrimui. Yra daug veiksnių, skatinančių ūkio subjektus taikyti ekoženklinimą. Viena iš paprastų priežasčių – aplinkos apsaugos (ar darnaus vystymosi) pokyčiai, vykstantys visuomenėje. Darbo tikslas – atlikti ekologinių, prekių ženklų panaudojimo plėtros aplinkosauginėje politikoje galimybių tyrimą Lietuvoje. Šio tikslo bus siekiama atliekant tokius uždavinius: 1.Remiants užsienio ir lietuvių mokslininkų teoriniais ir empiriniais darbais išnagrinėti aplinkosauginių, socialinių ir etinių ženklų vaidmenį aplinkosauginėje politikoje 2.Išanalizuoti ekologinių ženklų vaidmenį įgyvendinat ES aplinkosauginę politiką bei kitų šalių patirtį, diegiant ekologinius prekių ženklus; 3.Išanalizuoti apinkosauginę Lietuvos politiką ir Lietuvoje naudojamus aplinkosauginės politikos instrumentus, taikant SSGG analizę; 4.Aprašyti ekologinius ir kt. prekių ženklus taikomus Lietuvoje, bei išnanalizuoti jų plėtros tendencijas ir palyginti su kitų šalių; 5.Nustatyti ekologinių ženklų panaudojimo perspektyvas, kliūtis ir skatinimo priemones Lietuvoje; 6.Parengti rekomendacijas Lietuvai dėl ekologinių ženklų plėtros. Darbo objektas –... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / European Commission is constantly looking for ways of reducing the whole product life cycle impact on environment. Means of ecological engineering and valuation of product’s life cycle are being implemented in order to produce environmentally friendly products together with economical and media tools for creation of demand for such products. There are many factors stimulating economical entities to use eco-labelling. Environment protection change taking place in the society is one of those factors. Demand for ecological products is one of the main factors forcing companies to produce such products, taking into consideration influence on environment through the all stages of production. The aim of this paper – is to analyze the possibility of using eco-labeling in development of environmental policy of Lithuania. Such tasks have been formulated in order to reach this aim: •To analyze the role of social, ethical and ecological labeling for environmental policy based on works of foreign and Lithuanian authors. •To analyze the role of eco-labeling in EU environmental policy and the experience of other countries in usage of eco-labeling. •To analyze environmental policy and its instruments in Lithuania, by using SWOT analyze. •To describe ecological and other labeling used in Lithuania, and its development tendencies and compare it with experience of other countries. •To prepare recommendations of eco-labeling development in Lithuania. The object of this work is the possibility of... [to full text]

Darbo tikslas. Nustatyti vartotojų požiūrį į alkoholinių gėrimų sudėtį ir ženklinimą. Uždaviniai. • Įvertini informaciją, pateikiamą ant alkoholinių gėrimų pakuočių. • Ištirti vartotojų požiūrį į alkoholinių gėrimų sudėtį. • Nustatyti vartotojų požiūrį į alkoholinių gėrimų ženklinimą. Tyrimo metodika. Norint įvertini informaciją, pateikiamą ant alkoholinių gėrimų pakuočių, buvo atlikta įstatyminės bazės analizė. Vartotojų požiūriui nustatyti buvo vykdoma Lietuvos gyventojų apklausa tiesioginio standartizuoto interviu būdu respondentų namuose, apklausėjams vedant pokalbį su tyrimo dalyviais pagal parengtus klausimus. Tyrime faktiškai apklausta 18-74 metų amžiaus 1013 nuolatinių Lietuvos gyventojų (atsakomumas 48 proc.). Respondentai buvo atrinkti daugiapakopės atsitiktinės maršrutinės atrankos metodu. Statistinė analizė atlikta naudojant SPSS statistinį paketą (16.0 versija). Hipotezėms, kad požymiai tarpusavyje susiję, tikrinti skaičiuotas chi kvadrato (2) kriterijus. Rezultatai. Atlikus įstatyminės alkoholinių gėrimų bazės analizę nustatyta, jog alkoholinių gėrimų gamintojai neprivalo pateikti informacijos apie maistines medžiagas ir jų priedus ant gaminių išorinių pakuočių, tačiau alkoholis yra reglamentuojamas kaip maisto produktas. Dažniau alų vartojantys tyrimo dalyviai nurodė, kad alkoholinių gėrimų pakuotės yra pakankamai informatyvios. Tačiau stipriųjų alkoholinių gėrimų vartotojams informacijos nepakako. Didžiausia dalis (42 proc.) tyrimo dalyvių manė, kad... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim of study. To determinate alcohol beverages users opinion about drinks nutrition and labelling. Objective. • To assess the information provided on the alcohol beverages labels. • To investigate consumer attitudes about alcohol content. • To indentify consumer attitudes towards alcohol labelling. Methods. To evaluate the information provided on the alcohol drinks labels, have been made the legal framework analysis. To determinate consumer attitudes has been made a poll of the Lithuanian people, using direct standardized interviewing of respondents at home, interviewers conducting interviews with prepared questions. The study actually interviewed 1013 the Lithuanian residents in age scale 18-74 (48 percent of responsiveness). Respondents were randomly selected from the multi-route-sampling method. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistical package (version 16.0). Hypothesis that the features are related, check with the calculated chi square test. Results. After the statutory alcohol base analysis study was determinate that alcoholic drinks manufacturers are not required to provide information about the nutrients and their attachments on the labels of products, but alcohol is regulated as a food product. Often beer users of this study indicated that alcoholic drinks packaging has enough of the information on the labels. However, to the strengths of alcoholic beverages consumers, information on the labels weren’t enough. The largest percent (42 percent) of... [to full text]

The manipulation of nature using modern biotechnology has resulted in the creation of Genetically Modified (GM) foods. There are states already enacting laws requiring the mandatory labeling of GM foods so that consumers can make informed choices as to what food to eat. However, on the flip side, the mandatory labeling of GM foods can also constitute non-tariff barriers as it can impose burdens on states that export GM foods. How should these two interests be balanced? This thesis takes the ambitious challenge of exploring whether the mandatory labeling of GM foods enacted under the government's protection of the consumers' right to information regarding what food to consume is consistent with the World Trade Organization (WTO) framework, particularly the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (MT Agreement). This thesis holds the view that the WTO, an international organization established to promote trade liberalization, can incorporate protection of consumers' interests by including it within to the interpretation of "legitimate objective" contained in Article 2.2 of the TBT Agreement. Rather, the heart of problem lies in the threshold setting of exempting mandatory labeling. In particular, the dispersed threshold should be adjusted hi order to solve this issue, this thesis contends that both the TBT Committee and the dispute settlement system should be utilized.