Este trabalho busca analisar as condições de trabalho de pesquisadores no Brasil e na Argentina com o intuito de investigar a relação entre tais condições, a capacidade acadêmica e os indicadores ligados à ciência básica e aplicada e à inovação dos dois países. Por meio da análise do conteúdo de seis entrevistas com pesquisadores, sendo três argentinos e três brasileiros, no campo das ciências médicas e biomédicas, além do estudo da bibliografia sobre as mudanças no mundo do trabalho e no campo da ciência e da tecnologia, procuramos identificar em que a situação dos dois países se assemelha ou se distancia. Concluímos que a pressão pelo aumento da produtividade acadêmica tem os mesmos moldes nos dois países, assim como a implantação de critérios de avaliação voltados para o crescimento da produção científica foi acelerada na década de 1990, na esteira do receituário neoliberal que marcou a política e a economia do continente. Embora os dois países venham experimentando um crescimento nos recursos investidos em ciência e tecnologia, há diferenças importantes entre eles, relacionadas à regularidade da oferta de recursos, com vantagem para o Brasil, e à disponibilidade de recursos humanos altamente qualificados, tópico em que a Argentina, com uma tradição científica ancorada em três prêmios Nobel na área científica, possui um lastro especialmente consistente. Uma integração mais efetiva dos sistemas de ciência e tecnologia argentino e brasileiro poderia ajudar os dois países em seus desafios comuns de ampliar e racionalizar seus sistemas de pesquisa. / The objective of this work is to analyse scientific researchers working conditions in Brazil and in Argentina aiming to investigate the relation among these conditions, the academic capability and indicators connected to basic and applied science and innovation in both countries. We tried to identify how both countries are similar and/or different by analysing six interviews with three Brazilian and three Argentine researchers in the field of Medical and Biomedical Sciences and studying the bibliography about changes in the labour field and in the area of Science and Technology. We came to the conclusion that pressure to increase academic productivity has the same pattern in both countries. There was also an adoption of criteria to assess the scientific production aiming to increase it and this trend was accelerated during the 90s following neoliberal policies that marked the politics and economy in Latin America. Despite the fact that investments in Science and Technology have increased in both countries, there are important differences among them, related to regular resources allocation, with advantages for Brazil. The availability of high qualified human resources seems stronger in Argentina, country that has a scientific tradition anchored by three Nobel prizes in scientific areas. A more effective integration of Brazilian and Argentinian Science and Technology systems could help both countries in their common challenges to amplify and rationalize their research systems.

Este trabalho busca analisar as condições de trabalho de pesquisadores no Brasil e na Argentina com o intuito de investigar a relação entre tais condições, a capacidade acadêmica e os indicadores ligados à ciência básica e aplicada e à inovação dos dois países. Por meio da análise do conteúdo de seis entrevistas com pesquisadores, sendo três argentinos e três brasileiros, no campo das ciências médicas e biomédicas, além do estudo da bibliografia sobre as mudanças no mundo do trabalho e no campo da ciência e da tecnologia, procuramos identificar em que a situação dos dois países se assemelha ou se distancia. Concluímos que a pressão pelo aumento da produtividade acadêmica tem os mesmos moldes nos dois países, assim como a implantação de critérios de avaliação voltados para o crescimento da produção científica foi acelerada na década de 1990, na esteira do receituário neoliberal que marcou a política e a economia do continente. Embora os dois países venham experimentando um crescimento nos recursos investidos em ciência e tecnologia, há diferenças importantes entre eles, relacionadas à regularidade da oferta de recursos, com vantagem para o Brasil, e à disponibilidade de recursos humanos altamente qualificados, tópico em que a Argentina, com uma tradição científica ancorada em três prêmios Nobel na área científica, possui um lastro especialmente consistente. Uma integração mais efetiva dos sistemas de ciência e tecnologia argentino e brasileiro poderia ajudar os dois países em seus desafios comuns de ampliar e racionalizar seus sistemas de pesquisa. / The objective of this work is to analyse scientific researchers working conditions in Brazil and in Argentina aiming to investigate the relation among these conditions, the academic capability and indicators connected to basic and applied science and innovation in both countries. We tried to identify how both countries are similar and/or different by analysing six interviews with three Brazilian and three Argentine researchers in the field of Medical and Biomedical Sciences and studying the bibliography about changes in the labour field and in the area of Science and Technology. We came to the conclusion that pressure to increase academic productivity has the same pattern in both countries. There was also an adoption of criteria to assess the scientific production aiming to increase it and this trend was accelerated during the 90s following neoliberal policies that marked the politics and economy in Latin America. Despite the fact that investments in Science and Technology have increased in both countries, there are important differences among them, related to regular resources allocation, with advantages for Brazil. The availability of high qualified human resources seems stronger in Argentina, country that has a scientific tradition anchored by three Nobel prizes in scientific areas. A more effective integration of Brazilian and Argentinian Science and Technology systems could help both countries in their common challenges to amplify and rationalize their research systems.

This thesis examines labour conditions in Vietnam, and the impact of Swedish investments and trade on these conditions. The thesis is a qualitative investigation that includes a theoretical and an empirical part. The theories we use are international trade theory, focusing on comparative advantage and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. We also utilise Solow’s growth model and the theory about FDI. The concept of social dumping and the effect of imposing a social clause is also discussed. We are using the ILO’s eight core conventions about minimum standards on labour conditions as a measuring instrument. Three Swedish lead multinational corporations have been chosen for the investigation, namely ABB, Ericsson and IKEA. Swedish companies currently have only small investments in Vietnam, but co-operation between the two countries have existed for a long time. Sweden is known to have good labour conditions and it is interesting to see if these are transferred through the Swedish companies. To investigate the labour situation in Vietnam, we have also conducted interviews with people working on these issues at ministries, UN organisations and representatives for trade unions.

<p>This thesis examines labour conditions in Vietnam, and the impact of Swedish investments and trade on these conditions. The thesis is a qualitative investigation that includes a theoretical and an empirical part. The theories we use are international trade theory, focusing on comparative advantage and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. We also utilise Solow’s growth model and the theory about FDI. The concept of social dumping and the effect of imposing a social clause is also discussed. We are using the ILO’s eight core conventions about minimum standards on labour conditions as a measuring instrument. Three Swedish lead multinational corporations have been chosen for the investigation, namely ABB, Ericsson and IKEA. Swedish companies currently have only small investments in Vietnam, but co-operation between the two countries have existed for a long time. Sweden is known to have good labour conditions and it is interesting to see if these are transferred through the Swedish companies. To investigate the labour situation in Vietnam, we have also conducted interviews with people working on these issues at ministries, UN organisations and representatives for trade unions.</p>

New Zealand initiatives to address supply-chain labour conditions are tending towards reliance on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), a form of private regulation. This thesis explores the effectiveness of private regulation for improving labour conditions, and reasons for its emergence, using the case study of the New Zealand-China relationship. It is argued that CSR brings only cosmetic improvements to a minority of workers in China. It is no replacement for strengthened law enforcement and organisation of workers for affecting significant improvements. CSR can also undermine improvements, and should be approached with caution. The trend towards CSR in New Zealand can be explained by businesses‘ gradually-increasing need and capacity to defend and pursue competitive advantage. However, the trend is best explained as a result of the constraints and power imbalances resulting from the neoliberal political context. For New Zealand to make a genuine commitment to social responsibility would require a shift in power, to groups that will challenge existing constraints and demand explicit action from the Government. It would also require New Zealand consumers and businesses to assume a greater share of the true costs of production. For New Zealand to contribute to improved labour conditions in China would require greater support for the Chinese labour movement and state enforcement. This support could take the form of increased cooperation, highlighting non-compliances, union collaboration and development aid.

This thesis is focused on an analysis of the working atmosphere in one international company which is producing and distributing fuel cards and registering trucks to different European toll systems. The aim is to analyze the influence of a toxic person on the people around him/ her and the working atmosphere in general. This thesis consists of two parts: theoretical and practical. The first part deals with the theoretical basis of the topic including toxic leadership in general, toxic working place, health reasons for such destructive behavior, different types of toxic behavior, and the influence of a toxic person on people around him/her. These points form the basis of the practical aspect of the thesis which focuses on a case study of toxic leadership behavior in the fuel cards company mentioned above. I conclude that a toxic leader can have a profound impact on the workplace environment, in particular employee rotation.

This dissertation describes the fundamentals of functioning of the service provision within the Community and functioning of these mechanisms in the chosen EU countries (Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Austria, Great Britain) and in the chosen fields (building, telecommunications, IT, consultancy services, tourism, repairing and maintenance services, financial services and others). The work is divided into two parts. The first one (the chapters 1- 4) deals with the fundamental principles of the service provision within the Community -- free movement of goods, persons, capital and services, freedom of cross-border delivery of services and its temporary criteria, specific requirements of some countries -- interim periods for free movement of persons and services, self-employed persons, recognition of professional qualifications, social and health insurance and taxes, solving problems of the internal market within the Community in the system of SOLVIT, Czech Business Representation in Brussels CEBRE. In the second part (chapter 5) are applied the principles of functioning of these mechanisms on the internal market in the chosen countries of the Community. The work serves as information material, data collector and practice advisor in one place giving useful sources where to find detailed information on these problems.

<p>Labour and its conditions is a subject constantly in focus. Therefore this study aims to shed some light on different factors which constitutes the basis for the definition of optimal labour conditions, as well as creating a need for change of labour conditions. In this case these factors are changes in society and cultures. The study describes how different levels of society - government, employer and employee – are affected by, or wishes to affect the labor conditions in terms of location, working hours and leisure. In brief this study concerns how different goals and interests results in different definitions of the optimum at the different levels. For instance the goal of the state is to increase its GNP to better compete with other nations. The goal of the employer is, among other things, to increase the company’s profits and conquer the market. The employee’s interest, on the other hand, is mainly to get resources for survival and better terms of life.</p>

Labour and its conditions is a subject constantly in focus. Therefore this study aims to shed some light on different factors which constitutes the basis for the definition of optimal labour conditions, as well as creating a need for change of labour conditions. In this case these factors are changes in society and cultures. The study describes how different levels of society - government, employer and employee – are affected by, or wishes to affect the labor conditions in terms of location, working hours and leisure. In brief this study concerns how different goals and interests results in different definitions of the optimum at the different levels. For instance the goal of the state is to increase its GNP to better compete with other nations. The goal of the employer is, among other things, to increase the company’s profits and conquer the market. The employee’s interest, on the other hand, is mainly to get resources for survival and better terms of life.

The aim of the paper is to make the reader acquainted with questions of labour law in the Czech Republic and Austria especially in terms of labour conditions, consequently to analyse and evaluate labour issues such as vacation, working hours, remuneration, overtime pay, maternity and paternity leave, working overtime or at night. In a theoretical part of the paper the main focus lies on beginning of employment, labour conditions and last but not least on termination of employment. In a practical part interesting areas in connection with labour relations and comparing Czech and Austrian situation are described, such as part-time employment, average working time during a week or 4-days working week.