The main subject of this project is the international migration of the labour force. There are two questions which it responds to. The first one: Is it necessary for the Czech labour market to use the foreigners (immigrants) labour force? The second one: Is there a risk of abnormal work emigration and shortage of the Czech national labour force as a result of it? The first part of this project describes current situation at the Czech labour market, potential impacts of the shortage of the labour force and the main factors that are able to improve the situation at the labour market. There are particular analysis in the second part of this project. The object of them are the migration differences among EU countries as same as the imigration and emigration flows of the labour force. One marginalized but very important migration factor is mentioned in the part 8. This is related to differences in child benefits in EU countries. In the part 9 I realized my own empirical survey. It is concentrated on the work migration and migration motives in three various regions in the Czech republic. The result of this dissertation is: 1) The work imigration to the Czech republic is necessary and adequate. 2) The work emigration of the Czech labour force is marginal and not dangerous for the Czech firms and Czech labour market.

This dissertation is divided into three main components that each relate to the socioeconomic wellbeing of Aboriginal peoples in the Canadian labour market. Specifically, using data from the master file of the Canadian census for the years 1996, 2001 and 2006, the first section examines the wage differential for various Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal groups, including a comparison of those living on-and-off-reserves. The study finds that, while a sizeable wage gap between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal persons still exists, this disparity has narrowed over the three census periods for those living off-reserve. The Aboriginal-non-Aboriginal wage differential is largest among the on-reserve population and this gap has remained relatively constant over the three census periods considered in the study. The second study in the dissertation uses data from the master file of the Canadian Labour Force Survey for 2008 and 2009 to estimate the probability that an individual is a labour force participant, and, conditional on labour force participation, the probability that a respondent is unemployed, comparing several Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal groups. The results reveal that Aboriginal men and women have lower rates of labour force participation and higher rates or unemployment in both periods as compared to their non-Aboriginal counterparts. Aboriginal peoples were also disproportionately burdened by a slowdown in economic activity as measured by a change in the probability of unemployment moving from 2008 to 2009, as compared to non-Aboriginal people, who experienced a smaller increase in the probability of unemployment moving from a period of positive to negative economic growth. Finally, the third study examines the probability of high school dropout comparing Aboriginal peoples living on-and-off-reserve using data from the master file of the Aboriginal Peoples Survey for 2001. The findings reveal dramatically higher rates of dropout among Aboriginal people living on-reserve as compared to those living off-reserve. Limitations of all three studies as well as some possible directions of future research related to similar issues concerning Canada’s Aboriginal population are discussed in the concluding chapter of the dissertation.

This dissertation is divided into three main components that each relate to the socioeconomic wellbeing of Aboriginal peoples in the Canadian labour market. Specifically, using data from the master file of the Canadian census for the years 1996, 2001 and 2006, the first section examines the wage differential for various Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal groups, including a comparison of those living on-and-off-reserves. The study finds that, while a sizeable wage gap between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal persons still exists, this disparity has narrowed over the three census periods for those living off-reserve. The Aboriginal-non-Aboriginal wage differential is largest among the on-reserve population and this gap has remained relatively constant over the three census periods considered in the study. The second study in the dissertation uses data from the master file of the Canadian Labour Force Survey for 2008 and 2009 to estimate the probability that an individual is a labour force participant, and, conditional on labour force participation, the probability that a respondent is unemployed, comparing several Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal groups. The results reveal that Aboriginal men and women have lower rates of labour force participation and higher rates or unemployment in both periods as compared to their non-Aboriginal counterparts. Aboriginal peoples were also disproportionately burdened by a slowdown in economic activity as measured by a change in the probability of unemployment moving from 2008 to 2009, as compared to non-Aboriginal people, who experienced a smaller increase in the probability of unemployment moving from a period of positive to negative economic growth. Finally, the third study examines the probability of high school dropout comparing Aboriginal peoples living on-and-off-reserve using data from the master file of the Aboriginal Peoples Survey for 2001. The findings reveal dramatically higher rates of dropout among Aboriginal people living on-reserve as compared to those living off-reserve. Limitations of all three studies as well as some possible directions of future research related to similar issues concerning Canada’s Aboriginal population are discussed in the concluding chapter of the dissertation.

The three chapters of my dissertation examine immigrant assimilation in the Canadian labour market. Through three levels of analysis, which are distinguished by the sample restrictions that are employed, I investigate immigrant labour force and job dynamics, immigrant propensity for self-employment, and immigrant wage assimilation, respectively. In the first chapter, I exploit recently-introduced immigrant identifiers in the Canadian Labour Force Survey (LFS) and the longitudinal dimension of these data to compare the labor force and job dynamics of Canada's native-born and immigrant populations. I am particularly interested in the role of job, as opposed to worker, heterogeneity in driving immigrant wage disparities and in how the paths into and out of jobs of varying quality compares between immigrants and the native-born. The main finding is that the disparity in immigrant job quality, which does not appear to diminish with years since arrival, reflects a combination of relatively low transitions into high-wage jobs and high transitions out of these jobs. The former result appears about equally due to difficulties obtaining high-wage jobs directly out of unemployment and in using low-wage jobs as stepping-stones. I find little or no evidence, however, that immigrant jobseekers face barriers to low-wage jobs. We interpret these findings as emphasizing the empirical importance of the quintessential immigrant anecdote of a low-quality "survival job" becoming a "dead-end job". The second chapter analyzes immigrant choice of self-employment versus paid employment. Using the Canadian Census public use microdata files from 1981 to 2006, I update the Canadian literature on immigrant self-employment by examining changes in the likelihood of self-employment across arrival cohorts of immigrants and how self-employment rates evolve in the years following migration to Canada. This study finds that new immigrants, who arrived between 1996 and 2005, turned to self-employment at a faster rate than the earlier cohorts and that immigrants become increasingly likely to be self-employed as they spend more time in Canada. More important, I examine immigrant earnings outcomes relative to the native-born, instead of within, sectors and thus explore the extent to which a comparative advantage in self-employment, captured by the difference in potential earnings between the self- and paid-employment sectors, can explain the tremendous shift toward self-employment in the immigrant population. The results show that the earnings advantage between the self- and the paid-employment sectors accounts for the higher likelihood of self-employment for traditional immigrants in the years following migration. However, the potential earnings difference cannot explain the reason that non-traditional immigrants are more likely to be self-employed as they consistently lose an earnings advantage in the self-employment sector relative to the paid-employment sector. My paper suggests that immigrants may face barriers to accessing paid-employment, or immigrants are attracted to self-employment by non-monetary benefits. Lastly, in the third chapter, studies which estimate separate returns to foreign and host-country sources of human capital have burgeoned in the immigration literature in recent years. In estimating separate returns, analysts are typically forced to make strong assumptions about the timing and exogeneity of human capital investments. Using a particularly rich longitudinal Canadian data source, I consider to what extent the findings of the Canadian literature may be driven by biases arising from errors in measuring foreign and host-country sources of human capital and the endogeneity of post-migration schooling and work experience. The main finding is that the results of the current literature by and large do not appear to be driven by the assumptions needed to estimate separate returns using the standard data sources available.

This thesis analyzes the Turkish unemployment problem in the 2000-2011 period, in a broad and comparative perspective with unemployment problem in the Netherlands, Ireland and Argentina. However, periods of concern for these three countries and Turkey differ, because each country experienced severe unemployment problem in different time periods. The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate current policies dealing with unemployment problem in Turkey and suggest more effective policy alternatives, with reference to successful policies of other countries. It is found that current approach towards unemployment problem in Turkey is inadequate in many aspects / specifically there is no emphasis on job creating policies. Moreover, our discussions on the measurement of labour market indicators in Turkey and general characteristics of Turkish labour market showed that underemployment and marginally attached workers are neglected problems that have to be addressed in policymaking.

<p>This licentiate’s thesis consists of two essays on immigrant self-employment and labour supply.</p><p>The first essay (co-author Mats Hammarstedt), Intergenerational transmissions in immigrant self-employment: Evidence from three generations, reviews intergenerational transmissions in immigrant self-employment over three generations. More precisely, we study whether self-employment is transferred both from grandfather to grandson and from father to son, as well as if there are any differences between immigrant groups and differences between immigrants and natives. In addition, we investigate the importance of the intergenerational transfer of general and specific human capital for choice of business line. The results show that having a self-employed father and self-employed grandfather have a strong positive effect on self-employment propensities for male third-generation immigrants. On the other hand, natives were found to transfer self-employment from father to son, but not from grandfather to grandson. The results also indicate that immigrants inherit self-employment abilities from their self-employed fathers increasing the self-employment propensity, but not necessarily in the same business line. In contrast, native self-employed fathers transfer human capital to their sons making them more prone to become self-employed in the same business line as the father is in.</p><p>The second essay, Female immigrant labour supply: The effect of an in-work benefit, focuses on immigrant labour supply, and evaluates the effect of a recently introduced in-work benefit, the so called job deduction, on the labour supply of single immigrant women. In this study, we address the following questions: What is the effect of the in-work benefit on the labour supply of single immigrant women? Does the effect of the in-work benefit on working hours differ between immigrant groups? The results show that, on average, there is no major effect of the in-work benefit on the labour supply of single immigrant women. However, households with the lowest incomes increase their working hours quite strongly. Furthermore, on average, there appears to be no difference in the effect of the in-work benefit between immigrant groups. In the low-income households, though, immigrants from non-European countries and from Southern and Eastern European countries, increase their labour supply relatively more than immigrants from Nordic countries and Western Europe. Finally, the relatively large increase in working hours for single immigrant women with the lowest incomes appears, above all, to be a result of increased participation in the labour market. However, part of the effect is related to an increase in the number of working hours of already employed women.</p>

Magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamos užimtumo ir nedarbo problemos teoriniu ir praktiniu aspektais. Išsamiai analizuojami teoriniai aspektai nedarbo ir gyventojų užimtumo klausimais, nustatoma darbo rinkos ir darbo jėgos sąveika, aiškinamos nedarbo atsiradimo priežastys, socialinės ekonominės nedarbo pasekmės. Aptariamos valstybinės darbo rinkos reguliavimo priemonės. Atlikta mokslinės ir statistinės literatūros, Lietuvos Respublikos norminių aktų, turinčių įtakos gyventojų užimtumo didinimui, analizė. Darbe išanalizuota Šiaulių darbo biržos veikla, vykdoma užimtumo politika, apžvelgiamos aktyvios darbo rinkos politikos programos. Atlikta išsami bedarbių ir ieškančių darbo asmenų integracijos į darbo rinką galimybių Šiaulių mieste ir rajone analizė. Pabaigoje patvirtinama autorės suformuluota tyrimo hipotezė, kad integracija į darbo rinką priklauso nuo bedarbių ir ieškančių darbo asmenų, darbdavių pozicijos ir valstybinės užimtumo bei kompetencijų tobulinimo politikos pokyčių. / In the final paper of master the problems of employment and unemployment are discussed in theoretical and practical aspects. The paper presents a detailed analysis of theoretical aspects of employment and unemployment, the interaction between labour market and labour force, the reasons of rise in unemployment, the economic social consequences of unemployment. There are also analysed the measures of labour market state regulation. An analysis of scientific and statistical literature, legal acts of Respublic of Lithuania that influence the growth of employment has done. The paper analyzes the activity of Siauliai Labour Exchange and the employment policy that it realizes, also describes the programmes of active labour market policy. The paper presents a detailed analysis of unemployed and job-seekers integration into the labour market in Siauliai city and its district. Finally, here is confirmed the hypothesis of the scientific research formulated by the author maintaining that integration intothe labour market depends on the position of unemployed and job-seekers, employers, changes of national employment policy and development of competencies.

This study investigated schooled unemployment by focusing on the following aspects: The importance of a positive interaction between the education system and the labour market. The importance of a positive interaction between the education system and employment opportunities. The importance of the involvement of employers in education. With a "school-to-work change, it is clear that the economic "health" of the community is located in the viability of school education. The country is experiencing an acute need for highly trained workers, and this inhibits its long-term economic growth and international competitiveness. It thus seems as if a gap exits between the labour market's changing requirements and the education system's way of preparing the country's youth for a career. Education, according to literature, is too academic, while vocationally directed education does not receive sufficient attention. The value of any education system is seated in the preparation of learners for employment opportunities and better living conditions, and in this connection theory and practice ought to be integrated, which will result in the education system providing in the real needs of the community. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The three chapters of my dissertation examine immigrant assimilation in the Canadian labour market. Through three levels of analysis, which are distinguished by the sample restrictions that are employed, I investigate immigrant labour force and job dynamics, immigrant propensity for self-employment, and immigrant wage assimilation, respectively. In the first chapter, I exploit recently-introduced immigrant identifiers in the Canadian Labour Force Survey (LFS) and the longitudinal dimension of these data to compare the labor force and job dynamics of Canada's native-born and immigrant populations. I am particularly interested in the role of job, as opposed to worker, heterogeneity in driving immigrant wage disparities and in how the paths into and out of jobs of varying quality compares between immigrants and the native-born. The main finding is that the disparity in immigrant job quality, which does not appear to diminish with years since arrival, reflects a combination of relatively low transitions into high-wage jobs and high transitions out of these jobs. The former result appears about equally due to difficulties obtaining high-wage jobs directly out of unemployment and in using low-wage jobs as stepping-stones. I find little or no evidence, however, that immigrant jobseekers face barriers to low-wage jobs. We interpret these findings as emphasizing the empirical importance of the quintessential immigrant anecdote of a low-quality "survival job" becoming a "dead-end job". The second chapter analyzes immigrant choice of self-employment versus paid employment. Using the Canadian Census public use microdata files from 1981 to 2006, I update the Canadian literature on immigrant self-employment by examining changes in the likelihood of self-employment across arrival cohorts of immigrants and how self-employment rates evolve in the years following migration to Canada. This study finds that new immigrants, who arrived between 1996 and 2005, turned to self-employment at a faster rate than the earlier cohorts and that immigrants become increasingly likely to be self-employed as they spend more time in Canada. More important, I examine immigrant earnings outcomes relative to the native-born, instead of within, sectors and thus explore the extent to which a comparative advantage in self-employment, captured by the difference in potential earnings between the self- and paid-employment sectors, can explain the tremendous shift toward self-employment in the immigrant population. The results show that the earnings advantage between the self- and the paid-employment sectors accounts for the higher likelihood of self-employment for traditional immigrants in the years following migration. However, the potential earnings difference cannot explain the reason that non-traditional immigrants are more likely to be self-employed as they consistently lose an earnings advantage in the self-employment sector relative to the paid-employment sector. My paper suggests that immigrants may face barriers to accessing paid-employment, or immigrants are attracted to self-employment by non-monetary benefits. Lastly, in the third chapter, studies which estimate separate returns to foreign and host-country sources of human capital have burgeoned in the immigration literature in recent years. In estimating separate returns, analysts are typically forced to make strong assumptions about the timing and exogeneity of human capital investments. Using a particularly rich longitudinal Canadian data source, I consider to what extent the findings of the Canadian literature may be driven by biases arising from errors in measuring foreign and host-country sources of human capital and the endogeneity of post-migration schooling and work experience. The main finding is that the results of the current literature by and large do not appear to be driven by the assumptions needed to estimate separate returns using the standard data sources available.

Magistro darbe yra suformuluotos Lietuvos ir Europos Sąjungos šalių darbo rinkų vystymosi problemos, identifikuotos vystymosi tendencijos ir numatomos perspektyvos. Darbe išanalizuoti teoriniai darbo rinkos formavimosi aspektai: samdomojo darbo istorinė raida, darbo jėgos pasiūla ir paklausa, darbo rinkos struktūros elementai, reguliavimas. Magistro darbe išanalizuotos Lietuvos ir ES šalių rinkos, vertinant užimtumo rodiklius pagal lytis, pagal ūkio sritis, atlikta retrospektyvinė darbo rinkos rodiklių analizė, atlikta darbo užmokesčio ir nedarbo lygio, minimalaus darbo užmokesčio ir BVP augimo tarpusavio priklausomybės analizė. Patvirtinama autorių suformuluota mokslinio tyrimo hipotezė, kad Lietuvos ir Europos Sąjungos darbo rinkos rodikliai kinta tendencingai panašia kryptimi. / This Master’s work is analyzing Lithuanian and European Union labour market development problems, identifies the tendencies of development and predicts the perspectives. The paper analyzes the theoretical aspects of labour market formation: historical development of hiring labour, supply and demand of labour force, elements of labour market structure, control. The Master’s paper analyzes the markets of Lithuania and EU countries, considering the occupational indicators based on gender and areas of economy. The aim was to perform a retrospective analysis of labour market indicators, work salary and unemployment level, minimal salary and GDP increase inter-relation. The author’s formulated scientific investigation hypothesis is confirming that indicators of Lithuanian and European labour markets are changing accordingly in the same direction.