Twenty-four lactating cows were randomly assigned to three treatments within eight each 3 x 3 latin squares with three periods of 21 days duration. Three processing treatments of barley were 1) steam-rolled, 2) ground (fine), and 3) soak-rolled (soaked in water for appr. 24 hours, rolled, and fed within 48 hours). All rations were fed ad libitum and were comprised of 24% alfalfa hay, 16% corn silage, 35.5% barley, 12% whole cottonseed, 12% wheat bran, 0.3% salt, and 0.3% dicalcium phosphate on a dry matter (DM) basis. Electronic doors were used to collect individual feed intake data. Rations and feces grab samples were collected and analyzed chemically. Dry matter digestibility (DMB) was determined by acid insoluble ash. Body weights (BW) were taken every two weeks. Milk production was recorded daily and composition of milk fat, protein, and solids-not-fat (SNF) was determined twice a month. Production (kg/day) of milk, butterfat, protein, SNF; DM consumed (kg); percent DMD; efficiency 1 (kg) 4% fat corrected milk (FCM)/kg DM intake); and efficiency 2 (kg) 4% FCM/kg digestible dry matter (DDM) for rations 1, 2, and 3 were 24.2, 22,7, 21.8; 0.88, 0.80, 0.86; 0.83, 0.78, 0.74; 2.17, 2.04, 2.01; 19.8, 20.8, 18.7; 67.05, 71.05, 67.20; 1.16, 1.04, 1.18; 1.76, 1.46, and 1.83, respectively. The method of processing barley caused significant differences (P<.01) in production of milk, percent fat, amount of protein, DDM, and efficiency 1 and 2. Likewise, it caused significant differences (P<.05) for 4% FCM, amount of fat, and SNF, and DM consumed, but there were no significant differences for SNF, proteing and percent DMD amount of feed consumed and refused, DM refused, and BW. Treatment by period interactions were significant (P<.01) for feed and DM consumed, feed efficiency 1 and 2, and DDM. Group by period interactions were highly significant (P<.05) for BW, (P<.05) for total milk production, and amount of protein. Correlations among all the variables were with those previously reported except for the correlations of percent SNF with total milk production, which was positive but non-significant (P>.05). The cows fed ration 1 produced more total milk and protein than those on rations 2 and 3. There were not differences in feed consumed (or fed) among cows on the three rations. Cows on ration 2 consumed more DM than those on ration 3, but cows on ration 1 did not differ in DM consumption from those on either of the other treatments. Cows on ration 3 had the highest fat test, but showed no differences in the amount of fat produced compared to the cows on rations 1 and 2. Cows on ration 2 had the highest percent DMD and DDM and since these were not the highest in total milk production but were the highest in DM consumption, they were the least feed efficient. Additionally, since cows on ration 3 consumed less DM than those on ration 2, the former had high feed efficiency equal to cows on ration 1.

No description available.

Four multiparous Holstein cows, averaging 44 days in milk and previously fitted with rumina1 and duodenal cannulae, were utilized in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to evaluate effects of dietary nonfibrous carbohydrate (NFC) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on metabolic and lactational parameters. Diets were isonitrogenous (17.4% CP) and structured in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with levels of NFC at 41 or 47% of dietary OM and RUP at 27 or 41% of dietary CP with inclusion of corn gluten meal, fish meal, and feather meal to increase dietary RUP. When cows were fed diets containing 47% NFC, intake of DM, OM, NFC, and N increased (P ± .05) while those containing 41 % NFC increased (P±.01) intake of NDF and ADF. Ruminal digestibility coefficients were not affected leading to greater quantities of NFC digested resulting in suppressed pH (P ±.01) and acetate (P ±.05) and increased propionate (P ± .05), Diets containing 27% RUP increased (P ±.01) ruminal ammonia and plasma urea nitrogen (N) with 41 % NFC eliciting higher ammonia N concentrations at each RUP level. Bacterial yields (averaging 220 g/d) were slightly higher when 41% NFC diets were consumed with no dietary effects on efficiency. Flow of ammonia N to the small intestine (SI) increased (P ± .01) with 27% RUP. When compared to 41% NFC, diets containing 47% NFC increased (P ± .05) flow of methionine (38.6 vs. 32.5 g/d). Fifty percent of the essential amino acids entering the SI were of bacterial origin. Diets containing 41% RUP elicited lower total tract digestion of N while enhancing that of hemicellulose. Total tract digestion of NFC and ADF was greater when 41% NFC diets were consumed. Yields of milk (38.7 vs. 37.7 kg/d) and lactose (1.94 vs 1.88 kg/d) increased with 27% RUP. Efficiency of production was increased by both 41% NFC and 27% RUP. Total and whey N in milk increased (P 5 ±.05) while milk urea N decreased (P ± .01) with higher (41%) dietary RUP. Increased (P ± .05) absorption of N (490.4 vs. 461.6 g/d) at the SI occurred with the 47 vs. 41 % NFC diets, respectively, with no effects observed on that retained or excreted in the urine or milk. Although supply of methionine to and the absorption of N from the S1 was greater with the 47% NFC diets, no positive effects were observed on nitrogen balance or milk production. Rather, dietary RUP provided greater promise in that lower dietary RUP increased milk production and efficiency while increased RUP enhanced milk N content. Therefore, economics regarding feed costs as well as price for milk and milk components may largely dictate preferential dietary RUP content. Abbreviation key: ADC = apparent digestion coefficient, CGM corn gluten meal, CRN = carbon hydrogen nitrogen, CHO = carbohydrate, CNCPS = Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System, MUN = milk urea nitrogen, N = nitrogen, NAN = nonammonia N, NANMN = nonammonia nonmicrobial N, NFC = nonfibrous carbohydrate, NPN = nonprotein N, PUN = plasma urea N, RDP = rumen degradable protein, RUP = rumen undegradable protein, SI = small intestine, TDC = true digestion coefficient, 41:27 = 41% NFC and 27% RlUP, 47:27 = 47% NFC and 27% RUP, 41:41 = 41% NFC and 31% RUP, 47:41 = 47% NFC and 41% RUP. / Ph. D.

Energy homeostasis is an important physiological mechanism essential for balancingenergy flow through the living systems by managing overall metabolism in the body. Thus, energy homeostasis is under a tight control by means of extremely well-regulated energy metabolism. One of the most common metabolic disorders that occur following disruption in energy homeostasis mechanisms is obesity. Obese individuals develop insulin resistance in the peripheral tissues (fat and muscle) and may also include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Insulin resistance is the primary factor responsible for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Towards control and management of T2D condition, insulin, drugs that regulate the insulin sensitivity and drugs that regulate glucose metabolism are widely used. Repeated insulin administration is painful, expensive and requires constant glucose monitoring while other drugs have various limitations and side effects. Therefore, there is wide scope development of new anti-diabetic molecules for effective management of T2D. Studies related to energy metabolism are necessary to understand the cause of such disorders and improve existing methods to manage metabolic abnormalities. Animal models to understand such metabolic disorders have been developed by chemical treatments and genetic modifications, but diet-induced obese (DIO) animal models appear to be the better among all the models reported. DIO animal models are known to most closely mimic the physiological situation. Apart from the experimental model system studies have been conducted under physiological conditions to gain knowledge on possible mechanisms behind energy balance maintained and established during extreme situations such as pregnancy and lactation. To support fetal growth and milk synthesis several metabolic adjustments occur during pregnancy and lactation without the major disruption in the maternal energy homeostasis. In the present study, to gain knowledge on the mother’s body glucose, lipid management and insulin responses throughout the gestation and lactation periods analyses were carried out during at different stages of pregnancy and lactation in rats. It was observed that during pregnancy, the dam developed insulin resistance in peripheral tissues with decreased activation of insulin pathway and reduced glucose utilization while the liver remained unaffected. Although, as soon as the lactation began, peripheral tissue such as muscle developed increased insulin sensitivity associated with increased expression of glucose transporter gene and higher glucose metabolism. The reversal of insulin response in the muscle tissue observed during lactation appears to be a suitable model system for understanding the process by which the body undergoes a transition from insulin resistant state to sensitive state under a physiological condition. Interestingly, early lactation period is known to have much lower levels of insulin available to act upon peripheral tissues. Factors involved in this transition could be potential therapeutic agents for control of T2D, since during early stages of T2D muscle appears to be the first metabolic organ to exhibit resistance to insulin. The undercarboxylated osteocalcin (UNOC) has been reported to function as anti-diabetic molecule. UNOC is released from skeletal system during bone turnover, especially due to resorption process. Experiments were carried out to examine the role of UNOC during the transition from insulin resistant state of pregnancy to sensitive state of lactation period. It was observed that UNOC levels were lower during pregnancy, but increased during early lactation (day 3 to 6 of lactation). The increased UNOC levels seen during early lactation was higher than the levels observed in non-pregnant, non-lactating (NPNL) rats and the UNOC levels decreased following removal of pups immediately after parturition. It was noted that altering UNOC levels during early lactation altered the insulin response of the whole body and muscle transporter-4 expression (glut4) of lactating rats. A significant increase in bone turnover was also observed during lactation compared to NPNL and pregnant rats. The data suggest that increased bone turnover leads to increased UNOC levels in blood during lactation. Estrogen is known as bone protector molecule which acts via its receptors, estrogen receptor α and β (ERα and β). It was reported that ERβ is a dominant regulator of estrogen signaling when both the receptors of estrogen i.e. ERα and ERβ coexist in the target tissue and estrogen levels are relatively higher. Compared to NPNL rats estrogen levels have shown to be higher during late pregnancy and lower during early lactation. It was observed that liver and adipose tissues largely express ERα, but the muscle showed expression of both the receptors in NPNL rats indicating that muscle is the metabolic tissue that may be modulated by both the receptors. It has been reported that ERβ suppresses ERα action on glut4 transcription in the myocytes. It is possible that the altered ERs ratio modulates glut4 expression during late pregnancy and early lactation. The receptor expression ratio data indicated that muscle is an ERβ dominant during late pregnancy, while it is ERα dominant during early lactation. Further, alteration in UNOC levels during early lactation changed ERs ratio but not sufficient enough to alter the ER dominance, indicating lack of effect of UNOC on ER dominance during early lactation. Experiments were conducted to alter insulin sensitivity during early lactation to extrapolate physiological findings to a pathological condition of the DIO model by feeding rats with high-fat diet (HFD). During early lactation, HFD dams had lower insulin response, lower circulatory UNOC level and lower UNOC receptor (GPRC6A) expression in the muscle. Gene expression of muscle glut4 was lower in HFD rats and the tissue remained ERα dominant indicating no role of HFD on ERs ratio in muscle during early lactation. UNOC has been found to have negative effect on lipid accumulation. During pregnancy, lipid accumulation is one of the first events essential for proper fetal development. Since UNOC levels were suppressed during pregnancy, experiments were carried out to examine relevance of UNOC suppression on lipid accumulation during early pregnancy. For this purpose, pharmacological approaches were utilized to alter UNOC levels during early pregnancy. It was observed that the transient elevation of UNOC levels caused decrease in maternal fat depots without changing circulatory triacylglyceride (TAG) levels. In experiments that decreased UNOC levels in NPNL state to mimic lower levels of UNOC present during early pregnancy, it was found fat storage was higher and TG was found to be lowered in the circulation. These results indicate that UNOC can cause a reduction in fat accumulation and TG levels but UNOC effects on TG levels, was not observed during pregnancy. The data taken together suggest that suppression of UNOC is required for better fat deposition in the mother’s body. Although, some studies have indicated an insulin response transition occurring during pregnancy to lactation, but the factors involved in this transition have not been reported. This report discusses about the factors such as UNOC and ERs and their involvement in the transition process. UNOC role has been studied in genetically modified models and in metabolic disorders such as obesity model system and evidence for physiological role of UNOC would further support its candidature as anti-diabetic molecule. The present research work is the first report to detail relevance of UNOC in physiological conditions such as pregnancy and lactation for glucose and lipid management.

Estudou-se a substituição do milho pela polpa cítrica e a uréia convencional pela uréia de liberação lenta no concentrado de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com silagem de cana-de-açúcar. Para isso foram conduzidos dois estudos no Departamento de Zootecnia da Esalq/USP. No experimento 1, foram utilizadas 24 vacas em lactação (8 HPB e 16 1/2 HPB 1/2Jersey) com produção média de 16 kg de leite dia -1. Os animais foram divididos em quatro piquetes, resultando em seis animais por piquete. Foram comparadas quatro rações isoprotéicas, compostas por aproximadamente 60% de volumoso (silagem de cana-de-açúcar) e 40% de concentrado, diferindo quanto à fonte de NNP e a fonte energética utilizado no concentrado: a) milho-uréia (MU), b) milhouréia de liberação lenta (MO), c) polpa-uréia (PU), d) polpa-uréia de liberação lenta (PO). Os concentrados experimentais foram formulados com farelo de soja, núcleo mineral e vitamínico, polpa cítrica ou milho moído fino, uréia e/ou uréia de liberação lenta. Nos tratamentos PO e MO a uréia foi substituída parcialmente (80%) pela uréia de liberação lenta (ULL). A ração totalmente misturada (RTM) foi preparada em vagão misturador com balança acoplada e fornecida duas vezes ao dia. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o quadrado latino 4x4, com arranjo fatorial 2x2 sendo a baia a unidade experimental. As variáveis foram analisadas utilizando-se o Proc GLM(SAS, 1999). O CMS foi maior nas rações com polpa cítrica (P<0,05), sem alterações na produção e composição do leite em relação ao milho. A fonte de uréia de liberação lenta não afetou (p>0,05) o CMS e a produção e composição do leite, mas aumentou (P<0,05) o ganho de peso das vacas. . No experimento 2 foram utilizadas 4 vacas Holandesas, não lactantes, não prenhas e canuladas no rumen, mantidas em quatro baias cobertas e com piso de concreto. Foram comparadas as mesmas rações do experimento 1, com o mesmo delineamento experimental. Os dados de consumo de matéria seca, parâmetros sanguíneos, digestibilidade dos nutrientes no trato digestível total foram submetidos ao PROC GLM do SAS (1999). Os dados de degradabilidade in situ da MS, MO e FDN da silagem de cana-de-açúcar, parâmetros ruminais (pH, AGCC e N-NH3) por terem medidas repetidas no tempo foram submetidos ao PROC MIXED (SAS, 2003). A polpa cítrica reduziu a concentração de N-NH3 (P<0,05), aumentou o CMS das vacas (P<0,05) e a digestibilidade total da MS da ração. A degradação ruminal da FDN da silagem de cana-de-açúcar foi maior com milho que com polpa. A uréia de liberação lenta não alterou os parâmetros de fermentação ruminal e de degradação in situ (P>0,05) em comparação á uréia convencional. / This study aimed to evaluate the substitution of dried citrus pulp and conventional urea to fine ground corn and slow release urea added to the concentrate of lactating dairy cows receiving sugarcane silage. Two Trials were carried out at the Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ/USP. In Trial 1, 24 lactating cows (8 Holstein cows and 16 Holstein/Jersey cows) with average production of 16 kg milk.day-1 were used. The animals were assigned to four paddocks with 6 cows each. Four iso-proteic rations with approximately 60% sugarcane silage and 40% concentrate were evaluated. Treatments differed in relation to concentrate NPN and energy source: a) corn-urea (MU), b) cornslow release urea (MO), c) citrus pulp-urea (PU), d) citrus pulp-slow release urea (PO). Experimental concentrates were formulated with soybean meal, mineral premix, citrus pulp or ground corn and urea or slow release urea. On treatments MO and PO, urea was partially replaced (80%) by slow release urea (SRU). Total mixed rations (TMR) were prepared on a scaled mix wagon and offered to the animals twice a day. Statistical design was a 4x4 Latin Square, with a 2x2 factorial arrangement. Paddocks were the experimental units and variables were analyzed using Proc GLM (SAS, 1999). DMI was higher in rations prepared with citric pulp (p<0.05) without changing milk production and milk composition, when compared to corn rations. The slow release urea source did not affect the DMI (p>0.05), the milk production and milk composition, but it increased the weight gain in cows (p<0.05). In Trial 2, four non-lactating, non-pregnant Holstein cows with rumen canullas were used. Animals were kept in sheltered individual concreted floor pens. Treatments and statistical design were the same used in Trial 1. DMI, blood parameters and total tract nutrients digestibility data were analyzed using Proc GLM (SAS, 1999). In situ degradability of sugarcane silage DM, OM and NDF, ruminal parameters (pH, SCFA, NH3-N) data were analyzed using PROC MIXED (SAS, 2003), because these parameters were repeated along the experiment period. Citric pulp reduced the concentration of NH3-N (p<0.05), increased the DMI (p<0.05), and the total DM digestibility. Sugarcane silage NDF degraded inside the rumen was higher when mixed with corn than with citric pulp. Slow release urea did not change the rumen fermentation parameters and the in situ degradation (p>0.05) in comparison to the conventional urea.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:45:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIENE MARINHEIRO XAVIER.pdf: 622869 bytes, checksum: 29f1f6cf8e661ea71612eb9f80b837ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-13 / The extensive production system is seen as an alternative to the permanence of family producer of milk in the Goiano scenario, since this form of production doesn t require large investments in facilities and manpower, scarce for this type of system. However, extensive breeding of animals in the pastures daily launches a significant amount of stools for soil, plant and water. In soil, these tailings undergo chemical transformations that may release contaminants ,cause toxicity, or be adsorbed to clay and the organic matter (OM), representing a potential pollution source. The soil also works as a kind of filter to protect groundwater from pollution. Manure from animals present various nutrients in amounts disproportionate to the need of plants, and their chemical characteristics vary from type of farming and animal nutrition and manure management given to. To evaluate the chemical composition of tailings were collected samples from lactating dairy cattle, reared extensively, Properties of small and medium family farmers for subsequent laboratory analysis of the levels (ppm) of essential elements and toxic. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference (p> 0.05) between the three regions observed. This research aims to quantify the essential elements copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and Aluminum (Al), and the toxic elements chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) in manure from dairy cows in milk and deposited naturally in natural pastures and watered in the municipalities of Piracanjuba, and Morrinhos Itumbiara, top of the Paraná basin in Goiás / O sistema de produção extensivo é visto como uma alternativa para a permanência do produtor familiar de leite no cenário goiano, uma vez que esta forma de produção não demanda altos investimentos em instalações e mão-de-obra, escassa para esse tipo de sistema. Entretanto, a criação extensiva de animais lança diariamente nas pastagens uma quantidade expressiva de dejeções para solo, planta e água. No solo, estes dejetos sofrem transformações químicas que podem liberar contaminantes, causar toxidez, ou ainda serem adsorvidos às argilas e à matéria orgânica (MO), representando fonte poluidora potencial. O solo funciona ainda como uma espécie de filtro para proteger a água subterrânea da poluição. Os dejetos de animais apresentam vários nutrientes em quantidades desproporcionais em relação à necessidade das plantas, e suas características químicas variam conforme o tipo de criação e alimentação dos animais e do manejo dado aos dejetos. Para avaliar a composição química dos rejeitos foram coletadas amostras oriundas de bovinos leiteiros em lactação, criados extensivamente, em propriedades de pequeno e médio porte de agricultores familiares para posterior análise laboratorial dos teores (ppm) de elementos essenciais e tóxicos. As análises estatísticas revelaram que não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre as três regiões observadas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo quantificar os elementos essenciais Cobre (Cu), Zinco (Zn), Manganês (Mn), Ferro (Fe) e Alumínio (Al); e os elementos tóxicos Cromo (Cr), Cádmio (Cd) e Chumbo (Pb) nos dejetos provenientes de vacas leiteiras em lactação e depositados naturalmente nas pastagens e aguadas naturais nos municípios de Piracanjuba, Morrinhos e Itumbiara, alto da bacia do Rio Paraná em Goiás.

No presente estudo foram efetuados três ensaios. No primeiro, foram comparados os efeitos de teores crescentes de proteína metabolizável (PM), de acordo com o NRC (2001) para vacas lactantes mantidas em pastagens de capim Elefante. Os aumentos em PM foram obtidos com o aumento da proporção de farelo de soja na ração. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas, delineadas em quadrado latino 3 x 3 com quatro repetições, durante 60 dias de avaliação. Não foi observado efeito (P>0,05) sobre a produção de leite e leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura, teores e produção de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais. Houve aumento linear (P<0,05) nos teores de nitrogênio uréico no leite (11,17; 13,17; 15,63 mg dL-1) e no plasma (18,57; 19,93; 21,99 mg dL-1). No segundo ensaio, foram avaliados os efeitos de dois diferentes intervalos entre desfolhas (95% de interceptação de luz pelo dossel - T1 e 27 dias fixos - T2) das pastagens de capim Elefante sobre o desempenho lactacional de vacas leiteiras. Foram utilizadas oito vacas lactantes, delineadas em cross-over, durante 80 dias. Os dados das pastagens foram analisados através de delineamento inteiramente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo. Foi observado maior (P<0,05) altura do dossel em pré (1,03 e 1,21m) e pós-pastejo (0,62 e 0,71m), interceptação de luz pelo dossel (95,47 e 97,91%), teor de fibra em detergente ácido (35,88 e 37,05%) e fibra em detergente neutro (65,08 e 66,99%). Não houve efeito dos tratamentos (P>0,05) sobre a massa de forragem em pré (6.270 e 6.310 kg de MS ha-1) e pós-pastejo (3.580 e 3.850 kg de MS ha-1). Houve tendência de maior produção de leite (16,72 e 14,09 kg dia-1), produção de gordura (0,64 e 0,54 kg dia-1), lactose (0,72 e 0,58 kg dia-1) e de sólidos totais (2,04 e 1,70 kg dia-1) para o T1 em comparação com o T2. No terceiro estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos de três estratégias de suplementação protéica nas rações (isoprotéicas) com cana-de-açúcar para vacas em lactação, em dois níveis de produção, 18 kg dia-1 (T1, T2 e T3) e 10 kg dia-1 (T4, T5 e T6). No T1 e T4, foi usado o teor de 1 kg de uréia para cada 100 kg de cana-de-açúcar in natura, no T2 e T5 as rações foram formuladas com teores ajustados de PM, enquanto no T3 e T6 havia teores excessivos de PM, conforme o NRC (2001), através do aumento em farelo de soja e redução na uréia. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizado o delineamento em quadrado latino 3 x 3 com três replicações. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos (P>0,05) sobre o consumo de matéria seca, produção de leite, teor de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais. Também não houve efeito dos tratamentos (P>0,05) sobre os teores de nitrogênio uréico no leite (13,42; 13,26; 14,03 e 13,62; 13,48; 14,12 mg dL-1) e no plasma (19,03; 19,22; 20,02 e 19,23; 19,32 e 20,12 mg dL-1), para ambos os grupos avaliados. / In the present study three trials were conducted. Trial 1: Three concentrates with increasing metabolizable protein (MP) contents were fed to lactating dairy cows grazing Elephant grass. Extra soybean meal was fed to increase MP in the diet beyond NRC (2001) recommendation. Twelve cows were used in a 3 x 3 latin square design, replicated four times, for 60 days. There were no effects (P>0.05) of treatments on milk yield, 3,5% fat corrected milk, on fat, protein and total solids contents and yields. Milk urea nitrogen and plasma urea nitrogen concentrations increased linearly (P<0.05)(11.17; 13.17; 15.63 and 18.57; 19.93; 21.99 mg dL-1) with increasing concentrate crude protein content. Trial 2: Two different intervals between defoliation (95% of light interception - T1 and 27 days fixed - T2) of Elephant grass pasture were compared for lactating dairy cows. Eight cows were used in a cross-over design during 80 days. The pasture data were analyzed in a complete random design with time repeated measurements. The sward heights pre-grazing (1.03 and 1.21m), and post-grazing (0.62 and 0.71m), light interception (95.47 and 97.91%), acid detergent fiber (35.88 and 37.05%) and neutral detergent fiber (65.08 and 66.99%) were higher for T2 compared to T1. Forage mass pre-grazing (6270 and 6310 kg DM ha-1) and post-grazing (3580 and 3850 kg DM ha-1) were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). There were tendencies for higher milk yield (16.72 and 14.09 kg day-1), fat yield (0.64 and 0.54 kg day-1), lactose yield (0.72 and 0.58 kg day-1) and total solids yield (2.04 and 1.70 kg day-1) for T1 in comparison with T2. Trial 3: Three strategies for protein adequacy in sugarcane based diets were compared for lactating dairy cows producing 18 kg milk day-1 (T1, T2 and T3), or 10 kg of milk day-1 (T4, T5 and T6). In treatment 1 (T1 and T4) urea was added to the diets in the dose of 1% of sugarcane (as fed), as traditionally done in Brazil. In treatment 2 (T2 and T5), diets were formulated according to NRC (2001) to be adequate in MP. In treatment 3 (T3 and T6), MP was fed in excess of NRC (2001) recommendation. All the three diets were isonitrogenous. Increasing soybean meal and decreasing urea in the diets was done to increase MP. Eighteen dairy cows, separated in two groups (10 and 18 kg milk-1 day-1) with nine cows each, were used during sixty days, in a 3 x 3 latin square design replicated three times. There were not effects of treatments (P>0.05) on DMI, milk yield, fat contents and yields, protein contents and yields and total solids contents and yields. There were not effects of treatments (P>0.05) on milk urea nitrogen (13,42; 13,26; 14,03 e 13,62; 13,48; 14,12 mg dL-1) and plasma urea nitrogen (19.03; 19.22; 20.02 and 19.23; 19.32 e 20.02 mg dL-1).

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-09T14:51:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Simonal Cardoso da Silva.pdf: 1782108 bytes, checksum: 537b53e4898e0301e7f2806bec49b650 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T14:51:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Simonal Cardoso da Silva.pdf: 1782108 bytes, checksum: 537b53e4898e0301e7f2806bec49b650 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aims to evaluate the energy, protein and mineral metabolism in Santa Inês ewes, both healthy and with subclinical mastitis, followed up during late gestation and lactation periods. Ewes subjected to the same semi-intensive nursing system were followed up. The animals were evaluated according to the following stages: 10 days before parturition (dbp) and 15 days postpartum (dpp), 30 (dpp), 60 (dpp), and 90 (dpp). Blood metabolites were evaluated starting from the stage previous to parturition and whey metabolites were evaluated in the subsequent stages. A screening of the ewes followed up in this study (12 healthy and 18 with subclinical mastitis) was performed after a clinical and bacteriological examination. During lactation, maintaining the same screening criteria, 11 healthy and 20 infected mammary glands were selected; the milk for whey extraction was collected from these glands. Energy profile metabolites (non-esterified fatty acids [NEFAs], ß-hydroxybutyrate [BHB], fructosamine, cholesterol and triglycerides), protein profile (total protein, albumin, urea and creatinine) and mineral profile (iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, total calcium, ionized calcium, sodium, and potassium) were measured in the blood serum. Calcium, sodium and potassium ions, as well as NEFAs and BHB were measured in the whey. Blood biochemistry revealed an influence (P<0,05) of the peripartum and lactation periods on the blood concentrations of NEFAs, BHB, cholesterol, albumin, urea, ionized calcium. An analysis of the whey also revealed an influence on the potassium ion. Ewes with subclinical mastitis showed higher (P<0,05) blood levels of cholesterol, albumin and copper; higher sodium ion concentrations and NEFAs, and lower potassium ion in whey. Good physical score of ewes observed during this study, combined with the biochemical findings, allowed us to conclude that there was a larger energy requirement in the first month of lactation; however, this requirement was not enough to trigger any metabolic disorder or the emergence of ketonemia, and these discrete changes were more apparent in ewes with subclinical mastitis. / Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o metabolismo energético, proteico e mineral de ovelhas Santa Inês hígidas e com mastite subclínica acompanhadas durante o final da gestação e na lactação. Foram acompanhadas ovelhas submetidas ao mesmo sistema de criação semi-intensivo. Os animais foram avaliados conforme os momentos a seguir: 10 dias que precedeu o parto (dap) e 15 dias após o parto (dpp), 30 (dpp), 60 (dpp) e 90 (dpp). Os metabólitos sanguíneos foram avaliados a partir do momento que antecedeu ao parto e os metabólitos no soro lácteo nos momentos subsequentes. Após exame clínico e bacteriológico foi realizada a triagem das ovelhas acompanhadas neste estudo, sendo 12 hígidas e 18 com mastite subclínica. Durante a lactação, mantendo os mesmos critérios de triagem, foram selecionadas 11 glândulas mamárias sadias e 20 infectadas, das quais foi colhido o leite para obtenção do soro lácteo. Foram mensurados no soro sanguíneo os metabólitos do perfil energético (ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNEs), ß-hidroxibutirato (BHB), frutosamina, colesterol e triglicérides), ao perfil proteico (proteína total, albumina, uréia e creatinina) e ao perfil mineral (ferro, cobre, zinco, magnésio, cálcio total, cálcio ionizado, sódio e potássio). No soro lácteo foram mensurados os íons cálcio, sódio e potássio, bem como dos AGNEs e BHB. A bioquímica sanguínea revelou haver influência (P<0,05) do período do periparto e da lactação sobre as concentrações sanguíneas dos AGNEs, BHB, colesterol, albumina, uréia, cálcio ionizado e no soro lácteo sobre o íon potássio. As ovelhas portadoras de mastite subclínica apresentaram valores sanguíneos superiores (P<0,05) de colesterol, albumina e cobre e no soro lácteo teores superiores do íon sódio e dos AGNEs e inferiores do íon potássio. O bom escore corporal das ovelhas observado durante o estudo aliado aos achados bioquímicos permitiu concluir ter ocorrido maior requerimento energético no primeiro mês da lactação, porém não o suficiente para desencadear qualquer transtorno metabólico e o aparecimento de um quadro de cetonemia, sendo estas discretas alterações mais expressivas nas ovelhas com mastite subclínica.

Estudou-se a substituição do milho pela polpa cítrica e a uréia convencional pela uréia de liberação lenta no concentrado de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com silagem de cana-de-açúcar. Para isso foram conduzidos dois estudos no Departamento de Zootecnia da Esalq/USP. No experimento 1, foram utilizadas 24 vacas em lactação (8 HPB e 16 1/2 HPB 1/2Jersey) com produção média de 16 kg de leite dia -1. Os animais foram divididos em quatro piquetes, resultando em seis animais por piquete. Foram comparadas quatro rações isoprotéicas, compostas por aproximadamente 60% de volumoso (silagem de cana-de-açúcar) e 40% de concentrado, diferindo quanto à fonte de NNP e a fonte energética utilizado no concentrado: a) milho-uréia (MU), b) milhouréia de liberação lenta (MO), c) polpa-uréia (PU), d) polpa-uréia de liberação lenta (PO). Os concentrados experimentais foram formulados com farelo de soja, núcleo mineral e vitamínico, polpa cítrica ou milho moído fino, uréia e/ou uréia de liberação lenta. Nos tratamentos PO e MO a uréia foi substituída parcialmente (80%) pela uréia de liberação lenta (ULL). A ração totalmente misturada (RTM) foi preparada em vagão misturador com balança acoplada e fornecida duas vezes ao dia. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o quadrado latino 4x4, com arranjo fatorial 2x2 sendo a baia a unidade experimental. As variáveis foram analisadas utilizando-se o Proc GLM(SAS, 1999). O CMS foi maior nas rações com polpa cítrica (P<0,05), sem alterações na produção e composição do leite em relação ao milho. A fonte de uréia de liberação lenta não afetou (p>0,05) o CMS e a produção e composição do leite, mas aumentou (P<0,05) o ganho de peso das vacas. . No experimento 2 foram utilizadas 4 vacas Holandesas, não lactantes, não prenhas e canuladas no rumen, mantidas em quatro baias cobertas e com piso de concreto. Foram comparadas as mesmas rações do experimento 1, com o mesmo delineamento experimental. Os dados de consumo de matéria seca, parâmetros sanguíneos, digestibilidade dos nutrientes no trato digestível total foram submetidos ao PROC GLM do SAS (1999). Os dados de degradabilidade in situ da MS, MO e FDN da silagem de cana-de-açúcar, parâmetros ruminais (pH, AGCC e N-NH3) por terem medidas repetidas no tempo foram submetidos ao PROC MIXED (SAS, 2003). A polpa cítrica reduziu a concentração de N-NH3 (P<0,05), aumentou o CMS das vacas (P<0,05) e a digestibilidade total da MS da ração. A degradação ruminal da FDN da silagem de cana-de-açúcar foi maior com milho que com polpa. A uréia de liberação lenta não alterou os parâmetros de fermentação ruminal e de degradação in situ (P>0,05) em comparação á uréia convencional. / This study aimed to evaluate the substitution of dried citrus pulp and conventional urea to fine ground corn and slow release urea added to the concentrate of lactating dairy cows receiving sugarcane silage. Two Trials were carried out at the Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ/USP. In Trial 1, 24 lactating cows (8 Holstein cows and 16 Holstein/Jersey cows) with average production of 16 kg milk.day-1 were used. The animals were assigned to four paddocks with 6 cows each. Four iso-proteic rations with approximately 60% sugarcane silage and 40% concentrate were evaluated. Treatments differed in relation to concentrate NPN and energy source: a) corn-urea (MU), b) cornslow release urea (MO), c) citrus pulp-urea (PU), d) citrus pulp-slow release urea (PO). Experimental concentrates were formulated with soybean meal, mineral premix, citrus pulp or ground corn and urea or slow release urea. On treatments MO and PO, urea was partially replaced (80%) by slow release urea (SRU). Total mixed rations (TMR) were prepared on a scaled mix wagon and offered to the animals twice a day. Statistical design was a 4x4 Latin Square, with a 2x2 factorial arrangement. Paddocks were the experimental units and variables were analyzed using Proc GLM (SAS, 1999). DMI was higher in rations prepared with citric pulp (p<0.05) without changing milk production and milk composition, when compared to corn rations. The slow release urea source did not affect the DMI (p>0.05), the milk production and milk composition, but it increased the weight gain in cows (p<0.05). In Trial 2, four non-lactating, non-pregnant Holstein cows with rumen canullas were used. Animals were kept in sheltered individual concreted floor pens. Treatments and statistical design were the same used in Trial 1. DMI, blood parameters and total tract nutrients digestibility data were analyzed using Proc GLM (SAS, 1999). In situ degradability of sugarcane silage DM, OM and NDF, ruminal parameters (pH, SCFA, NH3-N) data were analyzed using PROC MIXED (SAS, 2003), because these parameters were repeated along the experiment period. Citric pulp reduced the concentration of NH3-N (p<0.05), increased the DMI (p<0.05), and the total DM digestibility. Sugarcane silage NDF degraded inside the rumen was higher when mixed with corn than with citric pulp. Slow release urea did not change the rumen fermentation parameters and the in situ degradation (p>0.05) in comparison to the conventional urea.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this research was to evaluate the forage production, stocking rate and nutritive value of elephant grass in organic and conventional systems. In the organic system, were combined species with complementary growth periods; the elephant grass was planted in rows 3 m apart from each other; between rows of elephant grass, the annual ryegrass was seeding in the cool season and the development of spontaneous growing species in the warm season. In the conventional production two pastures were studied, one with the same strategy of organic production but with mineral fertilization, and the other elephant grass was cultivated alone. It was applied 120 kg of N ha-1 with mineral and organic fertilizer (manure of cattle and pig slurry) in the conventional and organic systems, respectively. Lactating Holstein cows were used in the evaluation. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments (grazing systems), three replicates (paddocks) with repeated measures (grazing cycles). The pre and post forage mass parameters, botanical and structural composition, forage production and stocking rate were evaluated. Forage samples were collected by the hand-plucking method to determine the organic matter, mineral matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, in situ organic matter digestibility. During the experimental period (370 days), nine grazing cycles were performed in organic and conventional systems (elephant grass in association of other plants) and eight grazing cycles in the conventional system (elephant grass alone). Forage production, stocking rate and crude protein of elephant grass were 31.9; 32.6; 24.2 t of dry matter ha-1; 3.4; 2.1; 4.6 animal units ha-1 and 16.6; 14.9; 13.6 %, respectively for the grazing systems. Considering the herbage yield, better performance were foud on mixture pastures. Higher values of crude protein were observed in the organic system. / Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a produção de forragem, taxa de lotação e valor nutritivo do capim elefante nos sistemas orgânico e convencional. No sistema orgânico, combinaram-se espécies com períodos de crescimento complementares; o capim elefante foi plantado em linhas com 3 m de distância uma da outra; entre as fileiras de capim elefante, durante o período hibernal, foi semeado o azevém e no período estival permitiu-se o desenvolvimento de espécies de crescimento espontâneo. Na produção convencional foram estudadas duas pastagens, uma com a mesma estratégia da produção orgânica, porém com adubação mineral e outra de capim elefante sob cultivo estreme. Foram aplicados 120 kg de N ha-1 com adubação mineral e orgânica (esterco bovino e dejetos de suínos) nos sistemas convencional e orgânico, respectivamente. Vacas da raça Holandesa foram utilizadas na avaliação. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (sistemas forrageiros), três repetições (piquetes) com medidas repetidas no tempo (ciclos de pastejo). Foram avaliados parâmetros de massa de forragem de pré e pós pastejo, composições botânica e estrutural, produção de forragem e taxa de lotação. Foram coletadas amostras de forragem por simulação de pastejo para a determinação da matéria orgânica, matéria mineral, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e digestibilidade in situ da matéria orgânica. Durante o período experimental (370 dias) foram efetuados nove ciclos de pastejo nos sistemas orgânico e convencional (capim elefante em associação com outras plantas) e oito ciclos de pastejo no sistema convencional (capim elefante em cultivo singular). A produção de forragem, a taxa de lotação e o teor de proteína foram de 31,9; 32,3; 24,2 t de matéria seca ha-1; 3,4; 2,1 e 4,6 unidades animais ha-1 e 16,6; 14,9; 13,6 %, respectivamente para os sistemas forrageiros. Considerando a produção de forragem, pastos com misturas forrageiras apresentaram melhor desempenho. Foram observados maiores valores de proteína bruta no sistema orgânico.