Lactococcus lactis est une bactérie lactique couramment utilisée dans l’industrie laitière. Elle assure en tant que ferment des fonctions technologiques multiples qui impactent la flaveur et la texture finale des produits. Cependant, la diversité fonctionnelle constatée au sein des levains de cette espèce impose de mettre en place un processus de sélections des souches. Ces travaux ont pour objectif d’identifier les déterminants de la spécificité organoleptique dite « crème » de la souche industrielle L. lactis ssp. lactis. Dans un premier temps, un diagnostic macro-cinétique de l’activité de ce ferment a été réalisé en lait pour évaluer l’impact sur la physiologie cellulaire (l’acidification, le stress oxydatif, et la thermisation différentielle du lait). Définir la singularité de notre souche d’intérêt nécessite d’évaluer la diversité fonctionnelle de levains laitiers de L. lactis ssp. lactis. Cette démarche s’est appuyée sur une approche de biologie intégrative du génotype au phénotype. Pour réduire le temps d’expérimentation, une sélection des variables discriminantes à été conduite. L’un de ses composés clef de cette typicité a fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie afin de tester les différents paramètres pouvant influencer sa synthèse. La dernière partie, plus applicative, s’est articulée sur la modélisation de la signature en fonction de quatre facteurs industriels (matière grasse, sèche, oxygénation et température) par utilisation de la méthodologie des surfaces de réponse. / The lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis is widely used in dairy industry. Used as a starter, L. lactis subsp. lactis is in charge of many functional characteristics which determine the final texture and flavour of fermented products. However, the phenotypic diversity observed within the species requires strain selection development. This PhD aims at identifying the determinants of the creamy sensory specificity of the industrial strain L. lactis subsp. lactis. Firstly, a diagnosis of macro-kinetic activity of ND5F was carried out to assess the impact on cellular physiology of three environmental parameters (acidification, oxidative stress, and milk heat treatments). In order to assess the uniqueness of our strain of interest, a system biology approach from genotype to phenotype was implemented to study the functional diversity of L. lactis subsp. lactis starters. A group of nine strains representative of the genetic diversity of this subpopulation was made up. 82 variables selected as important dairy features; including physiological descriptors, production of metabolites and volatile organic compounds (VOCs); were monitored. This study demonstrated the phenotypic uniqueness of each of these genetically closely related strains, allowing strain discrimination in dairy products. To reduce the time-consuming experimentation, we developed a method of variable selection. Twenty VOCs were therefore identified as major phenotypic determinants of this diversity. They define four robust stain clusters depending on their metabolic orientations: lipolysis, proteolysis, glycolysis and unexpressed. Inclusion of genotypic diversity in addition to phenotypic characters led to adjust the functional classification by integrating strain unexpressed genotypic potentialities. Comparative proteomics analysis in milk identified protein markers of this specificity. After selecting a subset of forty-six proteins the three levels (genotype, phenotype and proteomics) involved in this diversity expression were integrated to provide a predictive classification of starter diversity.The Integration of our strain to this model enabled the identification of fourteen phenotypic determinants and seven proteins to explain ND5F specificity. The pentane-2,3-dione, a key aromatic compounds of this typicity was subjected to a comprehensive analysis to point out the different factors that may influence its synthesis. On a more applied aspect, the last part was focused on the signature modelling based on four industrial factors (milk fat and total solid level, oxygen and temperature) using the response surface methodology. It enabled to enhance the “creamy” organoleptic characteristics of the fermented products.

La législation européenne impose la recherche d'entérotoxines staphylococciques dans les fromages si le niveau de S. aureus est supérieur à 105 ufc/g. Dans cette optique, l'objectif de cette thèse était de fournir des éléments scientifiques pour contrôler S. aureus par biopreservation. Dans un premier temps, la croissance de S. aureus a été suivie dans des fromages fermiers AOC Saint-nectaire. Dans ces fromages les populations de S. aureus se multiplient essentiellement durant les six premières heures de fabrication pour atteindre un maximum à 24 h. En fromages au lait cru, leur croissance et leur niveau maximal dépendraient de la concentration initiale dans le lait, du pH (en particulier pH à 6 h), de la température, mais le rôle des communautés microbiennes n'a pas pu être mis en évidence. Dans un deuxième temps, les capacités inhibitrices de souches de Lactococcus lactis et de Lactococcus garvieae ont été évaluées en lait microfiltré. L. lactis subsp. lactis inhiberait la croissance de S. aureus par abaissement du pH mais aussi par production d'H2O2 pour certaines souches. Par contre, le pH ne serait pas responsable de l'inhibition de S. aureus par L. garvieae. La compétition pour des acides aminés ne semblerait pas impliquée dans l'inhibition par L. lactis puisque cette espèce en synthétise de grande quantité en lait. Même si la thréonine, la phénylalanine, la méthionine, l’isoleucine et la valine deviennent limitants dans la co-culture de S. aureus avec L. garvieae, cette carence ne serait pas responsable de l'inhibition puisque leur ajout ne lève pas l'inhibition. Cependant du peroxyde d'hydrogène (3 mmol/l) produit par L. garvieae en co-culture en milieu BHI serait responsable de l'inhibition. En milieu de laboratoire, l'inhibition de S. aureus par L. garvieae est effective durant les premières heures de culture et diminue en cours d'incubation. Elle augmente avec la concentration de L. garvieae. Elle est plus forte à 24°C qu'à 30°C. Le rôle de la catalase de S. aureus dans l'interaction avec L. garvieae reste à préciser / The European legislation imposes the staphylococcal search for enterotoxins in cheeses if the level of S. aureus is higher than 105 ufc/g. Accordingly, the objective of this thesis was to provide scientific data to control S. aureus by biopreservation.In a first, the growth of S. aureus was monitored in farm cheeses AOC Saint-Nectaire. In these cheeses the populations of S. aureus multiplied mainly during the first six hours of manufacture to reach a maximum to 24 h. Their growth and their maximum level would depend on the initial concentration in milk, on the pH (in particular pH at 6 h), on the temperature, but the role of the microbial communities could not be highlighted. In the second step, the inhibiting capacities of strains of Lactococcus lactis and Lactococcus garvieae were evaluated in microfiltrated milk. L. lactis subsp. lactis would inhibit the growth of S. aureus by lowering the pH but also by the production of H2O2 for certain strain. On the other hand, the pH would not be responsible for the inhibition of S. aureus by L. garvieae. The competition for amino acids does not seem to be implied in inhibition by L. lactis since this species synthesis a great amount in milk. Even if threonine, phenylalanine, methionine, isoleucine and valin become limiting in the co-culture of S. aureus with L. garvieae, this would not be responsible for inhibition since their addition in milk does not raise inhibition. In laboratory medium the inhibition of S. aureus by L. garvieae was effective during the first hours of culture and decreases during incubation. It increased with the concentrations of L. garvieae. It was stronger at 24°C than at 30°C. It would be due to hydrogen peroxide (3 mmol/l) produced by L. garvieae in Co-culture in medium BHI. The role of the catalase of S. aureus in the interaction with L. garvieae remains to be specified

Lactococcus lactis est une espèce appartenant au groupe des bactéries lactiques, largement utilisées dans l’industrie pour leur capacité à produire de l’acide lactique au cours de la fabrication des produits laitiers fermentés. L’étude de la diversité globale de L. lactis ssp. lactis a été entreprise par l’intégration de données biologiques obtenues à partir d’analyses génétiques, génomiques, physiologiques, transcriptomiques et métaboliques. L’accès à la phylogénie de l’espèce par l’étude de la variabilité génétique du génome cœur par MLST (MultiLocus Sequence Typing) a permis de décrire deux groupes de souches : les souches environnementales, génétiquement très diverses, isolées de laits crus, de plantes ou d’animaux et les souches domestiquées, génétiquement très proches, isolées des levains utilisés dans l’industrie laitière. Malgré la perte de diversité génétique observée dans les souches domestiquées probablement associée à un processus de spécialisation à un environnement technologique, l’approche intégrative a permis de montrer que ce groupe présente une diversité génomique et fonctionnelle aussi importante que les souches environnementales. L’investigation des génomes de la sous-espèce lactis par la mesure de la taille des chromosomes et la caractérisation en nombre et en taille du contenu plasmidique, a révélé une variabilité de plus de 300 kb en capacité de codage génétique des souches domestiquées et environnementales. D’autre part, les souches domestiquées appartenant au biovar Diacetylactis ont montré des physiologies et des régulations métaboliques différentes, résultant en une production d’arômes de type diacetyl ou acétoïne variable selon la souche. Enfin, le séquençage du génome de la souche environnementale A12 isolée d’un levain de panification, et sa comparaison avec les 4 génomes actuellement séquencés de L. lactis a révélé un pangénome (ensemble des gènes de l’espèce) étendu, montrant que cette espèce offre un grand réservoir de diversité. Environ 20 % des gènes spécifiques de souches ont été mis en évidence témoignant des grandes capacités adaptatives de la sous-espèce. L’étude approfondie de la souche A12 par une analyse transcriptomique a permis de rendre compte des mécanismes impliqués dans l’adaptation d’une souche à un écosystème complexe / The Lactococcus lactis species belong to lactic acid bacteria group widely used for their ability to produce lactic acid in fermented dairy products. The study of the global diversity of L. lactis ssp. lactis was carry out by the integration of biological data obtained from genetic, genomic, physiological, transcriptomic and metabolic analyses. The genetic variability investigated by MLST (MultiLocus Sequence Typing) describe two strains groups according to their phylogeny : the “environmental” strains, displaying high genetic diversity and isolated from different natural environments such as raw milks, plants and animals and the “domesticated” strains, genetically closely related, isolated from starters in dairy industries. Despite the lost of genetic diversity in domesticated strains, probably associated to a specialisation process, the integrative approach showed a genomic and functional diversity as huge as in environmental strains. The characterization of chromosome size and plasmidic content of the lactis subspecies revealed a variation higher than 300 kb in genetic coding capacity for domesticated and environmental strains. Moreover, the domesticated strains belonging to the biovar Diacetylactis showed different physiologies and metabolic regulations resulting in variable amount of aroma produced according to the strains. Finally, the genome sequencing of the A12 strain isolated from sourdough bread and its comparison with 4 other L. lactis genomes already sequenced revealed a spread pangenome (all the genes of a species). Approximately 20 % of each genome correspond to strain specific genes, showing large adaptive capacities of the subspecies. The in-depth study of the A12 strain by transcriptomic analysis allows to highlight mechanisms involved in the adaptation of a strain to a complex ecosystem

Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e a avaliação das propriedades funcionais, físico-químicas, reológicas, sensoriais de preferência pareada (do cheesecake e de sua cor) e microbiológica (contagens de coliformes fecais/totais e da bifidobactéria) do cheesecake manufaturado com farinha de trigo (ou amido de milho ceroso modificado), queijo fresco, sacarose, eritritol (como substituinte parcial de sacarose), ovos in natura, manteiga [ou frutoligossacarídeos (FOS) - prebiótico - como substituinte da manteiga], curcumina e Bifidobacterium animalis subespécie lactis BB-12 (probiótico). A análise estatística dos dados considerou a existência quatro grupos experimentais, sendo: [2 cheesecakes lights (em açúcar e gordura) potencialmente funcional e simbiótico: T1= farinha de trigo e FOS; T2 = AMCM e FOS] e [2 cheesecake light (em açúcar) potencialmente funcional e probiótico: T3 = farinha de trigo e manteiga; T4 = AMCM e manteiga]. Foi estabelecido um tratamento T0 como padrão da Tese, adaptado da formulação da QuarkTorte por Henning Fleissig (Alemanha). As variáveis de resposta foram do tipo quantitativa, considerando unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) de bactérias láteas, unidade formadora de colônias (UFC) de coliformes totais e fecais, pH, atividade da água, dureza, adesividade, elasticidade, coesividade, gomosidade e mastigabilidade. Estas variáveis de respostas compuseram um modelo de Análise de Variância com medidas repetidas, pois as unidades experimentais foram observadas após 1, 8, 15, 22 e 28 dias. Medidas (como médias, medianas e desvio padrão), gráficos e ANOVA, foram geradas pelo pacote estatístico STATA® - versão 9.0. Os resultados da ANOVA não mostraram resultados estatisticamente significativos que indicassem existir diferenças entre os grupos experimentais [p-value: 0,7981; 0,4204; 0,9974; 0,6825; 0,6401; 0,4800; 0,6469; 0,4258; 0,4615] e nem entre os valores ao longo do tempo, dentro de cada grupo experimental [p-value: 0,1725; 0,0000; 0,4076; 0,8957; 0,8787; 0,0001; 0,6214; 0,8845; 0,6820] [p-value correspondentes respectivamente a: log de UFC de bactérias láteas; pH; atividade de água (aw); mastigabilidade; gomosidade; coesividade; elasticidade; adesividade; dureza]. Não houve proteção do probiótico pelo prebiótico, ao nível de FOS utilizado neste estudo. Foram efetuadas análises sensoriais de preferência pareada para o cheesecake (em três tratamentos: T0, T1 e T2) e para sua cor (em três amostras com curcumina a: 0%, 0,0076% e 0,0152%). O resultado para o cheesecake revelou que: a amostra mais preferida foi a T0; os tratamentos T1 e T2 não diferem entre si quanto à preferência; T0 não difere da T2; T0 difere da T1. O resultado para a cor do cheesecake revelou que: a amostra mais preferida foi a com curcumina a 0,0076%; e que as três amostras são iguais quanto à preferência da cor. O presente estudo dá sua contribuição para ampliar a oferta de alimentos láteos promotores da saúde humana com características: light, potencialmente funcional e simbiótico. / The aim of this work was the development and the evaluation of the functionals, physical-chemistry, rheological and sensorial analysis for the pairwise ranking test (cheesecake and its color), and microbiological properties of the cheesecake manufactured with wheat flour (or modified waxy corn starch - AMCM), fresh cheese, sucrose, erythritol (as sucrose partial substitute), eggs in nature, butter [or frutooligosaccharide (FOS) - prebiotic - as butter fat replacer], curcumin and Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis Bb-12 (probiotic). The statistical analysis of the data was considered the existence four experimental groups: [2 cheesecakes lights (in sucrose and fat) potentially functional and symbiote: T1= wheat flour and FOS; T2 = AMCM and FOS] and [2 cheesecake light (in sucrose) potentially functional and probiotic: T3 = wheat flour and butter; T4 = AMCM and butter]. It was established a treatment T0 as the standard Thesis, adapted the wording of QuarkTorte by Henning Fleissig (Germany). The response variables were type of quantitative, whereas colony forming units (CFU) of lactic bacteria, forming unit colonies (CFU) of total and faecal coliforms, pH, water activity, hardness, adhesiveness, elasticity, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness. These variables of responses comprised a model of Analysis of Variance with repeated measures, because the experimental units were observed after 1, 8, 15, 22 and 28 days. Measures (such as average, median and standard deviation), graphics and ANOVA, were generated by statistical package STATA® - version 9.0. The results of the ANOVA showed no statistically significant results that indicate differences between the experimental groups [p-value: 0,7981; 0,4204; 0,9974; 0,6825; 0,6401; 0,4800; 0,6469; 0,4258; 0,4615] and not between the values over time, within each experimental group [p-value: 0,1725; 0,0000; 0,4076; 0,8957; 0,8787; 0,0001; 0,6214; 0,8845; 0,6820] [p-value corresponding respectively to: log of UFC of lactic bacteria; pH; water activity (aw); chewiness, gumminess, cohesiveness, elasticity, adhesiveness and hardness]. There was no protection of probiotic by prebiotic, at the level of FOS used in this study. Were made sensorial analysis of paired preference for the cheesecake (In three treatments: T0, T1 and T2) and to its color (in three samples with curcumin: 0%, 0.0076% and 0.0152%). The result for the color of the cheesecake revealed that: the sample most preferred was with curcumin to 0.0076%; and that the three samples are equal as the color preference. The present study gives its contribution to extend the offer of lactic food human health promoters with characteristics: light, potentially functional and symbiote.

Introdução: Com o crescente aumento de hipersensibilidades alimentares e doenças do trato gastrintestinal, o mercado de lácteos vem ampliando a variedade de produtos com diferentes matrizes alimentares. A expansão da criação bubalina no país incentivou o desenvolvimento de produtos derivados do leite bubalino, os quais contém propriedades nutricionais e físico-químicas diferentes da matriz bovina, ganhando maior participação no atual mercado consumidor. As bactérias probióticas são capazes de modular a resposta imune inata e adaptativa de acordo com a cepa, matriz e tecnologia empregada no desenvolvimento do produto. Assim como a modulação imune também pode ser alterada de maneira epigenética por interferência da matriz alimentar empregada. Método: Sendo os microRNAs de leite e leite bubalino homólogos aos do leite humano, foram preparados leites fermentados em matriz bovina e bubalina usando a cepa Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 com o intuito de identificar a diferença entre o perfil físco-químico, viabilidade da cepa probiótica utilizada, e presença de microRNAs imunomoduladores homólogos com o intuito de verificar se as modificações sofridas nas matrizes bovina e bubalina durante o processo de fermentação por bactérias probióticas teria interferência na presença de miRNAs imunomoduladores e na resposta imune de mucosa. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos mostraram maior teor de proteínas, sólidos totais e gordura na matriz bubalina em relação a matriz bovina. Enquanto na matriz bubalina fermentada apresentou maior teor de ácidos graxos comparado a matriz bovina fermentada, o perfil de acidificação e pós acidificação foi semelhante em ambas as matrizes. O processo de fermentação em matrizes lácteas distintas, proporcionou modificação do perfil celular imunológico na mucosa intestinal, porém levou a destruição dos miRNAs do processamento térmico, identificando que esta modificação da resposta imune independe dos microRNAs homólogos estudados. / Introduction: With the increasing increase of food hypersensitivity and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the dairy market has been increasing the variety of products with different food matrices. The expansion of buffalo breeding in the country encouraged the development of products derived from buffalo milk, which contain different nutritional and physicochemical properties of the bovine matrix, gaining greater participation in the current consumer market. Probiotic bacteria are able to modulate the innate and adaptive immune response according to the strain, matrix and technology employed in product development. Just as immune modulation can also be altered epigenetically by interference of the food matrix employed. Method: Since the microRNAs of milk and buffalo milk were homologous to those of human milk, fermented milks were prepared in bovine matrix and buffalo using the strain Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis HN019 in order to identify the difference between the physico-chemical profile, viability of the probiotic strain used, and the presence of homologous immunomodulatory microRNAs in order to verify if the modifications suffered in the bovine and buffalo matrices during the fermentation process by probiotic bacteria would interfere with the presence of immunomodulatory miRNAs and the mucosal immune response. Conclusion: The results showed higher protein content, total solids and fat in the buffalo matrix in relation to the bovine matrix. While in the fermented buffalo matrix presented higher content of fatty acids compared to fermented bovine matrix, the profile of acidification and post acidification was similar in both matrices. The fermentation process in distinct milk matrices provided a modification of the immunological cell profile in the intestinal mucosa but led to the destruction of the miRNAs of the thermal processing, identifying that this modification of the immune response is independent of the homologous microRNAs studied.

Existe um número muito limitado de estudos referentes à produção de componentes antimicrobianos ou bacteriocinas produzidas por espécies de bifidobactérias. Nesse âmbito, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de bifidobacteriocina em leite desnatado (LD). Para tanto, o estudo foi dividido em três etapas. A primeira etapa constituiu na preparação dos meios de cultura Man, Rogosa e Sharpe (MRS), Bifidus Selective Medium (BSM) e LD suplementado com 1% (p/v) de Tween 80 (T80), Inulina (I) ou Extrato de levedura (YE). Nesta etapa, os processos fermentativos foram conduzidos em shaker, nas condições: 50 rpm/37ºC/48h. Foram realizadas análises de pH, concentração de açúcares e ácidos, crescimento celular e determinação da atividade da bifidobacteriocina pelo método de difusão em ágar contra L. monocytogenes. Na segunda etapa, e baseado nos resultados obtidos, foi desenhado um delineamento composto central (CCD) construído a partir dos seguintes parâmetros: temperatura (34, 37, 40 °C) e concentração de YE (0,5; 1,0; 1,5 g/L). Na terceira etapa do trabalho, foram realizados os cultivos em biorreator de 2 L, contendo 10% de leite desnatado, nas seguintes condições: 200 rpm, 36°C, 2,0 g/L de YE, 48h de incubação em anaerobiose. Obteve-se em LD suplementado com YE (1%), combinado ao método de difusão em placa modificado (prévia refrigeração das placas por 12h), contra L. monocytogenes (2130 AU/mL), com uma fase exponencial de 24h, µm de 0,604/h. A otimização feita através do CCD permitiu atingir níveis de atividade de 3.000 AU/mL a 3.100 AU/mL (ensaios 7, 11 e 14, blocos 3 e 1) contra L. monocytogenes, em condições ótimas de crescimento de YE: 2,0 g/L1 e T°C: 36°C. A análise de regressão mostrou ser estatisticamente significativa a relação entre as variáveis: \"concentração de \"YE e temperatura\". Os resultados indicaram que o leite desnatado é um meio adequado para produção de bifidobacteriocina. / There are few publications that have been reported about bacteriocin production by Bifidobacterium species. Therefore, the aim of this work was measure bacteriocin production in skim milk by B. lactis. Consequently, this work was divided in three stages. First, MRS, BSM and LD medium were tested with additives (Tween 80 (T80), Inuline (I) or Yeast extract (YE)) for bacteriocin production and cellular growth. Fermentation processes were conducted in shaker under specific conditions: 50 rpm/37ºC/48h. pH; sugars; acids; biomass, and bacteriocin activity against L. monocytogenes, L. plantarum, E. coli, L. sakei e S. aureus strains were analyzed . In the second stage, based on the obtained results, a central composite design (CCD) was created using the parameters: temperature (34, 37, 40 ºC), and concentration of YE (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 g/L). After, the activity was measured by two methods of plates pre-diffusion (cooling and addition of Tween 20). Third step consisted of 2 L bioreactor cultivations containing 10% skim milk diluted in 1.5 L of water (6.5 pH), under 200 rpm, 36 ºC, 2.0 g/L of YE, 48h, under anaerobic condition. Finally, the cultures supplemented with LD and YE (1%) with a modified plate diffusion method (cooling plates for 12 h) showed bacteriocin activity against L. monocytogenes (2130 AU/mL) with an exponential phase of 24 h, µm of 0.604/h. The optimization performed using CCD resulted in a higher level of activity 3000 AU/mL to 3100 AU/mL mL (Run 7, 11 and 14, blocks 3 and 1) against L. monocytogenes, also with ideal growth conditions of YE: 2,0 g/L1 and T °C: 36 °C. The pH value varied between 6.4 and 4.0. Concentration of produced acid lactic varied from 3.03 to 4.72 g/L and biomass concentration from 3.4 to 11.1 Lg UFC/mL. Regression analysis was significant to the variables: YE concentration and temperature. Results indicated that skim milk is a proper medium for \"Bifidobacteriocin\" production.

O interesse do consumidor por produtos alimentícios saudáveis e até capazes de prevenir doenças, como alimentos funcionais probióticos, tem aumentado visivelmente nos últimos anos. A possibilidade de se desenvolver produtos lácteos de grande aceitabilidade nacional como o queijo Minas frescal com microrganismos probióticos tem futuro promissor. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência do emprego de culturas probióticas compostas pelos microrganismos Lactobacillus acidophilus e Bifidobacterium lactis isolados e em co-cultura na tecnologia de fabricação de queijo Minas frescal sobre as características do produto ao longo de seu armazenamento refrigerado. Os queijos foram preparados com acidificação com ácido lático e 4 tratamentos (em quadruplicata) foram empregados para se avaliar a ação dos microrganismos probióticos: T1 (controle), T2 (adição de L. acidophilus), T3 (adição de B. lactis) e T4 (adição de L. acidophilus + B. lactis). Avaliou-se o comportamento de L. acidophilus, B. lactis, bactérias láticas totais, Staphylococcus spp., coliformes totais e E. coli. Paralelamente, foi feita a determinação do perfil de textura dos queijos através de teste de dupla compressão de amostras cilíndricas, em analisador de textura TA-XT2 (Stable Micro System) e determinação de umidade, pH, acidez titulável e atividade de água. As análises foram realizadas no dia de processamento (dia 1) e após 7, 14 e 21 dias de armazenamento a 5 C. As análises microbiológicas também foram realizadas no leite e no queijo em processamento. A comparação entre os queijos foi estudada também através de análise sensorial, empregando-se teste de aceitação/preferência. Os queijos T4 revelaram-se mais apropriados quanto à multiplicação das bactérias probióticas. Com relação a multiplicação de coliformes, Staphylococcus spp. e bactérias láticas totais, não foi observada diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Houve, porém, aumento significativo ao longo do armazenamento para Staphylococcus spp. nos queijos T3 e para coliformes totais nos queijos T1 (p<0,05). E. coli não foi detectado em nenhum dos queijos. A atividade de água não atuou como obstáculo no desenvolvimento de microrganismos, ficando sempre acima de 0,97 em todos os queijos. O pH e a acidez mostraram-se estatisticamente iguais (p>0,05) em todos os 4 queijos. Houve, porém, queda estatisticamente significativa do pH médio e aumento significativo da acidez (p<0,05) nos queijos T1 e T2. Nos parâmetros de textura, observou-se aumento significativo da dureza que é o parâmetro mais importante, na primeira semana para todos os queijos (p<0,05) e nas datas seguintes, tendência à estabilidade exceto para T3 que mostrou novos aumentos significativos (p<0,05) em 7 e 14 dias. A coesividade, a elasticidade e a adesividade mostraram-se estatisticamente iguais (p>0,05) em todas as datas de amostragem em todos os queijos. Na avaliação sensorial dos queijos, não foi observada aceitabilidade diferenciada para nenhum dos queijos. Concluiu-se que o queijo frescal probiótico tipo Minas frescal mostrou-se com propriedades sensoriais, de textura e microbiológicas adequadas e apropriado como veículo para L. acidophilus e B. lactis, porém com melhor desenvolvimento destes quando em co-cultura (T4), associado ao fato deste queijo ter se comportado da forma mais estável dentre os queijos estudados, quando avaliados todos os pontos de variação significativa ao longo do armazenamento. / Functional foods consuming habits have been increasing over the years, particularly in the case of probiotic dairy food. The possibility of developing new probiotic dairy products, like the popular Brazilian Minas fresh cheese, is very promising. The objective of the present work was to verify the influence of the probiotic cultures containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis, added individually and in co-culture during fresh Minas cheese production, over the microbiological, textural and physico-chemical behavior of the product during refrigerated storage. Four treatments were prepared (four times each), all of them were made through direct acidification with lactic acid: T1 (control), T2 (addition of L. acidophilus), T3 (addition of B. lactis) e T4 (addition of L. acidophilus + B. lactis). Microbiological counts of L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium spp., total lactic acid bacteria (LAB), coliforms, Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli and analysis of pH, acidity, moisture content and water activity proceeded after 1, 7, 14 and 21 days of storage at 5 C. Microbiological analysis was also conducted in milk and during cheese manufacturing process. Additionally, texture properties of cheeses were evaluated during storage, employing a TA-XT2 Texture Analyser (Stable Micro Systems, Haslemere, England), using a two-bite compression of cylindrical samples. Parameters measured consisted of hardness, elasticity, cohesiveness, chewiness, gumminess and adhesiveness. Comparison of cheeses was also conducted through sensory evaluation after 7 days of storage, using Preference- Ranking test. Cheeses T4 revealed to be more appropriate for growth of both probiotic bacteria, maintaining populations of 6 log CFU/g or above. No significant differences (p>0.05) between treatments were observed in relation to coliforms, Staphylococcus spp. and LAB, though Staphylococcus spp. and coliforms increased significantly during storage of cheeses T3 and T1, respectively (p<0.05). E. coli was not detected in any of the cheese and milk samples. Water activity values stayed above 0.970 for all samples, therefore proper for microbial growth. Mean pH and acidity did not differ significantly among treatments (p>0.05). Nevertheless, cheeses T1 and T2 revealed a significant decrease in pH (6.2 to 5.9 and 6.7 to 6.1, respectively) and increase in acidity from day 1 to day 21 of storage (p<0.05). As for the texture profile of cheeses, a significant increase in hardness (p<0.05) was detected for all cheeses studied in the first week of storage, followed by a tendency for stability during the subsequent storage period, except for cheeses T3, for which a significant increase in hardness was also detected from day 7 to day 14 of storage. Cohesiveness, springiness and dhesiveness showed to be statistically equal (p>0.05) for all cheeses and for all sampling days. No significant differences were detected through sensory evaluation between the four kinds of cheeses studied (X0<c2). Results indicated that probiotic fresh Minas cheese presented adequate sensorial, textural and microbiological properties. Therefore, Minas cheese is a suitable vehicle for delivery of L. acidophilus and B. lactis, especially when they are in a co-cultural system, condition which resulted in a slightly better survival rate of both probiotic strains and in a more stable product during refrigerated storage.

Chez les levures, organismes eucaryotes unicellulaires, le glucose est la source d'énergie préférée. La levure modèle Kluyveromyces lactis possède deux perméases au glucose. L'expression d'une de ces deux perméases, codée par le gène RAG1, est induite par la présence de glucose extracellulaire et cette régulation transcriptionnelle dépend de la détection du glucose par un senseur membranaire spécifique, Rag4. Cependant, la régulation de l'expression de RAG1 dépend également de la capacité des cellules à métaboliser le glucose via la glycolyse. En effet, l'expression de RAG1 est fortement affectée dans des mutants glycolytiques malgré la présence de glucose extracellulaire. Au cours de cette thèse, nous nous sommes attachés à déterminer les mécanismes via lesquels la glycolyse contrôle l'expression de RAG1. Grâce à l'utilisation de mutants glycolytiques ou d'inhibiteurs chimiques de la glycolyse chez K. lactis, nous avons démontré que la glycolyse régule la stabilité du senseur Rag4 à la membrane plasmique et contrôle ainsi la voie de signalisation du glucose et l'expression de RAG1. De plus, ce mécanisme de contrôle est conservé chez la levure modèle Saccharomyces cerevisiae. L'étude plus approfondie de Rag4 nous a permis de déterminer que la transmission du signal glucose requiert la queue C-terminale cytoplasmique de Rag4, qui sert de plateforme d'interaction protéique. La caractérisation fonctionnelle de Rag4 nous a permis de mettre en évidence que la protéine contient plusieurs domaines impliqués dans le contrôle de sa stabilité en fonction du type de signal induisant la déstabilisation: signal glycolytique ou changement de source de carbone. Enfin, la nature du signal issu de la glycolyse qui cible le senseur membranaire Rag4 a été étudiée en testant deux hypothèses : le signal est protéique (enzyme de la glycolyse) ou métabolique (métabolite intermédiaire de la glycolyse). Ces travaux de thèse ont permis de mettre en évidence un rôle inédit de la glycolyse dans le contrôle de la stabilité des senseurs membranaires du glucose chez les levures K. lactis et S. cerevisiae / Yeasts are unicellular eukaryotic organisms which prefer glucose as energy source. The yeast model Kluyveromyces lactis has two glucose permeases. The expression of one of its permeases, RAG1, is induced by extracellular glucose. The glucose signaling pathway responsible for RAG1 expression regulation is dependent upon glucose sensing through a specific membrane glucose sensor, Rag4. However, RAG1 expression is also dependent upon glucose metabolism by glycolysis. Indeed, in glycolytic mutants RAG1 expression is strongly affected even when glucose is present. During these doctoral studies, we characterized mechanisms involved in glycolytic control on glucose signaling. Using glycolytic mutant or glycolysis chemical inhibitors, we have demonstrated that, in K. lactis, glycolysis targets the stability of the glucose sensor Rag4, controlling glucose signaling and RAG1 expression. This glycolytic control appears to be conserved in the yeast model Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have shown that the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of glucose sensor Rag4 is necessary for glucose signaling and forms a protein interaction platform. Rag4 protein contains several domains controlling Rag4 stability in response to different destabilization signals: glycolytic signal or carbon source signal. Finally, the nature of the glycolytic signal was studied considering two hypotheses: protein nature (e.g. glycolytic enzyme) or metabolic nature (e.g. glycolysis metabolic intermediate). This doctoral thesis underlines a new role of glycolysis in controlling membrane glucose sensor stability in K. lactis and S. cerevisiae

L’utilisation de bactéries lactiques (BL), telle que Lactococcus lactis (LL), comme vecteur de transfert d’ADN, constitue une stratégie prometteuse dans la mesure où elles sont considérées sans risque pour la santé. Des souches sauvages (wt) ou recombinantes de LL ont été décrites comme capables de transférer un plasmide dans des cellules épithéliales in vitro et in vivo. Cependant, les mécanismes d'action grâce auxquels certaines souches de LL ont la capacité de transférer de l’ADN plasmidique sont toujours inconnus. C’est pourquoi, nous avons décidé de construire une nouvelle souche recombinante de LL exprimant l’internaline mutée (mlnlA,) à partir de la souche pathogène Listeria monocytogenes, de manière à comprendre par quel procédé l’ADN est transféré à des cellules eucaryotes. Nous avons détecté l’expression de mInIA par FACS et montré que la souche LLmInIA était plus invasive que la souche sauvage wt après co-incubation avec des cellules épithéliales intestinales (IECs) non confluentes ou polarisées. La microscopie confocale confirme ces propriétés d’invasivité de la souche LL-mLnLA capable de transférer plus efficacement le vecteur d’expression eucaryote codant pour l’allergène de la β-lactoglobuline, pValac :BLG, in vitro dans des IECs et dans des cellules dendritiques (DCs). La souche LL-mInIA a aussi la capacité de transférer le vecteur pValac:BLG à des DCs à travers une monocouche de IECs différenciées. Des essais in vivo montrent que des bactéries invasives du genre Lactococcus ont tendance à augmenter l’expression de BLG chez la souris. De plus, il est montré qu’une souche non invasive de LL, ou la souche invasive LL-mInIA, stimulent la sécrétion de la cytokine pro-inflammatoire IL-12 dans des DCs, et que, in vivo, après des essais d’immunisation oraux ou intra nasaux, la souche LL non invasive oriente la réponse immunitaire plutôt vers le type 1, alors que la souche LL invasive génère une réponse de type 2 chez des animaux immunisés. Tous ces résultats apportent un nouvel éclairage sur le mécanisme d’assimilation des lactocoques en tant que vecteurs de transfert de molécules actives. / The use of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), such as Lactococcus lactis (LL), as DNA delivery vehicles represents an interesting strategy as they are regarded as safe. Wild type (wt) LL or recombinant invasive LL, were able to trigger DNA expression by epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, important information about how LL can transfer DNA plasmids is still missing. Therefore, we decided to construct a new recombinant invasive LL strain expressing mutated Internalin A (mInlA) from the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes to understand the manner by which the DNA is transferred to mammalian cells. mInlA expression was detected by FACS analysis and LL-mInlA strain showed to be more invasive than the wt strain after co-incubation assays with non-confluent or polarized intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Confocal microscopy confirmed the invasive status of LL-mInlA which demonstrated to deliver more efficiently the eukaryotic expression vector coding the allergen β-lactoglobulin, pValac:BLG, in vitro to IECs and to dendritic cells (DCs). LL-mInlA was also capable to transfer pValac:BLG to DCs across a monolayer of differentiated IECs. In vivo, invasive lactococci tended to increase the number of mice expressing BLG. Moreover, noninvasive or invasive LL-mInlA stimulated the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 in DCs and, in vivo, after oral or intranasal immunization trials, non-invasive LL polarized the immune response more in the type 1 direction while invasive LL generated a Th2-type response in immunized animals. All these data gives new insights on the mechanism of lactococci uptake for delivery of therapeutics.

Existe um número muito limitado de estudos referentes à produção de componentes antimicrobianos ou bacteriocinas produzidas por espécies de bifidobactérias. Nesse âmbito, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de bifidobacteriocina em leite desnatado (LD). Para tanto, o estudo foi dividido em três etapas. A primeira etapa constituiu na preparação dos meios de cultura Man, Rogosa e Sharpe (MRS), Bifidus Selective Medium (BSM) e LD suplementado com 1% (p/v) de Tween 80 (T80), Inulina (I) ou Extrato de levedura (YE). Nesta etapa, os processos fermentativos foram conduzidos em shaker, nas condições: 50 rpm/37ºC/48h. Foram realizadas análises de pH, concentração de açúcares e ácidos, crescimento celular e determinação da atividade da bifidobacteriocina pelo método de difusão em ágar contra L. monocytogenes. Na segunda etapa, e baseado nos resultados obtidos, foi desenhado um delineamento composto central (CCD) construído a partir dos seguintes parâmetros: temperatura (34, 37, 40 °C) e concentração de YE (0,5; 1,0; 1,5 g/L). Na terceira etapa do trabalho, foram realizados os cultivos em biorreator de 2 L, contendo 10% de leite desnatado, nas seguintes condições: 200 rpm, 36°C, 2,0 g/L de YE, 48h de incubação em anaerobiose. Obteve-se em LD suplementado com YE (1%), combinado ao método de difusão em placa modificado (prévia refrigeração das placas por 12h), contra L. monocytogenes (2130 AU/mL), com uma fase exponencial de 24h, &#181;m de 0,604/h. A otimização feita através do CCD permitiu atingir níveis de atividade de 3.000 AU/mL a 3.100 AU/mL (ensaios 7, 11 e 14, blocos 3 e 1) contra L. monocytogenes, em condições ótimas de crescimento de YE: 2,0 g/L1 e T°C: 36°C. A análise de regressão mostrou ser estatisticamente significativa a relação entre as variáveis: \"concentração de \"YE e temperatura\". Os resultados indicaram que o leite desnatado é um meio adequado para produção de bifidobacteriocina. / There are few publications that have been reported about bacteriocin production by Bifidobacterium species. Therefore, the aim of this work was measure bacteriocin production in skim milk by B. lactis. Consequently, this work was divided in three stages. First, MRS, BSM and LD medium were tested with additives (Tween 80 (T80), Inuline (I) or Yeast extract (YE)) for bacteriocin production and cellular growth. Fermentation processes were conducted in shaker under specific conditions: 50 rpm/37ºC/48h. pH; sugars; acids; biomass, and bacteriocin activity against L. monocytogenes, L. plantarum, E. coli, L. sakei e S. aureus strains were analyzed . In the second stage, based on the obtained results, a central composite design (CCD) was created using the parameters: temperature (34, 37, 40 ºC), and concentration of YE (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 g/L). After, the activity was measured by two methods of plates pre-diffusion (cooling and addition of Tween 20). Third step consisted of 2 L bioreactor cultivations containing 10% skim milk diluted in 1.5 L of water (6.5 pH), under 200 rpm, 36 ºC, 2.0 g/L of YE, 48h, under anaerobic condition. Finally, the cultures supplemented with LD and YE (1%) with a modified plate diffusion method (cooling plates for 12 h) showed bacteriocin activity against L. monocytogenes (2130 AU/mL) with an exponential phase of 24 h, &#181;m of 0.604/h. The optimization performed using CCD resulted in a higher level of activity 3000 AU/mL to 3100 AU/mL mL (Run 7, 11 and 14, blocks 3 and 1) against L. monocytogenes, also with ideal growth conditions of YE: 2,0 g/L1 and T °C: 36 °C. The pH value varied between 6.4 and 4.0. Concentration of produced acid lactic varied from 3.03 to 4.72 g/L and biomass concentration from 3.4 to 11.1 Lg UFC/mL. Regression analysis was significant to the variables: YE concentration and temperature. Results indicated that skim milk is a proper medium for \"Bifidobacteriocin\" production.