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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / A Halo orbit about a libration point of a restricted three-body system provides additional opportunities for surveillance, communication, and exploratory missions in lieu of the classical spacecraft orbit. Historically libration point missions have focused on Halo orbits and trajectories about the Sun-Earth System. This thesis will focus on libration point orbit solutions in the Earth-Moon system using the restricted three body equations of motion with three low-thrust control functions. These classical dynamics are used to design and optimize orbital trajectories about stable and unstable libration points of the Earth-Moon system using DIDO, a dynamic optimization software. The solutions for the optimized performance are based on a quadratic cost function. Specific constraints and bounds were placed on the potential solution set in order to ensure correct target trajectories. This approach revealed locally optimal solutions for orbits about a stable and unstable libration point. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

Classically, fluid dynamics have been dealt with analytically because of the lack of numerical resources (Yeung, 1982). With the development of computational ability, many formulations have been developed which typically use the traditional Navier-Stokes equations along with an Eulerian grid. Today, there exists the possibility of using a moving grid (Lagrangian) along with a meshless discretization. The first issue in meshless fluid dynamics is the equations of motion. There are currently two types of Lagrangian formulations. Spherical Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a method which calculates all equations of motion explicitly. The Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) method uses a mathematical foundation based on SPH. However, instead of calculating all laws of motion explicitly, a fractional time step is performed to calculate pressure. A proposed method, Lagrange Implicit Fraction Step (LIFS), has been created which improves the mathematical formulations on the fluid domain. The LIFS method returns to Continuum mechanics to construct the laws of motion based on decomposing all forces of a volume. It is assumed that all forces on this volume can be linearly superposed to calculate the accelerations of each mass. The LIFS method calculates pressure from a boundary value problem with the inclusion of proper flux boundary conditions. The second issue in meshless Lagrangian dynamics is the calculation of derivatives across a domain. The Monte Carlo Integration (MCI) method uses weighted averages to calculate operators. However, the MCI method can be very inaccurate, and is not suitable for sparse grids. The Radial Basis Function (RBF) method is introduced and studied as a possibility to calculate meshless operators. The RBF method involves a solution of a system of equations to calculate interpolants. Machine expenses are shown to limit the viability of the RBF method for large domains. A new method of calculation has been created called Multi-dimensional Lagrange Interpolating Polynomials (MLIP). While Lagrange Interpolating Polynomials are essentially a one-dimensional interpolation, the use of "dimensional-cuts" and Gaussian quadratures can provide multi-dimensional interpolation. This paper is divided into three sections. The first section specifies the equations of motion. The second section provides the mathematical basis for meshless calculations. The third section evaluates the effectiveness of the meshless calculations and compares two fluiddynamic codes. / Fund number: N62271-97-G-0041. / US Navy (USN) author.

Dans ce travail nous considérons des problèmes de planification de production sur plusieurs sites avec transport de produits entre ces sites. L’objectif est de synchroniser les deux problèmes (planification et transport) et de construire une solution globale. Le système de production sur chaque site est modélisé comme un problème de Capacitated Lot-Sizing où nous travaillons avec stock et ressources. Le transport de produits entre les sites se ramène à une version simplifiée du Vehicle Routing Problem où le temps est discrétisé. D’abord nous proposons un modèle linéaire en nombres entiers que nous appelons le « Lot-Sizing and Vehicle Routing Problem » (LSVRP). Puis nous présentons deux cas particuliers : le Single-item LSVRP (SLSVRP) et le Single-level LSVRP (1-LSVRP). Les problèmes sont traités ici par six heuristiques que nous avons développé. Quatre de ces méthodes sont des heuristiques qui utilisent la programmation en nombres entiers et prennent en compte la relaxation linéaire de quelques variables du problème. Elles s’appuient sur l’exploration partielle de l’arbre de décision et la fixation de variables. Les deux autres sont spécifiques pour les cas particuliers. La première, qui traite le S-LSVRP, est basée sur la propagation des ordres de production sur chaque site. Puis à chaque itération elle calcule le plan de transport compatible et essaie d’améliorer la solution en modifiant la production sur les sites. L’autre méthode consiste en une relaxation lagrangienne qui travaille sur une modélisation du 1-LSVRP en un problème de flot. Des résultats numériques et des analyses sont présentés pour évaluer l’efficacité de ces heuristiques. / In this work we consider some problems of scheduling both a production distributed on several sites and the transportation of items between those sites. By doing so, the objective is to synchronize the two components and to build a better overall solution. The production system on each site is modeled as a Capacitated Lot-Sizing Problem where stock both on resources and produced items is available. The inter-site items transportation is a simplified version of the Vehicle Routing Problem where time is discretized. We first propose a mixed integer linear programming formulation that we call “The Lot-Sizing and Vehicle Routing Problem” (LSVRP). Then we present two particular cases : The Single-item LSVRP (S-LSVRP) and The Single-level LSVRP (1-LSVRP). All those cases are treated here by the six heuristics we develloped. Four of those methods are MIP based heuristics and take in account the the linear relaxation of some variables of the problem. They rely on partial decision tree exploration along with variable fixing. The other two are specifics for the two particular cases. The one who treats the S-LSVRP is based on production order propagation over the sites. Then, at each iteration, it computes a compatible transportation schedule and it tries to improve the solution by modifying the production on the sites. The other method consists in a lagrangian relaxation that works with an adaptation of the 1-LSVRP into a flow problem. Computational results and analysis are presented to evaluate the efficiency of those heuristics.

Dans la première partie de cette thèse, on donne, sous certaines hypothèses, une minoration du nombre de points d’intersections d’une sous-variété Lagrangienne monotone L avec son image par une isotopie Hamiltonienne. Dans le cas où L est un espace K(pi, 1), et en particulier à courbure sectionnelle strictement négative, le minorant est 1 + beta1(L), où beta1 est le premier nombre de Betti à coefficients dans Z2. Une autre conséquence est la non-déplaçabilité d’un plongement Lagrangien monotone de RPn × K (où K est une sous-variété à courbure sectionnelle strictement négative telle que H1(K, Z) ≠ 0) dans certaines variétés symplectiques. Dans la seconde partie, on considère une sous-variété Lagrangienne monotone L non déplaçable. En utilisant l’homologie de Floer définie pour les Lagrangiennes qui sont C-1-proches de L, on obtient des informations sur son nombre de Maslov. De plus, si L peut être approchée par une suite de Lagrangiennes déplaçables, alors, sous certaines hypothèses topologiques sur L, l’énergie de déplacement des éléments de cette suite tend vers l’infini. / N the first part of the thesis, we give, under some hypotheses, a lower bound on the intersection number of a closed monotone Lagrangian submanifold L with its image by a generic Hamiltonianisotopy. For monotone Lagrangian submanifolds L which are K(pi, 1) and, in particular with negative sectional curvature, this bound is 1 + beta_1(L), where beta_1 is the first Betti number with coefficients in Z_2. Another consequence, is the non-displaceability of a monotone Lagrangian embedding of RPn x K (where K is a submanifold with negative sectional curvature such that H^1(K, Z) ≠ 0) in some symplectic manifolds. In the second part, given a closed monotone Lagrangian submanifold L, which is not displaceable, we use Floer homology defined on Lagrangians which are C^1 - close to L, to get information about it Maslov number. Besides, if L can be approached by a sequence of displaceable Lagrangians, then, under some topological assumptions on L, the displacement energy of the elements of this sequence converge to infinity.

Métodos de Lagrangianos aumentados são muito utilizados para resolver problemas de minimização de funções sujeitas a restrições gerais. Em particular, estudamos um método de Lagrangianos aumentados que utiliza a função PHR, implementado em ALGENCAN, e observamos seu comportamento quando o aplicamos na resolução de um problema encontrado na área de Computação Gráfica. O problema estudado é um problema encontrado na geração de malhas de superfícies, na etapa de pós-processamento, para o qual propomos uma técnica de otimização visando a melhoria dos elementos da malha. Quando se trata de geração de malhas de superfícies em \'R POT. 3\', parametrizações de malhas triângulares que representam superfícies são usadas em muitas aplicações de processamento de malhas para vários fins. Muitas vezes é necessário preservar a métrica da superfície e, assim, minimizar a deformação do ângulo e da área. A técnica que propomos de otimização visa melhorar as distorções de ângulos e áreas impostas por uma parametrização. Para verificar o comportamento da técnica proposta, implementamo-na em C++ e utilizamos algumas malhas de modelos clássicos da literatura para realizar os experimentos numéricos. Os resultados obtidos foram promissores / Augmented Lagrangian methods are frequently used to solve minimization problems subject to general constraints. In particular, we study an augmented Lagrangian method that uses the PHR function, implemented in ALGENCAN, and observe its behavior when applied to solve a problem found in the field of Computer Graphics. The problem we will study and solve is found in the post-processing stage of the surface mesh generation, for which we propose an optimization technique to improve the mesh elements. When it comes to meshing surfaces in \'R POT..3\', triangular meshes parametrizations are widely used in applications of mesh processing. It is often necessary to preserve the surface metric and, thus, minimize the angle and area deformation. The optimization technique we propose aims to improve the distortions imposed by a parametrization onto angles and areas. To assert the efectiveness of the proposed technique, we implemented it in C++ language and used some classic mesh models from the literature to performe numerical experiments. The results were promising

Cette thèse contient essentiellement deux chapitres principaux qui ont en commun de porter sur ce que l'on appelle en géométrie de Poisson les chemins cotangents. Dans le premier chapitre, nous introduisons pour chaque hamiltonien, un lagrangien sur les chemins à valeurs dans l'espace cotangent dont les points stationnaires indiquent si le champ de bivecteur est de Poisson ou au moins définit une distribution intégrable - une classe de champs de bivecteurs qui généralise les structures de Poisson tordus que nous étudions en détail. Nous traitons dans le deuxième chapitre d'un autre résultat classique à propos des chemins cotangents, dû à Klimčík, Strobl et étudiée par Cattaneo et Felder. Un bivecteur sur une variété $M$ est de Poisson si et seulement si l'ensemble $C_pi$ des chemins cotangents pour $pi$ est co"{i}sotrope dans la variété symplectique des chemins à valeurs dans $T^*M$. Notre but dans le deuxième chapitre est de reprendre la caractérisation des bivecteurs de Poisson, en travaillant avec des fonctions locales sur l'ensemble des chemins lisses, pour lesquels l'utilisation d'une variété de Banach peut être évitée. Ceci permet d'étendre au cas périodique / In this thesis, we study cotangents paths. In chapter 1 we introduce for every Hamiltonian a Lagrangian on paths valued in the cotangent space whose stationary points projects onto Hamiltonian vector fields. We show that the remaining components of those stationary points tell whether the bivector field is Poisson or at least defines an integrable distribution - a class of bivector fields generalizing twisted Poisson structures that we study in detail. In chapter 2, we establish a local function version of a result due to Klimčík and Strobl then Cattaneo and Felder claiming that a bivector field on a manifold $M$ is Poisson if and only if cotangent paths form a coisotropic submabifold of the infinite dimensional symplectic manifold of paths valued in $T^*M$. Our purpose in chapter 2 is to prove this result without using the Banach manifold setting used by Cattaneo and Felder, which fails in the periodic case because cotangent loops do not form a Banach sub-manifold. Instead, we use local functions on the path space, a point of view that allows to speak of a coisotropic set

In the context of future human space exploration missions in the solar system (with an horizon of 2025) and according to the roadmap proposed by ISECG (International Space Exploration Coordination Group) [1], a new step could be to maintain as an outpost, at one of the libration points of the Earth-Moon system, a space station. This would ease access to far destinations as Moon, Mars and asteroids and would allow testing some innovative technologies, before employing them for far distant human missions. One of the main challenges will be to maintain permanently, and ensure on board crew health thanks to an autonomous space medical center docked to the proposed space station, as a Space haven. Then the main problem to solve is to manage the station servitude, during deployment (modules integration) and operational phase. Challenges lie, on a global point of view, in the design of the operational scenarios and, on a local point of view, in trajectories selection, so as to minimize velocity increments (energy consumption) and transportation duration (crew safety). Which recommendations could be found out as far as trajectories optimization is concerned, that would fulfill energy consumption, transportation duration and safety criterion? What would technological hurdles be to rise for the building of such Space haven? What would be performances to aim at for critical sub-systems? Expected results of this study could point out research and development perspectives for human spaceflight missions and above all, in transportation field for long lasting missions. Thus, the thesis project, presented here, aims starting from global system life-cycle decomposition, to identify by phase operational scenario and optimize resupply vehicle mission. The main steps of this project consist of: - Bibliographical survey, that covers all involved disciplines like mission analysis (Astrodynamics, Orbital mechanics, Orbitography, N-Body Problem, Rendezvous…), Applied Mathematics, Optimization, Systems Engineering…. - Entire system life-cycle analysis, so as to establish the entire set of scenarios for deployment and operations (nominal cases, degraded cases, contingencies…) and for all trajectories legs (Low Earth Orbit, Transfer, Rendezvous, re-entry…) - Trade-off analysis for Space Station architecture - Modeling of the mission legs trajectories - Trajectories optimization Three main scenarios have been selected from the results of the preliminary design of the Space Station, named THOR: the Space Station deployment, the resupply cargo missions and the crew transportation. The deep analysis of those three main steps pointed out the criticality of the rendezvous strategies in the vicinity of Lagrangian points. A special effort has been set on those approach maneuvers. The optimization of those rendezvous trajectories led to consolidate performances (in term of energy and duration) of the global transfer from the Earth to the Lagrangian point neighborhood and return. Finally, recommendations have been deduced that support the Lagrangian points importance for next steps of Human Spaceflight exploration of the Solar system.

Transformadores de potência, como produtos não seriados, estão sujeitos a uma série de possíveis desvios de processo. As divergências que transformadores podem apresentar em relação ao seu projeto original podem ter consequências em sua capacidade de suportar carregamentos mecânicos que lhe serão aplicados. Seu transporte da fábrica às subestações elétricas é um dos principais eventos durante o qual suas estruturas são carregadas. Este trabalho foca em descrever e analisar um transformador de potência genérico em um modelo bidimensional, sob o ponto de vista da Mecânica Analítica e da análise de variabilidades com o objetivo de identificar parâmetros importantes à integridade estrutural do equipamento, especialmente aqueles relacionados ao modo de falha de destacamento das chapas do núcleo nos step laps. O modelo numérico do transformador consiste na representação de corpos rígidos conectados entre si por elementos de rigidez e amortecimento, tendo o conjunto do núcleo ferromagnético particularmente mais detalhado de modo a descrever o atrito existente em suas junções. A avaliação dos esforços nesses locais é feita por meio do método dos multiplicadores de Lagrange, ao considerar o atrito como uma restrição ao movimento, sendo que as forças e momentos limites para que ocorra o deslizamento planar das chapas do núcleo são determinados utilizando-se Newton-Raphson ou outras técnicas de otimização. / Power transformers, as non serialized products, are subject to a number of process deviations. The divergences that transformers present from their original design may have consequences on their ability to withstand mechanical loads which will be applied on them. Their transportation from workshop to power plants is one of the main events their structures are loaded. This work focuses on describing and analyzing a generic power transformer in a two-dimensional model, under the sight of Analytical Mechanics and Structural Reliability in order to identify important parameters related to their structural integrity, especially those concerning the failure mode of dismantling of the ferromagnetic core in the step-lap joints. The numerical model of the transformer consists of a representation of rigid bodies, connected to each other by stiness and damping elements, having the assembly of the ferromagnetic core more detailed in order to describe the friction present on their step-lap joint. The evaluation of friction in these locations is made using the Lagrange Multipliers Method, by considering it as a movement restriction, and the limit values of forces and moments to which the planar sliding of the core sheets occurs, damaging the behavior of the electric machine, are determined using Newton-Raphson and Optimization Methods.

Neste trabalho, estudamos algumas inversões parciais do teorema de Dirichlet-Lagrange, essencialmente estendendo os resultados em dois graus de liberdade de Garcia e Tal (2003) para algumas situações em $R^$. Mais precisamente, um dos objetivos é mostrar, no contexto da mecânica lagrangeana, que se há um split da energia potencial em uma parte no plano cujo jato $k$ mostra que ela não tem mínimo no ponto de equilíbrio e existe o jato $k-1$ do seu gradiente, e a outra em $R^$ que tenha mínimo no ponto de equilíbrio, este é instável. A instabilidade do ponto de equilíbrio em estudo é provada mostrando a existência de uma trajetória assintótica ao mesmo. Para isso, apresentamos um resultado inicial para lagrangeanos com uma forma bem específica e, a seguir, mostramos que a classe de lagrangeanos que descrevemos acima pode ser levada a esta forma, através de uma adequada mudança de coordenadas espaciais. Além disso, consideramos a extensão desses resultados a sistemas com forças giroscópicas. / In this work, we study some partial inversions of the Lagrange-Dirichlet theorem, extending the results in two degrees of freedom of Garcia and Tal (2003) for some other situations in $\\mathbb^$. More precisely, one of our objectives is to show, in the context of lagrangian mechanics, that if there is a splitting of the potential energy in one part in the plane which its $k$-jet shows that it does not have a minimum in the equilibrium and there exists the $(k-1)$-jet of its gradient, and the other part in $\\mathbb^$ has a minimum in the equilibrium, then the equilibrium point is unstable. Instability of the equilibrium point is shown by proving the existence of an assymptotic trajectory to it. For this purpose, first it is proven a result for lagrangians with a specific form and, next, we show that the class of lagrangians we are interested in can be transformed into this specific form by a subtle change of spatial coordinates. Finally, we consider the extension of this results to systems with gyroscopic forces.